Physics Project

Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

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CERTIFICATE

Guided By : Mr. Surender Puli

Class : 12 A
Year : 2016-17
Board Roll No. : ____________
School : Vidyagyan

Certified to be the bona fide work is done by Master Mayank Singh of

class 12 in the Physics Lab during the year 2016-17.
Date: ___________
Submitted for Central Board of Secondary Education.
Examination held in Physics Lab at Vidyagyan.

Examiner
Date:

Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

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Acknowledgement
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the Principal, Mr.
Sickle J David, Vidyagyan School, Sitapur for his encouragement and for all
the facilities that he provided for this project work. I sincerely appreciate
his magnanimity by taking me into his fold for which I shall remain
indebted to him. I extend my thanks to Mr. Surender Puli, Physics teacher,
who guided me to the successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for his invaluable
guidance , constant encouragement ,immense motivation ,which has
sustained my effort at all the stages of this project ..
I cant forget to offer my sincere thanks to Mr. __________, Lab assistant
and also to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project work
successful and for their valuable advice and support , which I received from
them time to time

Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

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CONTENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Aim
Introduction
Apparatus and Material Required
Theory
Procedure
Observations
Conclusion
Bibliography

AIM:
To find out the refractive indices of different liquids using a hollow prism.

Introduction:
Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

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In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished

surfaces that refract light. The exact angles between the surfaces depend on
the application. The traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular
prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use
"prism" usually refers to this type. Some types of optical prism are not in
fact in the shape of geometric prisms.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light was colorless, and that
the prism itself produced the color. Newton's experiments demonstrated
that all the colors already existed in the light in a heterogeneous fashion,
and that "corpuscles" (particles) of light were fanned out because particles
with different colors traveled with different speeds through the prism. It
was only later that Young and Fresnel combined Newton's particle theory
with Huygens' wave theory to show that color is the visible manifestation of
light's wavelength. Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red
color from one prism through a second prism and found the color
unchanged. From this, he concluded that the colors must already
be present in the incoming light thus, the prism did not create colors, but
merely separated colors that are already there. He also used a lens and a
second prism to recompose the spectrum back into white light. This
experiment has become a classic example of the methodology introduced
during the scientific revolution. The results of this experiment dramatically
transformed the field of metaphysics, leading to John Locke's primary vs
secondary quality distinction. Newton discussed prism dispersion in great
detail in his book Opticks. He also introduced the use of more than one
prism to control dispersion. Newton's description of his experiments on
prism dispersion was qualitative, and is quite readable. A quantitative were
introduced in the 1980s.

Apparatus and Material required:

Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

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Hollow glass Prisms

Acid

NaCl solution

Drawing Pins

Diesel

Dil. Hydrochloric

Vegetable oil

Bell Pins

Drawing Board

Theory:
Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

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A prism is a transparent optical element with flat polished surface that

refracts light. Prism can be made from any material that is transparent
including glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used to split light into
its constituent colors. Prism can also be used to reflect light, or split light
into components with different polarizations.
The refractive index of the liquids is given by the formula:
n = sin i / sin r = sin ((a + d)/2)/sin (a/2)
n = Refractive index of the liquid
a = angle of prism
d = angle of minimum deviation
i = angle if incidence
r = angle of refraction

Procedure:
Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

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1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of
drawing pins.
2. Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
3. Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
4. Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and
place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight line.
5. Place the prism filled with the given sample of liquid on, the marked
outline ABC.
6. Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins
appear to be in same line.
7. Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.
8. Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
9. Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence.

Observations:
1. Spirit
S. No.
1
2
3

a (Angle of
Prism)
60
60
60

Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

i (Angle of
Incidence)
35o
40o
45o

d (Angle of
Deviation)
29o
26o
25o

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4
5

60
60

50o
55o

27o
28o

i (Angle of
Incidence)
35o
40o
45o
50o
55o

d (Angle of
Deviation)
39o
38o
35o
40 o
41o

i (Angle of
Incidence)
35o
40o
45o
50o
55o

d (Angle of
Deviation)
40o
39o
41o
42 o
45o

2. Glycerin
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5

a (Angle of
Prism)
60
60
60
60
60

3. NaCl Solution
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5

a (Angle of
Prism)
60
60
60
60
60

4. Vegetable Oil
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5

a (Angle of
Prism)
60
60
60
60
60

i (Angle of
Incidence)
35
40
45
50
55

d (Angle of
Deviation)
37
34
34
32
35

Conclusion:
Refractive indices at room temperature:

Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

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1. Diesel
Actual : 1.4745
Experimental : 1.4968

2. Dil. Hydrochloric Acid

Actual : Not Specified
Experimental : 1.3587

3. NaCl Solution
Actual : Not Specified
Experimental : 1.3588

4. Vegetable Oil
Actual : 1.47
Experimental : 1.4673

Precautions:
1. Angle of incidence should lie between 35 60 degree.
2. Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in the same line.
Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

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3. Distance between two points should not be less than 10 mm.

4. Same angle of prism should be used for all observations.
5. Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent and incident
ray.

Bibliography:

www.icbse.com
www.sciencebuddies.com
www.technopedia.com
www.wikipedia.com
NCERT Physics Book

CALCULATIONS
Formula Applied:-

Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

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2.

Spirit
Sin (60+25 )

=
-----------------------

Sin(60/2)
=

3.

Sin(42.5)

=
-------------------

Sin 30

0.6756

= 1.35
0.5000

Glycerin
Sin (60+35 )

Sin(60/2)

4.

Sin(47.5)

-------------------------

-------------------

Sin 30

0.7372
---------

1.47
0.5

Benzene
Sin (60+39 )
=

-----------------------

Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

Sin(49.5)

=
-------------------

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Sin(60/2)
=

Sin 30

1.52

RESULT
(i)

The angle of deviation D first decrease with the

increase in the angle op-of incidence, attains a minimum value
and then increase with further increase in angle of incidence.

(ii)

The refractive index of :i.

Water

= 1.33

ii.

Spirit

= 1.35

iii.

Glycerine = 1.47

iv

Benzene

Vidyagyan-Sitapur
2016-17

= 1.52

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