MODULE I

DETERMINATION OF GAS SPECIFIC GRAVITY

AND OIL SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Fluid Reservoir Practice Report
Name

: Wilson Wiranda

NIM

: 12214008

Group

:4

Shift

: Senin-Kamis

Date of Practicum

: 12 November 2015

Deadline

: 19 November 2015

Lecturer

: Zuher Syihab, S.T., P.hD.

Module Assistant

: Haryeni Friska Yulita Tampubolon

(12212029)
Jeffi Maurits Napitupulu(12212064)

FLUID RESERVOIR ANALYSIS LABORATORIUM

PETROLEUM ENGINEER MAJOR
BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2015
CHAPTER I
PURPOSE

I. Gas Specific Gravity Experiment Purpose

1. To understand the purpose of determining gas properties : specific gravity,
density, viscosity and compressibility factor of gas.
2. To determine the specific gravity of gas using effusion method.
3. To determine the gas properties.
4. To understand the usage of gas Specific Gravity in Petroleum Industry.

II. Oil Specific Gravity Experiment Purpose

1. To determine the specific gravity of crude oil.
2. To understand the temperature affection to crude oil specific.

Chapter II
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

I. APPARATUS

Effusiometer

Stopwatch

Thermometer

Gas Container of CO2 and N2

Compressor

Hydrometer

Picnometer

Beaker Glass 1 L and 100 mL

Measurement Glass

Glass Funnel

Heater

Stirrer

Analytical Balance

II.

MATERIAL

Crude oil sample

Air

Water

Gas CO2 and N2

CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT DATA
I. Gas Flow Time
Assume the room is in a state of :

Room Pressure (P)

Average Pressure (p)
Steam Pressure (w)
Room Temperature (oC)

: 760 mmHg
: 10 mmHg
: 0.029 mmHg
: 25oC

Flow time (s)

Sample

t1
74.21
71.29
60.27

Dry Gas
N2 Gas
CO2 Gas

t2
75.29
71.45
63.26

t3
75.62
62

taverage
75.04
71.37
61.83

II. Oil Specific Gravity

a. Determine Crude Oil Specific Gravity using Hydrometer

The experimeent held in a room temperature : 25oC

Sample
Jatibarang Heavy Oil
JENE

b. Determine Crude Oil Specific Gravity using Picnometer

Using 25mL picnometer for Jatibarang Heavy Oil

Using 10mL picnometer for JENE

Jatibarang Heavy Oil

Mass
Masspicnometer
Massoil+picnometer
Massoil

JENE

Temperature (oC)
60oC
80oC
20.300 gram
20.300 gram
40.502 gram
40.447 gram
20.202 gram
20.147 gram

API
26.1
43

Mass
Masspicnometer
Massoil+picnometer
Massoil

Temperature (oC)
60oC
80oC
14.119 gram
14.119 gram
22.809 gram
22.409 gram
8.690 gram
8.29 gram

CHAPTER IV
DATA PROCESS

I.

Gas Specific Gravity

The combination formula of Graham Law and Avogadro Law for the effusion
process with distance is written :
2

v1
2
v2

t2
2
t1

M2
M1

d2
d1

The usage of effusiometer must be corrected by some parameters :

Dry steam pressure , W (mmHg)

Room Pressure , P (mmHg)

Average Pressure , p (mmHg)

W
SG Correction = 0,627 P+ pW

SG before correction =

[( ) ]
2

t2
1
t1

t2
t1

()

SG after correction SG* =

t2 2
W
+0,627
t1
P+ pW

()

[( ) ]
t2 2
1
t1

a. N2 Specific Gravity
t1 (air flow time) = 75.04 s
t2 (N2 flow time) = 71.34 s
N2 Specific Gravity =

t2
t1

()
(

71.34
75.04

= 0.904
N2 corrected Specific Gravity* =

t2 2
W
+0,627
t1
P+ pW

()

[( ) ]
t2 2
1
t1

= 0.904 +

0,627

0,029
[ 0.90421 ]
760+ 100,029

= 0.904
From literature data ( http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specificgravities-gases-d_334.html ) N2 Specific Gravity is 0.9669 and in our
experiment we get that N2 Specific Gravity is 0.904 , so we able to
calculate the error of our experiment

|0.96690.904|

error percentage =

0.9669

x 100

= 6.505 %

b. CO2 Specific Gravity

t1 (air flow time) = 75.04 s
t2 (CO2 flow time) = 61.83 s
CO2 Specific Gravity =

t2
t1

()
(

61.83
75.04

= 0.679
2

CO2 corrected Specific Gravity* =

= 0.679 +
= 0.679

0,627

t2
W
+0,627
t1
P+ pW

()

0,029
[ 0.67921 ]
760+ 100,029

[( ) ]
2

t2
1
t1

From literature data ( http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specificgravities-gases-d_334.html ) CO2 Specific Gravity is 1.5189 and in our
experiment we get that CO2 Specific Gravity is 0.679 , so we able to
calculate the error of our experiment
error percentage =

|1.51890.679|
1.5189

x 100

= 55.29 %

III.Oil Specific Gravity

a. By using Hydrometer
o

API

SG =

141,5
SG - 131,5
141.5
131.5+ API

Jatibarang Heavy Oil Specific Gravity =

=

141.5
131.5+26.1

= 0.898
JENE Specific Gravity =
=

141.5
131.5+ API

141.5
131.5+ 43

= 0.811
b. By using Picnometer
Density ()

m
V

141.5
131.5+ API

 = density (g/cm3)
m = mass (g)
V = volume (cm3)
By assuming water density is 1 g/cm3 we get

Temperature (oC)
60oC
80oC
20.202
20.147
0.808
0.806
0.808
0.806

Mass of Jatibarang
Heavy Oil
Mass oil (gram)
Oil density (g/cm3)
Specific Gravity

Temperature (oC)
60oC
80oC
8.690
8.290
0.869
0.829
0.869
0.829

Mass of JENE
Mass oil (gram)
Oil density (g/cm3)
Specific Gravity

SG VS Temperature
0.88
0.86
0.84
Specifi Gravity

Jatibarang

0.82

JENE

0.8
0.78
0.76
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Temperature oC

CHAPTER V
ANALYSIS
1. Principle

In this experiment we aim for the purpose to understand the relation between Oil
Specific Gravity and Temperature , and how to get the data to calculate the
Specific gravity of Gas and Oil. To calculate Gas Specific Gravity we use
effusiometer and by using Graham and Avogadro Law what we need is to count
the time for the gas from the below point until the upper point and the time stop.
By using the data from the time we get, we can calculate the Specific Gravity by
using formula in Chapter IV in Gas Specific Gravity. after we get the Gas Specific
Gravity, we use the correction.
For the second experiment , we calculate Oil Specific Gravity by using 2
apparatus, the first we use Hydrometer, to calculate the oAPI for the oil just by
placing the hydrometer and wait it until it is constant. Write the oAPI that is shown
in the hydrometer and then calculate the Specific Gravity. The second one, we use
picnometer to calculate the Specific Gravity of oil. First we calibrate the
picnometer to know the volume of the picnometer, and then we calculate the mass
of empty picnometer, and then fill it with our sample. After we fill it with our
sample, we calculate again the mass of picnometer with oil. After that, we subtract
between the picnometer with oil and empty picnometer mass , so we get the mass
of oil in picnometer. After we get the mass of oil, devided it with the volume of
picnometer, so we get the density of oil. We experiment it in 60oC and 80oC to
understand the relation between Specific Gravity and Temperature.
2. Assumption
1. The gas in laboratory is really dry gas with molecular weight 28.9 gram / gram
mole by the composition of 79% N2 and 21% O2, without any other substance
or molecule inside.
2. Pressure and Temperature is constant
3. Dry Gas Pressure is 0.029 mmHg
4. Room Pressure is 760 mmHg
5. Average Pressure is 10 mmHg
6. The dry gas in compressor is pure dry gas
7. No other substances in picnometer to decrease the precision in calculating
mass
8. There is no gas leaking in effusiometer and the gas pipe
9. There is no temperature change when the sample is being move from
measurement glass to picnometer

10. Bleed-off is complete

11. The sample is pure sample without any additional substances
12. The gas is following the Ideal Gas Law
13. Hydrometer position is constant and vertical when the time we calculate the
o
API
14. All apparatus is clean
15. There is no delation of time when the gas start from the bottom point to start
the stopwatch and the same as when the gas in the upper point no delation of
time when pressing stop button in stopwatch.
16. There is no paralax error when reading the scale

3. Apparatus and Material Analysis

a. Effusiometer
Effusiometer is using Diffusion-Effusion basic law , Graham and Avogadros law
to calculate the density of a gas. Effusiometer is use to determine the density of
gas and the ratio of time flow a sample over time flow of a known gas. By
Diffusion-Effusion Graham law, knowing the density of a gas can led us to
calculate the specific gravity of a gas. Effusiometer is using water so we can make
the gas visible. The flow of the water representing the flow of gas. Water can be
change by any other liquid but still have to make the gas flow to upper point.
Water is chosen because it is much more economics and transparent.

b. Hydrometer
Hydrometer is using Archimedes Law to determine a liquid density. the scale in
Hydrometer is in oAPI. To determine the crude oil specific gravity with
hydrometer, there must be some terms that need to be fulfilled.
1. Hydrometer is in a good condition and the scale is good with the sample
2. If the hydrometer touch the base of measurement glass, then the hydrometer
must be change with a higher scale. and if the hydrometer is floating but the
oil surface havent touch the scale in hydrometer, the hydrometer must be
change to a lower scale.

c. Picnometer
Picnometer is used to calculate the mass of a liquid that have a volume in it too. so
it is a apparatus that can calculate density easily and accurately. Things that need
to be done when calculating the density by using picnometer is :
1. Make sure that the picnometer has been calibrated to know how much volume
it can hold
2. Make sure to fill the sample fluid in picnometer till full
3. Restart the electric balance every time when it is going to be use again.

4. Result Analysis and Practicum Flow

In this experiment, we use N2 and CO2 because not only it is easy to get, but also
cheap and not easily explode. The data that we get shows that the time flow CO2 is
faster than N2 . This is not actually follows the Graham Law that the time flow of
gas is proportional to molecular mass of gas. CO2 have a higher molecular mass
than N2. Because the error when bleed off makes the gas not pure enough. That
makes the calculation in Specific Gravity of CO2 get an error around 55.29% and
Specific Gravity of N2 get an error around 6.5%
In experiment of calculating the Oil Specific Gravity, an accurate measurement by
using hydrometer, the above assumption should he fulfilled, the hydrometer must
float upright in the oil. Hydrometer can float upright due to the absence of lead or
load that was towing a hydrometer to maintain the balance of hidometer itself.
Then, hydrometer should not be attached to the wall of the beaker because the
working principle of the hydrometer using Archimedes principle where the
assumption is that the pressure to be obtained is uniform surface of hydrometer.
When touching the wall of the beaker hydrometer can cause non-uniform force on
surfaces that come into contact and it raises a new style that is the frictional force.
In experiment by using Hydrometer, Specific Gravity of Jatibarang Heavy Oil is
0.898, and Specific Gravity of JENE 0.811
In experiment by using picnometer , we get that SG in Jatibarang Heavy Oil 0.808
in 60oC and 0.806 in 80oC. SG in JENE is 0.869 in 60oC and 0.829 in 80oC.
After this experiment, we know that JENE should be lighter than Jatibarang
Heavy Oil, thats why in this experiment hydrometer is much more accurate

because when using picnometer, we change the picnometer because the first
picnometer broken.
after the analysis, we know that temperature make a change of Specific Gravity by
graph at Chapter IV.

CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
1. Conclusion
a. Gas Specific Gravity
The usage of understanding the fluid properties : SG, density, viscosity, and
compressibility factor of gas is for drilling engineer, reservoir engineer, and
production engineer, by knowing the fluid properties we can easily get the data
and manage how to make an economic well-design
By using Effusion Method we determine the Specific Gravity of CO2 and N2 gas
Specific Gravity CO2 = 0.679 , error percentage = 55.69%
Specific Gravity N2 = 0.904,error percentage = 6.5%
b. Oil Specific Gravity
Determining oil specific gravity by using hydrometer and picnometer
by using hydrometer:
Specific Gravity Jatibarang Heavy Oil : 0.898

 Specific Gravity JENE : 0.811

by using picnometer:
Specific Gravity Jatibarang Heavy Oil in 60oC : 0.808
Specific Gravity Jatibarang Heavy Oil in 80oC : 0.806
Specific Gravity JENE in 60oC : 0.869
Specific Gravity JENE in 80oC : 0.829
from the above data , we know that temperature change will change the amount of
Specific Gravity

CHAPTER VII
TESTIMONIAL
I.

Impression
1. For Practicum
This is the best module we have ever had because the data we get is purely
by our experiment and not from reference anymore. The apparatus is quite
good that the data went or goes of far from the reference. The best module
2. For Assistant
Assistant have teach really good in preliminary test, every apparatus was
teach how to use it carefully and get the data easily.

II.

Word
1. For Practicum : The Practicum has the most complete apparatus only
compressor that is outside so it makes a bit miscommunication between the
people in the laboratory with people outside.

2. For Assistant : Because of the hard rain Bang Jeffi couldnt come , he show up
after the practicum ended. But Kak Haryeni and Bang Jeffi have shown their
best in preliminary test. Its great totally!

CHAPTER VII
BIBLIOGRAPHY

McCain, William D.Jr. 1990. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, 2nd Edition. Oklahoma:
Pen Well Publishing Co.
Siagian, Ucok. 2002. Diktat Kuliah Fluida Reservoir. Bandung: TM ITB.
Laboratorium Analisa Fluida Reservoir. 2014. Buku Petunjuk Praktikum Fluida
Reservoir. Bandung: TM ITB.