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To cite this article: James Hornell (1934) The ORIGIN of the JUNK and SAMPAN, The
Mariner's Mirror, 20:3, 331-337, DOI: 10.1080/00253359.1934.10655762
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1934.10655762
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332
essentially of a keel, stem and stern posts and internal ribs. The
keel is a basal beam placed longitudinally along the central line
of what is to become the ship's bottom. At each end it is
scarfed to another stout beam which turns upwards and eventually becomes the stempost at the fore end of the ship and the
sternpost at the after end. The side planks or strakes curve in
toward the ends to make junction with these two posts. A series
of bent timbers, diverging upwards in U fashion from the keel,
form an internal skeleton, strengthening and holding together
the outer planking. Typically, the keel projects downwards
below the bottom and thereby serves to steady the vessel when
she rolls, by offering lateral resistance to the mass of the
water.
There are many types of junks and among them we find
some which show definite approximation to European and
Indian design in one or more main structural features; some are
built with a keel and in some the planking rounds into a true
stempost-modifications borrowed probably from the West; in
others, again, the strakes round upwards from below to form a
swim-head, without any sign of a stempost.
The junk design which I consider to pertain to the oldest
and least modified type has none of these characteristics. In it
there is neither keel nor sternpost, and in the most typical,
where modern innovation has been resisted, the fore end is also
without a median timber or stempost. Planking, usually
transverse, closes in both ends, giving the vessel a transom
head as well as a transom stern; these transoms may be taken to
represent respectively the first and the last of a number of
bulkheads which divide the interior into numerous watertight
compartments.
Unlike the European rudder which is hung by gudgeon and
pintle upon the sternpost, the junk rudder is suspended in a
well or trunk left open in the centre of an overhanging stern
projection of the upperworks of the hull-a form of outsize
counter; it is steadied and held in place entirely by rope tackles.
In the normal sailing position its lower edge projects several
feet below the bottom, and so, besides serving to steer the
vessel, it has the accessory function of lessening leeway after the
333
334
335
336
PtATE VIII
Fig.
I
Fig. z
337
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE
VI
Fig.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
I.
Fig.
2.
VII
A Chinese junk at Hongkong, viewed from the port quarter. Note the
transom stern of counter design and the perforated rudder.
The same vessel seen broadside on. The form of the lug-sails and
the arrangement of the battens are clearly shown. The adoption of a sharp
stem is probably due to European contact.
PLATE
VIII
Fig. r. A small Chinese fishing junk, Penang. The hull approximates closely
to that of the sampans seen in Plate I, except that the stem is truncate and
of modified transom type. Compare the general shape of the hull and the
form of mast and sail with those of the Formosan raft below.
Fig.
2.
(The figure of the Formosan raft is by courtesy of the Science Museum; all
the others are original photographs by the author.)
MM
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