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TITLE
PAGE Number
1-3
4-6
Investigation of Rod/Pendulum
Analogy
6-10
Dynamics 2
Assignment 1
Introduction:
3.0 Theory:
In this experiment a flywheel at rest with a mass m hanging ( in a gravitational field of
constant g) on the end of a cord and also the mass is positioned a height h above the floor
level. For this reason the system is held stationary, the total energy will be potential energy V
of the mass:
V = mgh ...........................................................................(1)
However, if the system is released so that the mass allowed descending, then the instant
before it touches the ground level, the kinetic energy T is a combination of kinetic energy of
rotation( of the axle and flywheel spinning ) and the kinetic energy of translation of the mass
falling, therefore the kinetic energy is
T=
1|Page
..........................................(2)
MD.MARUFUR RAHMAN
2824013
2010-2011
Dynamics 2
Assignment 1
Where
= the rotational speed of the flywheel.
= the translational speed of the mass falling.
= the moment of inertia.
Consequently, due to friction in the bearings, the flywheel has to carry out work W,
W=
................................................................(3)
mgh =
............................(4)
200
49.50
50.76
49.65
49.97
300
40.16
40.57
40.98
40.57
400
34.70
35.16
35.62
35.16
700
25.61
25.38
25.63
25.54
2|Page
MD.MARUFUR RAHMAN
2824013
2010-2011
Dynamics 2
Assignment 1
Circumference, C = 119.38 mm
Axle radius, r = 18.98 mm
= 0.01898 m
Critical mass,
= 50 gm
= 0.05 Kg
Weight drops, h = 2m =2000 mm
Angle: N=h/C = 2000/119.38
= 16.75 revs
= 33.5 rads
= MR2 kg m2
= *38.2*(0.1525)2
= 0.444 kg m2
=
=0.05*9.81*0.01898
-3
Now
from equation
= 9.3110
Nmno (4) we get
Mass
(Kg)
Height
h (m)
........(5)
Kg m2
0.2
49.97
0.080
4.217
0.331
0.3
40.57
0.099
5.195
0.363
0.4
35.16
0.114
5.994
0.382
0.7
25.54
0.157
8.252
0.374
6.0
Discussion of results:
The moment of inertia of a flywheel and its axle and to estimate the frictional torque was
calculated in this experiment. Here, the experimental 2nd moment of inertia average result
was 0.363 Kg m2, but theoretical value was 0.444 Kg m2 . However, errors could arise in
calculations due to incorrect procedures and critical mass taken, ex - when the mass is
released; it might be pushed with a force thus taking less time to reach the floor. Also, the
reaction time of the student when the mass is released and when it hits the floor might vary.
There were 3 sets of data taken to minimise this error. Other discrepancies could arise from
error in calculations, or incorrect readings of experiment apparatus.
7.0
References:
[1] Meriam J.L., & Karaige. L.G., Engineering Mechanics: Statics, 6th edition, Wiley, 2007.
[2] LSBU, Department of Engineering Systems, Applied Mechanics: Workshop notes, DMS1-162, Session 2005/6.
3|Page
2010-2011
MD.MARUFUR RAHMAN
2824013
Dynamics 2
Assignment 1
Introduction:
In this experiment the vibrations of a rigid body under damped conditions, from a distance L
to a reference point were observed and the readings were used to explain the relationship
between the two. However, the effect of the position of the dashpot and the corresponding
damping coefficient were assessed in the terms of the natural logarithmic decrement. Values
for the period t and amplitudes of the vibrations were also calculated.
Figure: Experimental apparatus for the free damped vibrations of a rigid body-spring system.
7.0 Theory:
The equation of the angular motion we can put in form
+
+
= (1)
And the viscous damping factor
=
We can derive
Make the solution
and
+
" +
"+
=
This is called characteristic equation. Its roots are
#$ = % &( + )( * 1, and #* = % &( )( * 1,.
Linear systems have the property of superposition, which means that the general solution is
the sum of the individual solutions each of which corresponds to one root of the characteristic
equation. Thus, the general solution is
4|Page
= - ./
0)
+ - ./
MD.MARUFUR RAHMAN
2824013
2010-2011
Dynamics 2
Assignment 1
78
..(3)
!8
9
. (4)
: 9
.<
and
= ( ln
= (2*0.47)/0.14
= 6.71 s-1
-
!8
.< ( .?: )
= 9 =
9
= 0.389 Kg m2
C=
=261.19
= 21.08 rads/sec
)/ (5)
A.? ( .9:<)
( .
N/ms-1
or Kg s-1
0.10
Log
Amplitude decrement
ratio
ln
1.6
0.47
Period
6 (sec)
0.14
Damping
Constant
coefficient
a ( sec -1)
C ( N/ms-1)
6.71
0.15
1.7
0.53
0.21
5.05
0.20
2.1
0.74
0.21
7.07
0.25
2.8
1.03
0.14
14.71
5|Page
Damping
ratio
261.19
3.23
87.37
1.08
68.72
0.85
91.55
1.13
Over
damped
Critical
damped
Under
damped
Critical
damped
MD.MARUFUR RAHMAN
2824013
2010-2011
Dynamics 2
Assignment 1
Log
Amplitude decrement
ratio
ln
Period
6 (sec)
Damping
Constant
coefficient
a ( sec -1)
C ( N/ms-1)
0.10
1.3
0.26
0.14
3.75
0.15
1.3
0.26
0.14
3.75
0.20
1.4
0.34
0.14
4.81
0.25
1.9
0.64
0.18
7.13
6.0
Damping
ratio
145.80
1.80
64.80
0.80
46.75
0.58
44.39
0.54
Over
damped
Under
damped
Under
damped
Under
damped
Discussion of results:
In this experiment the vibrations of a rigid body under damped conditions, also shown the
graph that the relationship between the damping co-efficient and the length of the beam is
linear. This report has attempted to analyse the different properties of a system under
damped, over damped and critical damped vibration by taking readings of its period,
amplitude ratio, and damping coefficients. However, discrepancies in results could arise
from incorrect readings, or error in calculations.
7.0
References:
[1] Meriam J.L., & Karaige. L.G., Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, 6th edition, Wiley,
2007.
[2] LSBU, Department of Engineering Systems, Applied Mechanics: Workshop notes, DMS1-162, Session 2005/6.
6|Page
MD.MARUFUR RAHMAN
2824013
2010-2011
Dynamics 2
Assignment 1
Introduction:
In those experiments we investigate the effect of loading different length rod until they
buckle and the Period for a simple pendulum compare to the angle of release and length of
cord. However, both of them will be either linear or non-linear. In fact many engineering
devices rotate about a fixed point and are examples of a pendulum although they might not
appear to be so at first glance. On the other hand rod mass was negligible and therefore that
the center of mass of the system was at m at the end of rod. Here, we investigated their
phenomena on the basis of theory and experimental data.
2.0
When buckling occurs a rod will no longer carry any more loads it will simply continue to
displace so that the rod stiffness becomes zero and it is useless as a structural member. To
predict the buckling load we used the Euler buckling formulae which validity depends on
slenderness ratio
B.
D
8
B. =
C D
8
In the pendulum experiment we observed, how to vary different length of string with angle of
curvature. The pendulum also has a linear relationship between the small angles 10
FG HIJJ and angular acceleration for small angles but for buckling rod it was 40. After this
angle rod was not change the twist, it was bending with constant load.
= C
Where
g = is the gravitational acceleration (m/s2).
L= is the length of string (m).
Basically pendulum was dynamics experiment; consequently buckling rod twisting was
static. But both experiment made curvature with respect to S and t. However, the main
important equation of pendulum and road was as follows:
For Rod
For Pendulum
+ "O
(2Type equation here.)
7|Page
MD.MARUFUR RAHMAN
2824013
2010-2011
Dynamics 2
Assignment 1
t= time
Figure: Pendulum
Pendulum-
_` O
Rod-
_2
_` O
_a
Hence, by investigating above equation pendulum and rod both of them gets acceleration.
Now we can observe from pendulum FBD diagram,
-MgLsinM = ML2O
ML2O + MgLsinM = 0
But from maclaurins series
SinP = P -
cd
e!
cg
h!
8|Page
MD.MARUFUR RAHMAN
2824013
2010-2011
Dynamics 2
Assignment 1
P(S)= R sin(S+)-----------------------------------(4)
However, we can solve equation (3) and (4) by using pendulum and rod initial
condition.
3.0
Conclusion:
By investigating both theorems we assume that pendulum and buckling rod both can be
twisted with respect to t and S and both can be solved by initial condition and also those
two systems are similar where the rod is in neutral equilibrium for small deflection and the
pendulum is in simple harmonic motion for small angles of release and both can be
represent as a linear system.
7.0
References:
[1] Meriam J.L., & Karaige. L.G., Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, 6th edition, Wiley,
2007.
[2] Palm W.J. , Mechanical Vibration, 3rd edition, Wiley, 2006.
[3] Goss D.V.G.A, Dynamics-2: Lecture notes, 2010-2011
[4] LSBU, Department of Engineering Systems, Applied Mechanics: Workshop notes, DMS1-162, Session 2005/6.
9|Page
MD.MARUFUR RAHMAN
2824013
2010-2011