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7, JULY 2001
1185
I. INTRODUCTION
RTHOGONAL
frequency-division
multiplexing
(OFDM) communication systems [1], [2] require
precise frequency synchronization, since otherwise intercarrier interference (ICI) will occur. Currently, three different
approaches for reducing ICI have been developed including
frequency-domain equalization [3], [4], time-domain windowing [5], [6], and the ICI self-cancellation scheme [7], [8].
This paper concentrates on the further development of the third
method.
The ICI self-cancellation scheme is a very simple way
for suppressing ICI in OFDM. The main idea is to modulate
one data symbol onto a group of subcarriers with predefined
weighting coefficients. By doing so, the ICI signals generated
Paper approved by N. C. Beaulieu, the Editor for Wireless Communication
Theory of the IEEE Communications Society. Manuscript received June 25,
1997; revised October 2, 1998. This work carried out at the Communications
Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology and supported by the Graduate School of Electronics, Telecommunication and Automation in Finland.
Y. Zhao was with the Communications Laboratory, Helsinki University
of Technology, 02150 Espoo, Finland. She is now with the Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (e-mail:
yuping.zhao@ele.pku.edu.cn).
S.-G. Hggman is with the Communications Laboratory, Helsinki University
of Technology, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0090-6778(01)05768-3.
(1)
denotes the
where is the total number of the subcarriers,
transmitted symbol ( -ary phase-shift keying (PSK), for example) for the th subcarrier and is an additive noise sample.
is defined as the ICI coefficient between
The sequence
th and th subcarriers, which can be expressed as
(2)
The first term in the right-hand side of (1) represents the detakes its
sired signal. Without frequency error
. The second term is the ICI compomaximum value
when
and
nents. Fig. 1 gives an example of the
. The frequency offset values are
and
.
deIt is evident that as becomes larger, the desired part
increases.
creases and the undesired part
The system ICI power level can be evaluated by using the CIR
[11]. While deriving the theoretical CIR expression, the additive
1References
1186
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 1. An example of S (l
0 k) for N = 16; l = 0. (a) Amplitude of S (l 0 k). (b) Real part of S (l 0 k). (c) Imaginary part of S (l 0 k).
(4)
Fig. 2 shows the CIR (in decibels) as a function of the nor. Simulation results
malized frequency offset , where
ZHAO AND HGGMAN: ICI SELF-CANCELLATION SCHEME FOR OFDM MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1187
j ( 0 )j j
S l
(l
0 )j and j
k
(l
0 )j
k
; N
(6)
and on subcarrier
is
(9)
The corresponding ICI coefficient then becomes
(7)
(10)
(8)
and
is preThe comparison between
sented in Fig. 3 under the logarithm scale. For most of the
values, it is found that
. In addition, the
summation in (6) only takes even values, the total number of
the interference signals is reduced to half compared with that in
(1). Consequently, the ICI signals in (6) are much smaller than
those in (1) since both the number of ICI signals and the amplitudes of the ICI coefficients have been reduced. Such a modulation method is called ICI cancelling modulation.
The idea of ICI self-cancellation scheme and the derived coefficients was also applied to the partial response signaling of
OFDM systems [12].
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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 shows the theoretical CIR curve calculated by (11) together with simulation results. As a reference, the CIR of a standard OFDM system using (5) is also shown. Such an ICI cancellation scheme gives more than 15-dB CIR improvement in the
. Especially for small to medium frequency
range
, the CIR improvement can
offsets in the range
reach 17 dB.
Due to the repetition coding, the bandwidth efficiency of the
ICI self-cancellation scheme is reduced by half. To fulfill the
demanded bandwidth efficiency, it is natural to use a larger
signal alphabet size. For example, using 4PSK modulation
together with the ICI self-cancellation scheme can provide
the same bandwidth efficiency as standard OFDM systems
(1 bit/Hz/s). When the channel frequency offset is small, the
use of a larger signal alphabet size might increase the system
bit-error rate (BER) compared to a smaller alphabet size
[13]. However, for medium to large channel frequency offsets
), significant BER improvement is obtained by using
(
the proposed scheme.
(12)
ZHAO AND HGGMAN: ICI SELF-CANCELLATION SCHEME FOR OFDM MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
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VII. CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 9.
REFERENCES
Fig. 10.
ZHAO AND HGGMAN: ICI SELF-CANCELLATION SCHEME FOR OFDM MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
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Sven-Gustav Hggman was born in Pietarsaari, Finland, in 1943. He received the masters, licentiate,
and doctoral degrees in communications engineering
from the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT),
Helsinki, Finland, in 1970, 1979, and 1991, respectively.
He has been with the Communications Laboratory
at HUT since 1970, until 1991 in various teaching
and research positions, since 1991 as Associate Professor and since 1998 as Professor in Radio Communications. His research activities have included terrestrial radio relay system planning and microwave LOS-channel measurement
and modeling. Presently, he is conducting research on mobile radio channel
measurement and modeling, radio interface techniques, cellular radio network
planning, and radio resource management methods.
Prof. Hggman is a member of The Engineering Society in Finland TFiF and
the Association of Electrical Engineers in Finland.