AIChE Letter: Separations: Materials, Devices and Processes

Metal-Organic Framework Membrane

Process for High Purity CO2 Production
Zebao Rui
School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, and
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 P.R. China

Joshua B. James, Alexandra Kasik, and Y. S. Lin

School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
DOI 10.1002/aic.15367
Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)

Significance
Gas separation by metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes is an emerging research field. Their commercial application potential is, however, still rarely explored due in part to unsatisfied separation characteristics and difficulty in
finding suitable applications. Herein, we report sharp molecular sieving properties of high quality isoreticular MOF1 (IRMOF-1) membrane for CO2 separation from dry, CO2 enriched CO2/CH4, and CO2/N2 mixtures. The IRMOF-1
membranes exhibit CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation factors of 328 and 410 with CO2 permeance of 2.55 3 1027 and
2.06 3 1027 mol m22 s21 Pa21 at feed pressure of 505 kPa and 298 K, respectively. High grade CO2 is efficiently produced from the industrial or lower grade CO2 feed gas by this MOF membrane separation process. The demonstrated
sharp molecular sieving properties of the MOF membranes and their potential application in production of valueC 2016 American Institute of
added high purity CO2 should bring new research and development interest in this field. V
Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 00: 000000, 2016
Keywords: high purity CO2, metal-organic framework, membrane, gas separation, adsorption-driven selectivity

he development of the membrane process for CO2 capture or separation has been of great interest from the
energy and environmental perspectives.1,2 Current CO2
separation membrane technologies are dominated by polymeric membranes due to their low cost and easy processibility.2 However, polymeric membranes suffer from CO2induced plasticization and the trade-off between permeability
and selectivity.3 Zeolite membranes, such as DD3R, SAPO34, T, AlPO-18, and Y types, have also been extensively studied for CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 separation during the past decade.1,47 Although some of them have demonstrated high
selectivity for CO2 over CH4 or N2, their CO2 permeance
needs to be further improved to be economically viable.7 For
example, the Y-type zeolite membrane reported by Verweij
and coworkers6 has an extremely high CO2/N2 permselectivity
(up to 550), but the CO2 permeance is low (3.9 3 1029 mol
m22 s21 Pa21 at 308C). Consequently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) membranes have received increasing attention
for CO2 capture and separation due to their unique characterisAdditional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this
article.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Y. S. Lin at
jerry.lin@asu.edu.
C 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers
V

AIChE Journal

tics, such as structure diversity, large surface area, extraordinary adsorption affinities, tunable pore sizes, and facilely
tailorable functionality.711
The gas separation ability of several MOF membranes has
been demonstrated, such as isoreticular MOF-1 (IRMOF-1 or
MOF-5),12,13 HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2),14 ZIF (ZIF7, ZIF8, and
ZIF69),1519 Bio-MOF,20,21 MMOF,22 MIL-53,23 CAU-1NH2,24 Co3(HCOO)6,25 and sod-ZMOF.26 However, state of
the art MOF membranes have so far not proven to be commercially attractive for CO2 capture in the bulk chemical processes such as flue gas treatment and natural gas upgrading.
First, their gas permeation properties are still not technologically attractive.79 As compared in Supporting Information
Tables S1S3, they generally display lower CO2/CH4 or CO2/
N2 separation selectivity than the typical zeolite membranes.7
For example, the ZIF-8 membrane reported by Venna and Carreon15 for CO2/CH4 separation has a high CO2 permeance of
2.4 3 1025 mol m22 s21 Pa21 at 258C, but the CO2/CH4
separation factor (5.1) is very low. This may have several
reasons, such as membrane quality and process issues. Second,
limited studies have explored on the stability of MOF membranes under real flue gas and natural gas conditions (presence
of impurities, effect of temperature and pressure). In addition,
the high synthesis cost is another limit for the potential application of MOF membranes.27

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Figure 1. SEM images and EDXS of the IRMOF-1 membrane: (a) surface images, (b and c) cross section images, and (d) EDXS
mapping of the cross section in (c), color code: green 5 Zn, Red 5 Al.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at www.interscience.wiley.com.].

To accelerate the commercial application of MOF membranes, we need not only to improve their separation properties,
but also to find a suitable application case in which a high valueadded product is produced under benign separation conditions.
CO2 is a product that can be used in many industrial processes
depending on its purity. There are different grades or purities
of CO2 that are produced and used, such as industrial grade
(>99.5%), analytical grade (>99.8%), and food grade
(>99.9%), etc. (Supporting Information Table S4). The trace
impurities are O2, CnHm (as CH4), NH3, N2, CO, and some
others, depending on the sources and pretreatment process of the
CO2. Production of a high grade CO2 from low grade CO2 (with
CO2 concentration lower than 99.5%) is an energy intensive process but can be operated under benign conditions (as compared
to, for example, CO2 capture from flue gas).
Herein, we report novel separation properties of isoreticular
MOF-1 (IRMOF-1 or MOF-5) membranes for production of
high purity CO2 from CO2 enriched CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 gas
mixtures. IRMOF-1 is the first robust MOF, with [Zn4O]61
metal cluster corners linked by 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate
(BDC).28 The extremely high porosity, high surface area, and
unprecedented high CO2 uptake in IRMOF-1 make it an attractive MOF model material for constructing a membrane for CO2
separation.12,13 Although IRMOF-1 was found unstable in
humid air,2932 it is stable in dry atmosphere29 or in organic solvents,32 and some post treatment has been demonstrated to
improve its stability in humid air.30,31 Stable operation of
2

DOI 10.1002/aic

IRMOF-1 membranes in producing high grade CO2 is expected,

as the feed low-grade CO2 may contain an extremely low
amount of water vapor. This work reports exceptional sharp
molecular sieving properties of the IRMOF-1 membranes for
CO2 separation for the production of high grade CO2 from
industrial grade or lower CO2 feed gas, and demonstrates the
commercial potential of a MOF membrane for gas separation.
IRMOF-1 membrane was synthesized by the secondary
growth method (Synthesis was given in Supporting Information). SEM images of the IRMOF-1 membrane (Figure 1ac)
show a continuous and well intergrown MOF-layer with a
thickness of about 14 lm on macroporous alumina support.
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) analysis in
Figure 1d shows elemental Zn, which originates from Zn21
ions of the IRMOF-1 phase, is uniformly distributed in the top
layer; while elemental Al, which arises from the a-Al2O3 support, is evenly spread over the bottom layer. X-ray diffraction
(XRD) pattern of the membrane (Supporting Information Figure S1) presents the typical dominant peaks for a randomly
oriented IRMOF-1 film along with the diffraction peaks from
a-Al2O3 support. These results all confirm the successful preparation of the high quality IRMOF-1 membrane.
Both single gas (CO2, N2, and CH4) and mixed-gas (CO2/
CH4 and CO2/N2) permeation experiments were performed at
298 K and a feed pressure of 505 kPa for the IRMOF-1 membrane. As a reference, the CO2, N2, and CH4 permeation
through the a-Al2O3 support was tested at 298 K and a feed

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Figure 3. Gas transport mechanism through IRMOF-1 membranes: (a) under low CO2 partial pressure and (b)
under high CO2 partial pressure.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at www.interscience.wiley.com.].

Figure 2. Effect of feed gas composition on (a) CO2/CH4 and

(b) CO2/N2 separation through IRMOF-1 membrane.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at www.interscience.wiley.com.].

pressure of 303 kPa due to the large pare size (200 nm) and
gas permeance (1026 mol m22 s21 Pa21), and the difficult
to reaching a higher feed pressure. The permeance data (Supporting Information Figure S2) indicate the CO2, N2, and CH4
permeation behaviors of a-Al2O3 mainly follow the Knudsen
diffusion law, which is consistent with the findings in the literature.12 After the growth of IRMOF-1 membrane, the permeances of CO2, N2, and CH4 are more than one order lower than
their corresponding values through the a-Al2O3 support. The
ideal selectivity calculated from single gas permeance of
IRMOF-1 membrane (Supporting Information Figure S2) is
close to Knudsen value for CH4/N2 5 1.33 (1.32) but higher
for CO2/N2 5 0.82 (0.60) and CO2/CH4 5 1.09 (0.80), indicating a CO2 adsorption-diffusion based mechanism.13 For CO2/
CH4 separation, both the CO2 and CH4 permeances decrease
with increasing CO2 mole fraction (xCO2) in the feed, and the
rate of decrease in CH4 permeance is larger than that of CO2,
resulting in an increase in the separation factor according to
the increase in xCO2, as shown in Figure 2a. The separation
factor a(CO2/CH4) increases drastically, from around unity at
a CO2 concentration below 60%, sharply to about 328 with an
xCO2 of 0.815 and CO2 permeance of 2.55 3 1027 mol m22
s21 Pa21, and then deceases with further increase in xCO2.
Similar trends in CO2 permeance and CO2/N2 permselectivity
[or a(CO2/N2)] vs. CO2 mole fraction were found for the separation of CO2 from N2, as presented in Figure 2b. a(CO2/N2)
of 410 with a CO2 permeance of 2.06 3 1027 mol m22 s21
Pa21 at xCO2 5 0.874 is observed. Moreover, the simple and
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2016 Vol. 00, No. 00

routine membrane synthesis method used in this work ensures

the repeatability of the experimental results. The separation
properties were demonstrated by two different high quality
membrane samples exhibiting less than 10% difference in CO2
permeance, a(CO2/N2) and a(CO2/CH4). Although the sharp
molecular sieving properties of IRMOF-1 membranes for
CO2 based gas separation is first reported here at a high CO2
partial pressure, both the single gas CO2, CH4, or N2 permeance (Supporting Information Figure S2) and a(CO2/N2) at a
low CO2 partial pressure reported here are generally consistent
with the reported data over IRMOF-1 in the literature.12,13
The above gas permeation and separation properties for the
IRMOF-1 membranes can be explained by a mixture transport
mechanism as illustrated in Figure 3. Under low and moderate
CO2 feed partial pressures, strongly adsorbing CO2 reduces the
concentration gradient of N2 or CH4 in the mixture across the
membrane, and the relatively slow diffusion of N2 or CH4
reduces the diffusion rate of CO2 at the same time because of
multicomponent effects. The multicomponent effects on mixture
permeation were observed before over both MOF and zeolite
membranes.13,33,34 Under high CO2 feed partial pressures, the
CO2 adsorption layers due to the large CO2 adsorption on
IRMOF-1 pore wall blocks N2 or CH4 flow efficiently in the
IRMOF-1 channel, and sharp molecular sieving can be
expected on reaching the critical value. The CO2 mole fraction
required for the maximum permselectivity here for CO2/N2
(87.4%) is higher than that for CO2/CH4 (81.5%) because of the
smaller kinetic diameter of N2 (0.36 nm) as compared to CH4
(0.38 nm). After reaching the maximum, the flux contribution
of CO2 by its own concentration gradient in these mixtures
becomes negative. While the induced permeation of N2 or CH4
by their improved concentration gradient and the CO2 permeation due to the multicomponent effects increase. As a result,
moderate decrease in permselectivity for CO2/CH4 or CO2/N2
with further increase in xCO2 was observed. This phenomenon
was predicted theoretically by Keskin and Sholl.33
The separation mechanism proposed here is supported by the
CO2 adsorption properties of IRMOF-1. IRMOF-1 exhibits preferential multilayer adsorption for CO2 over N2 or CH4.27,35,36
The blocking of the micropore diffusion pathway by CO2 adsorption at a high CO2 partial pressure is likely to happen. Similar to
the effect of xCO2, the increase in the feed side pressure is an
alternative way to increase the CO2/N2 (or CH4) separation

Published on behalf of the AIChE

DOI 10.1002/aic

Figure 5. Experimental data of CO2 concentration in the permeate stream (101 kPa) from a lab-scale IRMOF-1
membrane cell with low concentration CO2 feed
(505 kPa) to show production of high purity CO2
from low grade CO2.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at www.interscience.wiley.com.].

Figure 4. (a) CO2/CH4 and (b) CO2/N2 separation selectivity

vs. CO2 permeability for IRMOF-1 membranes.
The data for the reported MOF, MOFs-polymer mixedmatrix, and zeolite membranes, and Robeson upper
bound lines for the polymer membranes are listed for
comparison, 1 Barrer 5 3.348 3 10216 mol m/(m2 s Pa).
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at www.interscience.wiley.com.].

factor. Zhao et al.13 found that the CO2/N2 permselectivity for

the IRMOF-1 membrane at 298 K increases with increasing feed
pressure from 170 kPa to 445 kPa (a(CO2/N2) 5 70) with 88:12
CO2/N2 feed. Here, we show that the combination of the increase
in the feed pressure and xCO2 makes the membrane separation
more efficient. The dependence of the CO2/N2 or CO2/CH4
permselectivities on the CO2 partial pressure obtained here
agrees well with the atomistic simulation results.33 It should be
noticed that molecular simulation assuming rigid framework33
may not show such a pronounced effect of increasing CO2 partial
pressure on the separation factor. One possible reason for such a
favorable pressure effect of the IRMOF-1 membrane here is the
positive effect of flexible MOF framework change as pressure
increases.5,37
The IRMOF-1 membranes here exhibit a separation factor for
CO2/N2 as high as 410 at xCO2 5 87.4% and a CO2 permeance of
2.06 3 1027 mol m22 s21 Pa21, which is much better than the
commercially available CO2 selective polymer membranes having a permeance of 3.35 3 1028 mol m22 s21 Pa21 and CO2/N2
selectivity of 3040.38 Figure 4 compares the performance of
IRMOF-1 membranes with the state of the art membranes (MOF,
4

DOI 10.1002/aic

MOF-polymer mixed-matrix, and zeolite) and the Robeson upper

bounds3 for the polymer membranes. It should be noted that
although Robeson upper bound plots are only applicable to purely
polymeric membranes,3 it is convenient and common practice to
plot mixed-matrix and less commonly, inorganic membranes as a
visual reference against those data. The properties of these membranes and their permeation test conditions are listed in detail in
Supporting Information Tables S1S3. As shown, for both CO2/
CH4 and CO2/N2 separation, the data points obtained in this work
are significantly above the Robeson upper bounds. Even if the
difference in experimental conditions is considered, the performance of the current IRMOF-1 membranes is much better than the
state of the art MOF and MOF-polymer mixed-matrix membranes, and most zeolite membranes for both the CO2/CH4 and
CO2/N2 separation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
report of the sharp molecular sieving properties of MOF membranes for CO2 based gas separation which are better than the performance of most zeolite membranes.
The unique separation properties of IRMOF-1 membranes,
such as sharp molecular sieving at high CO2 molar fraction
and feed pressure and high CO2 permeance, offer potential application for production of high purity CO2 from the low grade CO2
gas mixtures. As presented in Figure 5, with a CO2 concentration
lower than the industrial grade (71.0%99.5%) at the CO2/CH4
feed side, the CO2 concentration at the permeate side increases
with the increase of xCO2 and reaches the analytical grade
(>99.8%) at xCO2 5 72.8% and food grade or higher (>99.9%)
at xCO2 >81.5%. Under xCO2 5 87.3%99.5% for both CO2/
CH4 and CO2/N2 feed, the CO2 concentrations at the permeate
side are all higher than the food grade. Even if only the single
impurity (CH4 or N2) is considered, the function of the membrane process shown in Figure 5 together with the more benign
application conditions in comparison with CO2 capture from flue
gas demonstrates the application potential of MOF membranes
for production of high purity CO2. In addition, since the production of high purity CO2 is a high value-added process, the limit
of the high production cost of MOF membranes can also be
partly compensated.
In summary, high quality IRMOF-1 membranes were prepared by the secondary growth method and evaluated for

Published on behalf of the AIChE

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production of high purity CO2 from CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 gas

mixtures separation. The IRMOF-1 membranes exhibit a separation factor for CO2/CH4 of 328 with a feed CO2 composition of
81.5% and CO2 permeance of 2.55 3 1027 mol m22 s21 Pa21,
and a separation factor for CO2/N2 of 410 with a feed CO2 composition of 87.4% and CO2 permeance of 2.06 3 1027 mol m22
s21 Pa21 at feed pressure of 505 kPa and 298 K. The excellent
performance of the IRMOF-1 membranes is attributed to the
unique CO2 adsorption properties and possibly flexible framework structure of IRMOF-1. High grade CO2 could be efficiently
produced with industrial grade or lower CO2 feed gas by this
novel IRMOF-1 membrane process. The sharp molecular
sieving properties of the MOF membranes and their potential
application in the value-added, high purity CO2 production process demonstrated in this work will refresh the interest in the
development of novel MOF membranes and their commercial
applications.

Acknowledgments
The work was supported by National Science Foundation (CBET1160084). ZBR is grateful to China Scholarship Council for fellowship
to support his visit to ASU.

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Manuscript received Mar. 9, 2016, and revision received Apr. 21, 2016.