“a> Tie * Te wold Ol ee neta Reale faim Osi sce1- iM MalO Iai ra Ouyn enna) een c BonoM WM MeETOObI!I MX PAS PYWEHMNsYIIK 665.622.3/.4 a 38 B Kaare «IMyNbcun HedTu c KOTO H MeTORR Wx paspy- Tie¢HHAy H3TOKeRR COBpemeHHMe tpeOopanaA K HediTH, WocTy- Hammell aa HeprenepepabaTiBalomme saBolm, TO comepmanmo B Hell BOMM H cone. I[pwpeqent TeopeTHaeckne ocHOBH obpazoBaHHa, a Takike (PHSHKO-XUMHGecKwe CBOLicTRAa SMyIb- cit, oOpasyomaxca UpH godwue nedta wu ee obecconnBannn qa HopTenepepabaTHBanmax 3abomax. OUBCanE MeTOIE paspymeHua HediraaHx sMyibcHi A Ipesqyopexmesaa ux obpasopanna. [ann Moqpoéume cheqenaa O peareHTax —- qeomyIbraTopax, IpHmMensemnx B CoBeTcKOM Conse WH 3a rpannueli. [presenta TexHONCruA UpOHsBORCTBA Hanboree speKTHBHHIX JlesMyALTaTopos HM pesyabTaTM WX I pomMEMACHEOTO UpaMeHepHA. OUMCAaHH TEXHOMOTHYCCKHE CXCMEL ILPOMHIMVIeHEHX TepMo- XHMUNeCKMX H aneKTpoobeccoAMBAWMEX YCTABOBOK Ha coBpe- MeHHNX HedrelepepabaTHBanmMHx sabozax, THOR H KOWCTPYK- TH HanOonee copepmeHHNX BieKTpoxerHRpatopos. IHpwse- ACHE MeTOTH HCCIGNORAHEA BMY ABCHH, HCULITAaHA DesMy1eTa- TOPOR H 2aGopaTOpHOTO KOBTpPOAA Lipomeccon oGesHoHMBAHHA w obecconmBanaa Hedin. Kpatxo BanO;KeHA CROMCTBA CTOUHHX BOD, DOTyIAeMETK IPH obesRoKHBABHE U OOeccONMBAHHH HepTH. 7janil 4HeKOTOPHe TeXHHKO-SKOHOMMYeCKRe DokasaTena adeKTHBHOCTH OMPHMeHeHH AKTHBHHIX HeHOHOTeHHEX 7e- SMYALFATOPOB. Kanra paccintana Ha WHKeHEpHO-TexHiaecKHX paboTHy- KOB HedTeqonnaonlel, HedtellepepabaruBaimel wu xHepTe- XUMHUICCKOH MPOMEIMNeHHOCTH H CTYCHTOR COOTRETCTBYIOMEX BYaoB. B KBRre cofepmutrca 72 pucynma, 46 Tabann, 121 anTe- patypuad ccnaKa, 1 3144, Tromencrnl Bantvs- tpfabHR BHO AGonement HB. \e eo. a nares a aOR BBEJEHHE “TIpu noGuye mw nepepadorke He*ib TBamJh CMeliuBaeTcA ¢ BODO, , o6pasya OMyIECHM: Up BHXxOge c OONLMIOM CKOPOCTbIO H3 CKRa MEH BMeCTe C CONYTCTIBYIOMNeH 6 WnacToROH BONO: A B Mponecce obeccomuBa- HHA, T. &. IWPOMLIBKA WPeCHOM BOOM WA yRaiewHA XMOpHCTEEX coueif, .«B pesynarare ofipeKTHBHOrO paspyiienna obpasylomlmxca B mpons- BODCTBEHHEIX Tponeccax HeCPTAHHX SMYNbCHH yayalawrca cBolicrea HePTH U HedrenpoyyRTOB H yBeNMyuBAeTCA CPOK cy RbEI He*@rencpe- pabaTEBaloniuxX VCTAHOBOR. Comepmanmanca & HeTH WacTOBRaA BOAA C PacTBOPeHHEIMM B Heit comamn (10—30%), IUpenMymecTBeHHO xOpHyaMH, ABJINeTCA He TOTBKO HCHYKHOW UPHMeChkO, HO BEISHBACT CHILAYIO KOppo3Hio Hedreneperon- Horo O§6opyaoBaHHA WH yxXyMMAeT KawecTBo OCTAaTOUWHHXx TrasoTypOHBHEIX W KOTCNbHEX TOMB, ChIPLA [IA KATAIMTHIeCKHX Wpomeccos, WA noy- 4CHHA Ge330NbHOrO HKOKCAa H Op. WUssecrHo, 3TO KONHEeCTBO LOOMBAeCMO]l SMYABCHOHHOM HepTH yse- WHYNBACTCA B BABACHMOCTH OT IposomHNTeALHOCTH akcnTyaTalun MecTOPOKTenuA. B HacTopmec Bpema, HalpumMep, na Hedrenpomnicnax CIA nony- yaiot 60—70% or o6mel poOnrmm ycrowansix Hedrdnyx sMybCHE, TOWIeKallyx o§esBpoxHbanHWO, B TO BpeMa Kak B 3O-x rogsax My nbCHOH- HEX Hepicit FoGuBRaNIH TOMBKO 35%. B Coperckom Coso3e MHOrHe KPYUHBe HedTenpOMHCIH BBeCHET B SKCHIVATALHIO CPABHUTeEMEHO HEAaBHO, MOITOMY OTHOCHtTenBHOe KONT- yecTeO OOROMHCHAEX Hedteli mMenbme, vem B CUIA. OxnaKo KonmmuectBo IMYAPCHOHHLIX HeprTeli ¢ OONbIINM COJepPHaHHeM BOJEI Y Hac © KaKALIM TOHOM YBeMYABACTCA. B neeneqaue TOU ROCTHTHYTH OouLMIMe yenexH B HeceqoBannn WH paspylenuu Hepranpix omyabcnii. Jlokasawo, 4To «B ocHoBe STO BCCbMa BAKHOM OTPACIH HeEPTIAHON UPOMEIUWICHHOCTH ematT 3akCHOMep- HOCTH COBPeMCHHOM u3HKO-XUMBH SMYALCHIt W TOBEPXHOCTHEIX ABIC- HHH. GTH 3aKOHOMEPHOCTH MCHOML3yITCA IPM AeomyAbrapobanun Hed- TAHHIX @MYNLCHI, T. 6. AA BOBMOMHO GHCTpOro Hx paccnoenAA — BEINE- J@HHA U3 HAX IMYILTHPOBAHHOU BODE BMeCTe G PACTBOPeCHHEIMM B Hel conamn» [4]. 1* | 3- O6pasopanue oMybcHi upm nobrrme neta — ocHoBHaA npHaMHA OonbIaxX LOTeph HeMTH, yYROpoRaHuA ee TPaHCHOpTMpoBKHN Hw OUro- TOBKH K repepaboTke. - ipa yeenmuenum cozepmanua BOA B Hedru Ha 1% tTpancnopTunte pacxogqH Bo3spactaioT Ha 3=-5% UpH KaKoN nepeKaqKe. Ha 1 Heprenpo- MHICax HePTAHYIO IMYUbCHIO paspyllaloT, Harpenan ee c pearentom — yeamymbraropom. Inacropyl Boxy OTAeNALT B OTCTOHHMKAX H peseppya- pax 0 MMHHMAIbHOTO OCTaTOUHOTO _comepxaHia ee B HeprH {Z, 3]. OTHOBPeMeCHHO C HlaCTOBOM BOAOKM u3 HeTu yWaNAeTcA 3HaduMTenb- HAA WacTh XMOPUCTHX comeL. Ho game upu ray6okom o6esBoxRuBAaHHH JO conepaHnA 0,1% BOJH B He@TAx OoJbIMuHCTBA HAaMux MeCTOpOmPeHuH ocTaeTca 100— 300 2/4 xnopucTHXx come BMecTO AolycKaemBIx O—10 Ma/a. Ha coppemenueix. sapoyax CHITA [4] 8 snexrpofermppatopax pocTu- raeTvéH nmonHoe o6essoKuBaHne HepTH. ~Ylo nuréparypHiim panntim [121], o6ecconupanuem Hehru c 40—50 imo 8—10 m2z/s momHo B 1,5 pa3a yBeIMINTh MpoOAOWKUTeNEHOCTS - |} paSoTH ycTaHOBOK, a TakiKe CHA3UTb TpeOoBaBHA K MaTepuanaM JA MBroTOBMeHUA alma paty pH. | =~ B nactoamee BPeMA Ha HAMM 8aBOME NOCTYMALT HeEPTH, cOFepmRamae no 2% mlacToBoK BOAE, a CJIeOBaTeIbHO, 3—5 2/4 xnopunos. JIna- NOMHOTO yaneHuA cone BCA HepTbh DoABepraetca obecconMBAaHHO Ha CICHMAaIbHHXx sneKTpoobeccomuBaioMmux -ycraHopKax (QJIOY). C stot HeIbIO HePTh WATCHCHBHO CMeIIMBaeTCA C IpecHOM BOAOM B cmMecuTelAX WAH B CHPbeBLIX Hacocax, a OOpas0BaBIIaAcA SMYJIBCHA BOWE B HedTu paspyllactca WM pacciampaeTcA B ameKTpopermpApaTopax. Handonee GbicTpoe U MOwHOe paspylienue HePTABEIX IMYNLCHM FOcTUraeTcA Upu “x woyorpene ¢ MpuMeHeHuem odPeCKTMUBHHIX peareHTOB — jleaMybratTo- pos. Pacxoq geamymbratopos coctapnaet 20—100.2.Ha 1m negra. CTaaeal TPEBOBAHHA K HEOTH, TOCTYHAIONEN HA HE®TEINEPEPABATBIBAIOMME 3ABOJIbI SATPAHSHEHUA B HEOT a OG e Cre O6asaTeubHEIM CIYTHHKOM HeOTH B Tacye ABIACTCH BOWa C PacTBO- PCHHEIMH B He HeOpraHH4ecKUMA CONAM mponecce 7obnmH Ha MHO- THX MCCTOPORMCHHAX WacTOBAA BOMa CBOMM HaNOPOM BITeCHACT Heth M3 NOPAcTOK MOPOTH K cKkBaKMHAaM. B 3aBucuMoctH OT CBOCTB Uacta, CKopocTu oTOopa nedra, ee BAS- KOCTH H Up. UPUTOK BOE B CKBasKHHe BMeCTe C HeTbIO MOMKET OEITS pasimuHtim. OOO B HadaIbHbi Wepuon OOHU Ha HOBOM MeCTOpO?Ke- -. HOM wet O6e3R0qHaA BM MamooOBoqHeHHaA HedTb, HO co BpeMeHeM OOBOMHCHHOCTL He@TH yBReuMIMBAeTCA WM Ha CTAPHX UPOMEIcIax OcTu- raet 80—90%. Tak, paspaboTka JCBOHCKHX MECTOPOKTeCHHM COmpoBOMmMaeTcA 3Ha~ GHTCJIBHEIM OOBOAHEHMEM HEMTH, KOTOPOe FocTuraeT B HacTOAMIee BPeMA 24—38,5% [5]. Cpequaa oOpoqHeHHocTE mo tunaeMon Hedin B oObenH- HeHHH «Bamneprp» nO rojaM nokazaya, Pah de ee Cpequaa o6pofHeHHoctT, HedTu B TaBAeT OKOTO 00%. ui Oo Tax, B 1909r. na 129 man. m nour jer OnII0 M3BIIeWH 123 man. m® tinactosoz Bonet, a B 1962 r. na 186 Man. m — oxono \ 200 mun. ™? BORE. O KommuectBe oORORNeHEEIX HetTei, JOOLBaeMEIX B pPa3sIM4HbIX pali- onax Conetckoro Colo3a, MO#KHO CYIHTb 0 aHHbim, mpuwBeyeHHEIM B tTaOn. 1 uw 2. Haxe pH HeOoNbIIOM cofepKaHHH UNAcTOBOH BOE B HeEPTH yyO- | powaeTcA TpanciopTupoBKa ee 10 TpyOompopoyam. Yrenmqenue TpaHc- | UOPTHBIX PACKONOB CBA3AHO He TONLKO C NepeKaqKoli BOA, HO MC yBe- JIMGCHUeCM BASKOCTH HeETH, obpasylomen ¢ Bozou omyupcuto. IIpu copep- “\maHnu B Hedrm OMYNbrupoRaHHOM Bop Gonee 10—20% BasKocTb / me@Tw WocTuraer TaKUX BeIMYHH, YTO ee Tepekauka UO TpyOaM 3HauH- _TenbHO satpyquaetcd, Tak, BasKOCTh poMalIKHHCKO HehTu BOspacTaeT “ce 17 no 22,4 com © yRenmuennem cozepmanna B Heit BORE oT 5 no 10% nw yo 33,3 ccm up coxepmanun Bonn 20%, ~~ O6pasoBaHne ycTOWWHBEIX HePTAHEIX IMYNbCH UpuBOAUT Take Kk 607bIIMM NOTepAM, TaK Kak pM OTICICHHM BOA OT HeETH B OTCTOI- HuKax M pesepByapax 1acTL He*Tu cOpachiBaecTcA BMeCTe C BOZOU B BUTE OMYILCHH, YTO 3arPABHACT CTOUHEIe BoE. Ta wcth IMYIbCHH, KOTOpaA 306 6 TaGauya 16] Tabauya 2 [6] beM ROGAN HM eOMyILrUpoBanuA Hera Ha Mpompicaax CCCP Konuuectso qe9Myabrupyemol sedTu Y pano-Tosouxbe nu & KpacnofapcKoM kpae 1959 r. 1964 Yr. eo Fl. 1962 F. (sp % x o6men pobnrie HepTH) TeoM YALTH- - = poraHne oi TSOEAHHe. 13 ae vane. Pecoy6iuku = 5 5 Pationn 4959 Fr. 4960 r. 1961 r. 4962 r. pielaftglelalaglela rr S| | sk |. H | MgOHCI-+ HCl C nopEmienHeM TEMUeCpary pbl CKOPOCTS ruapoIR3a XJIOPHAOR 3HadH- TeIbHO YBENHAWWRACICA; Tak, 10 H&aHbIM AMC PHKaHCKAX wecuenopatenen, XHOPUCTHH MarHal B Hera ruypomuayerea na 90% opu 343°C [8, 9]. Mis conepmamuxca 8 neta xmepagos wandonee merko ruyqpommsyetca XJOPHCTHM Maral, 3a HOM CHeRyeT XIOPHCTHH KanbuMa HW TpyAHee BCEX THIPOMMI3ZyCTCA xMOpuCTH RaTpuu. Jlona xnopunoB, KoHBEpTupo- BaHHHIX B XIOPHCTHM BOLOPON, YRCUMIMBACTCA IPH VMCHbINeHAH KOH- HeaTpanwu XJOpuAOR, ITO BHO u3 pc. 2. GTO noLTBepmRAAeTCA TakME HCCHCKORAHHAMM aBTOPOB, KOTOPHIMM B MadopatopHErx ycuIOBMAX OMpe- 10 nexeHo KOoNMYeCTBO XJIOpHcTOrO BOZopora, obpasylomweroca mpm nwoyo- rpese POMaIKHHCKOU HeprTd ¢ pasIMUHBIM colepRanHWeM xXNOPALLOR no 150° C8 reacune 2 4, PesynptaThl OnpepxenenMA IpHBeeHEl B TAO. 4. Tabsauya 4 Bsijesenne xn0puctoro Bozopoka Hs Hera pH woyorpere Conepsanue pb nebru Houmyecrso BLTeNHBIIEroca xXJOpHcTOTO ROME XTOpHCR % me | ula 2,0 — 4150 1,7 0,4 40 0,5 CenEt 5—8 0 Hak BHOHO 43 WaHAbrx Taba. 4, BLenWeHWe xm0pHCTOrO BOROpora He OOHapy2xXeHO TONBKO pM coyepmanua xuopuyorn B nehia 8 me/a H MeHee, Hlaxe HeGonbnioe KkonmGeCTBO XNOPACTOTO BOTOPOTAa MOET 3HATH- TCJILHO VCHIMTbh KOpposhi KOHTeCH- calvoHHoTo Ob0pysOBaHHA ycTaHo~ Bok AT u ABT, sBbisnpaemyio ce- POROTOPOTOM, BEINeHAIOMMMcA pH TeperoukKe cepHuCTHX Hedreii. Ce- pokoyopon, pearmpyH c smeesom, oOpasyeT HeEPACTBOPUMLI B BORE CYALQUA sKeMe3a, KOTOPLIM MOKDpsI- BaeT TOHKOM NueCHKOM CTeCHKH alma- é WE aE Ta paToR HW TAKUM oO pasom BanaIaeT Codepmanue cored 6 cook nepmu Wx OF fanbHelimero PeiicTBMA KOp- 6 nepecueme wa NaCl, mej POSHOHEDIX aPCHTOB. BoieamBnmmi- Puce. 2. SaBACHMOCTE KOHBeEPCHA XxI0- CH XMOPUCTHIA BOLOPOL PaswaraeT pynop g xnopuctit BOLOpOR oT Bx ZallMTHY!O WIeHKy cynbduana mmKe- KOHTeHTpanuH. jle3a, UP 3TOM BHIPeUAWTCA HOBLIE NOPHAH KOPpO3HOHHOTO cepoBnozopona uM oOpasyeTcH pacTBopmMoe B Boye xHOpHcToe xKeme30. B pesyabrate o6maxaeTcd NOBEPXBHOCTh MeTaiia HW WpoTekaer MHTeH- CHBHAH CONpPAKeHHAA KOPPO3HA CepOBOMOPOAOM H XMOPHCTHIM. BOLO pO- nom. HeoSxofuMo Takoxe OTMeTHTbh, 4TO OHOBPCMeCHHO GC XBMHUCCKOM ‘Koppo3uekt coneuar Bola, COMepmMalladca B HePTU, BHBEBaeT UM SyeKTpPO- xHMayeckKylo KOopposnIo OOopyq0BaHHA,) KOTOpAA AOBOAbHO HHTCHCHBHO WpoTeKaet ye IPA OOMYREX TEMNEpaTy pax, HAIpuMep, B HMKHeH TacTH peseppyapos. Ilpu neGonbiomM coyzepskanua xNopayoB xopomne posyuETatEt [11] yaer xEMMyeCKHH coocob HOPABIEHAA XNOPUCTOROLOPOAHOU KopposmA AV Obuee xonuvecmba xngoudae, npebpamubuuxca 6HCTI, %Ha ABT ¢ pumeHeHMeM cMecH KaycTMaecKoH HW KallbuwanpoBanAon conn. Ofmako Ip sTOM yxyWMlaeTcA KayeCTBO MasyTOB, HCIOMbSyeMHIX Kak Tas0rypOmBHoe H KOTenbHOe ToumHBa. Hanbonee panwonanbuo BO3MO;KHO Homnee obeccoumMBaTh a obesBOMUBATh HeHTh. Bmecrte c BOvOH H COMME Up DOMHOM obeccolMBaHHH u3 HedTH B 3Ha4HTeJIBHOM CTreHeHH yAANAIOTCA MeXaHHYeCcKHe MPUMeCH, MBIMIbAKO- BHCTLIC COCUMHeHHA, MeTanIOpranHwyeckHe COeLMHCHHA BAHaTuHA HW Apy- THX MeTAIOB, KOTOPHe OOHYHO KOHUCHTPAPyIOTcCA Ha WOBePxHOCTR THoOyN SMyYBTApoBanHo BopH (TaGn. 5). [ipa paspymenuu sMyibcun OHM YasIHIOTCA BMCCTe C IIPOMHIBHOM BOON. Ta6suya § Coyepkanue Meraiios B BedTH 20 H Mocze oGeccommBaHna [10] OGeccouleHHan c HepTh TlokasaTenmm mpan HepTb Trocue Hocze nepabk BTOpOn cTymena | cTryueni YotGepucrar negimd I[poTHOCT, p29 a . a . * . . * . e . . . . a ‘ ‘1 0,889 _— -_ Conep manne: xu0puyon {B Mepeciete wa NaCl), we/a.- - 200 44,5 0 SOUH, 1 4. Had MMH. WG 2. ee ewe A 8TB 400 94 SJIEMeHTOB B 30He TO CileKTPaxbHomy aHaJu- : 3y, 1 4, Ha i MIB. 4%. LC 2,79 0,67 0,138 Ni... ee ee ee he ee 12,8 43,7 14,4 i 22,0 45,4 41,0 Ca... ee he 6,7 0.8 0,5 A 110,0 | 9,0 0,4 Texac-oKsaroMcKad negimb Conepanne: XNOPHMOB, Me/4 2 ew we ee ee 78 7,0 1,5 MBLIULARA B WWCTHIGATAax, 1 4, ga 1 MIP. 4. d@pannuna 82—182°C 2... we 86 5,3 1,3 > B2—-204° GG. we ee ee es 107 14,7 3,3 Ecam panbme oq obeccommpanveM UDOHUMaIH TOMbKO yyasenne OCHOBHOM MACCE xNOpHMyOB fo cogepmanua 40 w2/e B Hedta, DocTyma- womuleH Ha TepepaooTKy, TO Tenepp oObeccOnMBaHMe HepTH O3sHadaeT HOWHOe yaueHWe XMOPAAOB HW 3HAYMTebHOe YMCHbINeHue copepRaBnuA MHOPHX COCIMHCHHM, KOTOPHe MeIIaloT TalbHeimMel nepepabotKe HepTu, a TaKKe CHUMKAIOT KAYeCTHO OCTATOFHHIX HeprenposxyRTos. IIpx ray6okom oGeccommpanun BedTH AO cosepRAnHA XAOPHOB 5 mz/a UpakTudeckM MOJHOCTbIO YaNAIOTCA coeqMHeHHA MBIIbAKA, nonagaiwouue B OeH3KHOBYHO PpakIwi0 H ABAAIOIUIMeCA CHILHLIM AOM [If WNaATHHOROTO KaTalmsaTopa B mponecce pudopmunra, Cozepmanne BaHafHA B 30Ne HedTA Mocne ee oGeccONMBAHMA yYMeHBMaeTcA BZ pasa, TOYTH MOWHOCTHIO yaAerca sKene30, Kanban w natpuit. Ussectuo, 12 qTO OCOSCHHO CHIIbHEIM KOPPO3HOHHEIM areHTOM B rasoTy pOHHELX TONH- Bax ABIAeTCA BAHALMM B MPACYTCTBUM HAaTpHA. Tloatomy cHmKeHHe CO- NePKAHHA COCIMHCHHM BAaHATMA B HepTH MOUYTHO ¢ TOWHEM ylaleHtem xmopuctoro waTpaa wMeeT Oombmoe sHateHHe UpA qaibueimen ee pepepadoTre. CormacHo COBpeMeHHHIM TpeOoBaHHAM, B TOMOWHEIX MasyTAx He TOIUKHO cOfepmaThcA 30uH Oomee 0,05%, panaquA B TOMNNMBE (IA raso- BHIx TYpOuH He Gomee 0,0001%, a UA KOTCIBHHX arperatos 0,0003%. Ha coppemennurx nedrenepepadaTEtBalomax 3aBonax CIA (p Jlewx- Yapnse, Jlemapepe W mp.) oGecnewmpaeTca riyOoKoe o6eccommBaHue (conepmanue xIOpafxoB CHHKAIOT TO 1 u2/2) HebTu WH TCM CaMEIM Gecne- pedoltuan pabota ycTaHOBOK ABT 8 Tevenme _ByXx JeT Gomee [4]. Takum o6pas0M, Wocruraetca GonbmMo pKOHOMBYeCKEM adpert. Yora- HOBKH, DepepabaTHBalomue Heth ¢ OOMBMIMM COMepHanMeM XWOPHROB, pa6orawr Ges OCTAHOBKA MeHee Tojla.Fauaea IJ TEOPETHUECKHE OCHOBbI OBPASOBAHHA HE®TSHbIX OMYJIBCHA W WX YCTORKUMBOCTH OBPASOBAHHE OMY JbCHK HW WX KIACCHOMKATMA i Imynpcum upexctapnawr cobok zucnepcuMe cneremu NBYX *KATKO- cTeli, H€ PaCTBOPUMEIX HIM MaNOpacTBOPUMLIX Upyr B Apyre, ofAa 43 KOTOPHX AHCUeprmpoBana B APYToM B BAe MeWKMX KaneueK (rn06yz). v /[ucneprupoBanHan KUKOCTL ABNAeTCH enympennet, MMM Oucnepe- Hou, Past, A HKADKOCTH, B KOTOPOH OHA HaXOMMTCA, HasLIBaerca Oucnep- cuoHHol cpedoli (eneunell, cnaounot). ~ Cpolictsa aMyibcnii OnM3KM K CROLCTBAM KOUAOUDHHX pacrBopor, XOTA BeIMUnHA TMCHe Pru popanHEx YacTU y HUX paanwana;DMyaEomn OTHOCATCH K MMKPOTeTepOreHHHIM CHCTEMaM, YACTHUA HOTOPETX BHUHH RB MHKPOCKOL a KOWNOMAHEE PAaCTBOPH — K YILTPaMUkporeTeporeHHEM CHCTCMAM, YACTHIEI KOTOPHX B MHKPOCKON He BuRHH |[12]. VIIpa o6pasosanmm oMyibenu yeauunBaered uoRepxitocTs. mucuepe- HOH Masi, NOsTOMYy ANA OCyMlecTBIeHHA Uponecca omyabrupoBanna qOuuHHA OKITh BaTpayeHa onpepenennan pa6ota, KoTopaa ‘KOHUCHTpPL- PpyeTCA Ha WOREPXHOCTH paspena dasa B BUTE cBoboLMOM NOBEpxHoCTHON SHCPrHM. JHEPTUA, 3aTpayeHHan Ha OOpasoBanve cAMAUAL Me7KpasHolt TOBePXHCCTU. HashiwactcA noeepLuocmnwm (meacHasnum) KHamaoenuem. Tro6ys: Rucuepcuom Hasbl uMewT chepuseckyi dopmy, Tax Kak Takaa (opMa MMeeT HAaMMCHbUIyIO MOBCPXHOCTh HM HalMeHBMyW cBobomHyI0 gHepruo Jia FanHorO OOsemal. v Cro6oqHad oneprua Kalentb AucnepcHol ast cuocobcrByer ux cuMANMHO (KOaTIecHeHIMM), HO MOMexol sTOMy B YCTOMSUBHX YMyIbCHAX ABIALOTCA cmabuausamopy amysbcuu., B IMyIBCHAX UAcTHIX, HecmMeln- BaIOMAXCA KUKOCTeH, He coRepmalux SMyNbraTopos, KaumM SEICTpO GHBBAIOTCH M OMYJIbCHA paspywaerca. Konmsectso rno6ym sont B 1 4 1%-HOl BilcoKo_McHepcHO aMynE- CHH HeIMcMAeTCA TPHWMOHAMM, a OOnjaN nNOMaIE moBepxHocTH — TecaTKaMH KBappaTHEx MeTpos. Ha Taxow orpomHoi nopepxHocTH MOKCT alcopOHporaTEcA OONBHIOC€ KounGecTBO cTabuANanpyIoMMx SMYyIECHIO BeMICCTB. ', OMYNLCHH, XapakTepH3yIOMMCCA BEICOKOM cTCHeHDIO WuCuepCHOCTH, ABIIMIOTCA TEPMOTMHAMMYCCKM YCTOHYNBLIMH PaBHOBeCHEIMA CHCTeMaMI. He TpcOyIOUMMM BRe,eHuA OMybTaTOpa-ctabunusaropa. Hasupawrca OHH KDPUTHYECKUMM, HM TMO@HIEHLIMM, OMYILCHAMM B OTUMUMe OT 14 oOHIHHX TuOPoGHEx emyaLcua. KpuTavecKUMM 9MyYIbCHAMM OHM Hasbi- BalOTCA MOTOMY, WTO TakHe 7Ke SMYLCHM OOpaagyIoTcCA U3 ABYX orpaHH- UCHHO CMCIIMBAIONIUXCA skMaKOCTeH (aHHiMuH wa BOTa, W30aMUJI0BbIit cMpT M Boqa) UpH TemMnlepatTypax, OTH3KHX K KPHTHGeCKMM TeMuepaTy-— pam cmemlenus., | - Bee AByxdasHWe [liclepcHbie CHcTeMH NeiATcR Ha Be Tpy00H To Belwiune yierbHoH croboqHol MembasHolH oHeprun, UamMepsteMOH WoBepXHOcTHHM waTAKe- Huem o. H Neppow rpyone OTHOCATCA AuoGotuse ducnepcnke cucmema — TePMOAu- HamMWYecKH arpeTaTHBHO HeYCTOHIMBHe, XapAKTepHsylON[HeCA HEKOTOPHIM HpeMeHeM CYIeCTBOBaHMA, © OTHOCHTeIbHO BHICOKMM MesKpASHHIM HATAKCHHEM CO >> Op, GoOUbIINM TpanHIHOTO sHateHHA d,,. Ho Bropolt rpyille OTHOCHTCA auoGusonwe Ouc- nepenble cucmembs — TePMODTMHAMBYeCKH YCTOHIMBHC, CAMOINPOKsBONLHO obpaszy- wUlWeCH SMYNbCHH CO S8HateHweM Mewma3Ho DoBepxHocTHou sHepruu, MeHDDIUM TpaHHAIHOTO 3HATCHHA G,,- JIMOPUAbHbIC CHCTeEME ABIAIOTCA DOLYKOIMONAAMy (ceMHKOTIOUsaME) WM xapak- TEPH3SYNTCA BHCOKOM AuciepcHocrbio. IIpelenbHHii cnyyai AMOPHAbHHIX cHcTeM cooTBeTcTByet GesrpaHutHoOu B3aVMHOM pacTBOpMMoOCcTHA, KorgZa o = 0, T. e. o6paszo- Bahulo omHOpasHoH CHCTeMHI — HCTHHHOTO pacTBopa, OOHGHOTO, HAW BLICOKOMOJe- KYIAPHOTO, B RanHHOk cpepie. HetpepHnunlt Hepexog oT 1HOPoOOHEX K IMOPRAGHEIM CucTeMam, T. 6. OT rpy6o- AuciepcHHX CHCTeM Yepe3 NMOAYKONNOAIH K ACTHHREM pactBopamM MomeT OnITh Ocy- HICCTBACH PAasSTWIHHMH WyTaMM. JlMOpUIbHBe sMYI_CHH, HalpuMep, MoryT o6pa3z0- BaThCA HeHOcpescTBeHHO 43 OOBMHHEIX AHOPOGHETX DMyNbCM TANa «Maco B BOTe> Ip BBeLeHHH WoBepXHOCTHO-aKTHBHOTO KOMMOHeHTAa (Mia) B FOcTaTOUHO GoMBIIOM KonmUecTBe. [pa sTOM memibasHoe HATAKeHMe CTAHOBHTCA MeHLEIe KPUTHYECKOTO SHAYCHHUA H CAaMOUPOM3BONbHOe IMYNLTUpPOBanUe MpOwHCXOAMT B pesyIbTaTe cBoe- o6pasHoro o6pamenua az: Hapymbad cpeza — BOMa DOTuomaercn Macao hason, colepRamet SomLMo0e KOAWWCTBO KOAIOULAIbLHO pacTBopeHHOTO MBIA. OGpasoBaHue OOHIHEX WHOpoOALX OMYALCHH IpOMCXOAUT He TONbKO UpH Mexa- HHWeCKOM BOSTeHCTBMM Ha CHCTeMY, HO H pH elicTBHM HA KallT10 cuH, clocobcTBy- Wek YMeHLMeHHIO UpowocTu crabunnsApylomel obonouKM; Tak, Non aelicTBHeM SICKTPHGeECKOLO IONA BEICOKOTO HallpAyKeHUA HAapAAY c JesMYAbIupoBanHeM Ipo- UCXORUT WUCHeprupoBanye BOA B Mace. O MexaHn3mMe oOpa3s0BaHaa SMyYHbCH UMeeTCA MHOTO pasaWIHHX IMnoTes, OfHAKO He BCe OHH DoOTRepataiorcA OWTHLIME anna. B Coserckom Cow3e OONbIMMe HCCHeLOBAHEA Mo TOMY BOIpocy 6rmH MpopezenH axay. I. A, Pebunyepom HW ero mKom0K [1, 13]. B wx rpygax MexaHH3am obpa3z0BaHMA DMYIbCHM UpescTaBsrey, B CleyIoIem BHe. ilepBoH cTaqweH uclepruapoBaHaA ABIAeTCA pacTATHRARMe Kalla *KUTKOCTH B NWIHHAPHK, 4YTO COUPOBOKMAeTCA YBeIM4eHHeM NOBePXHOCTH WUchepcHoH dash H IpoOHcxonuT c BsaTpaToH padoTh TIA IpeocdqoleHuA MOLeKYNAPHHX CHA MOBePXHOCT- HOrO HaTAKeHHA. BeITAHYTAaA KallwA cTaHOBHTCA HeyCcTOHIMBOM H pactafaeTcA Ha MelKMe TWacTHUH, Ipuobperanuive chepHueckylo GopmMy. IToT pachay, ABAAeTCA BTO- poli cragueii Iponecca, coupoBomTaelcA yMeHLMIeHveM DosepxHocta Bw cRoboHol IlOBePXHOCTHOM sHeprnn. OGpasylonivecs Up LepemeMuBanun LAIMA APUKH MAAKO- CTH HaWuHAlOT pachafaTbeA Ha KalleAbKU TORBKO TOTMA, KOTMA WX WNHHA CTAaHOBUTCA OoNbIe TTHHE OKpPyHOcTH cedenua. B Tperbelt cTannu WpoucxOTAT OJHOBpemMeHHO Iponecch KoarecheHH Ip CTOMKHOBeCHHE Kaleb HW AclepraponanHA oOpasopaB- muxcH Kavexh. OqHAKO YeM MeHbIUe CraHOBATCA KaleIbKH, TeM TpyAHee Iponexogur HX BHITATHBALe. [lon feiicTBueM yBeTHIMBaWMerocA KalMIAApHOTO WaBueHuA Gomee MeIKMe Kalin jenaiorca Boe Oollee sKeCTKAMM, COUPOTUBIAIONAMICA H8MeHCHHIO hopmi. YcTakosAeHO, ITO AUCNeprapoBakye DpOMCXOTMT He TOJIDKO Ip pacTamKe- HWW KalleIb, HO WM fake pu weborbiom cmatTun. Pllo xapaxtepy yucnepcHon ha3bi 1 [ncnepcnoHHOM CpeLH pasmmaalor BMYABCHH JIBYX THUOB: MepBbIe TaK HasLiBaeMble sOMYJI_CHM NMpAMOTO THna — IMYJIBCHH HENONAPHO smaaROCTH B MOnaApHon (H/B); u propre — 15OSpaTHOTO THNa — 9MYILCHH NONAPHOM *RUKOCTH B HenoaapHon (B/H). Ycroitiunpne muodobune He®TAHbIe 9BMYJIbCUH, o6pa3sylomineca upH nose Hedta mee OOeccOmMBAHMH, Kak UpaBANO, OTHOCATCA K OMY IECHAM proporo Tuna (B/H). Tun omympcun o6nrano ycTaHaBAMBaloT UpA ompe- TenéHuu CROMCTB ee JuCHepcHOHHOL cpesgn.Omyapcum H/B cmemmpaitca ¢ ROMOH, He CMaYMBAIOT TUApoPoony! DOBepxXHOCcTh U o6manalor BhICOKOU onenTpompopogzHoctbio. Omynucuu B/H cmelupalotca ¢ MacIOM Han HePth10, CMauHBaloT THTpomoOuylo WoBePXHOCTL H He oOuakaloT 3aMet- HOW BIEKTPOMPOBOAHOCTHIO. : Tun cperikix 9MYIbCHE MOMHO Take ONpeeraTh NO Ax OKPalin- pannw: sMynpcnu B/H okpammpalorcaA MacuopacTBOPHMEIMH KpacuTe- gama (cyan III), a H/B — sofopacTBopuMsIMd KpacuTe ama (meTHIe- HOBEM romy6oi).: OMyibcum Tuna H/B oG6amapaiot copepnieHHO HHEIMH cRolicTBama, uem omMysbcuu B/H, u MeTOnE! paspyllenmA Ux pas- JIM4HEL. Yeranopneno [13], aro,tun o6pasymeicA sMyIbCHH B 3HadUTCsIb- Hoit cTeHeHa BZaBMCHT OT COOTHOMIeHHA OGOBEMOB HeCMCIINBAlWNIMXxcA JRULKOCTeH — DMCHePCHOHHOM cpekOM CTPeMMTCH CTATh TA MUTKOCTL, o6sem KoTopom Oonpme. [pm cmemtenum xupKOcTeM & UpAcyTCTBHH OMyJIbraTopa 3HaseHMe cOOTHOMeHHA oObeMOB MUAKOCTCH 3HAIHTCIbHO cCHUmaeTcd, a MHOrWa H coRceM TepAcTcA. YcTaHOBeHO TalKe, 4TO Ha TH SMyNECHH BUMAeT TH_poPobwocTh BA FUAPOPUALHOCTh CTeCHOK Tl NOBEPXHOCTH MeWlaIKH, B KOTOPOM MpOMcxXog_uT cMeIcHHe AByx pas. OMyIbraTopH, obslagaroune THApopPoGHLMA cBolictBamu, obpasyroT omynpcuio Tana B/H, a sMyabraropsl THApOPMAbEBIe — SMybCuIO TATA H/B. Heo6xonumo oTmMeTHTb BeChMa MHTepecHoe CBOHCTBO —{ ANTATOHH- cTMYHOCT, THEpOPoOHNX H ruspoUIbAEIX emyspraropos; Ilpa copmect- HOM UPMCYTCTBHM O7HM SMYALraTOpLl CTPeMATCA BEITCCHUTL [Pyrue, uTO DPUBOANT HHOTAa K OOpamenuw haz, T. . K 1peBpallleHHi0 SMyTECUM H/B s omynscmo B/H u Ha060P0T. 7 Paspa6orannnit Il. A. PeOmugepom MeTof XapakTepHcTURM S1eMeHTApHOM yeToiumpocTa (cM. cueqyiomlad paszen aTou TWaBL) B BaBHCHMOCTH OT «BEUKMBA~ HHA) IMYNLCUM OAHOTO H3 [BYX THOR OGBACHAeT TakuKe oOpanienne das. Hanonee RePOATHHI MexanHueM OOpameHuA gas MomHO IpeACTaRMTb Cuca yIOUYM o6pasom: QMyILTaTOp Kak DOBCPXHOCTHO-AKTHBHOe BemiecTEo, alcopOupyAch Ha MoBepxHocTH ri06yi, Hallpumep oMyapcuu H/B, upeppamaer oTfeabHbIe yuactKy MoBepxHOcTHOrO GOH B CMATHBaemMNe Macao (HedTHw0). pm ollpeseieHHOM KOJIMueCTBe OMY Jbra- TOpa HW AUCHepruponaHHo haskl saMyATHW WORePXHOCTBHM C.IOM CTPeMUTCH BEI- THYTLCA B OOpaTHy10 CTOpOHY, B pesyAbTaTe wero MucTIepCMonHa cpeza T per panaeTca Tepenylo pa3y. ° nacenonye 2 bas W3yWalM MHOTHe HcCefoBATeIH Ha CaMEIX pasH006 paaHalx SMYIbCHAX C PasHHMM 9MYAbTATOpaMa. Hanpumep, Batsarap [13] Becbma o0cTOA- TeIbHO WSyAHA OOpaljenue has Mog AelicTsHeM BMeKTPOAMTOB Ha BMYIECHAX BOA mu WapadwHOBoTo Macla, UpHMeHAA B KayecTRe SMYAbraTopa MELA oueuHOBON, creapHHOBO WM AMHONeBOM KuCzOT. Ha ocHOBaHHE WpoBefeHAHX MCCexOBaHuu OH all cue @ BHIBOJEI: CR eaten OTNETAMBOG BRITE BaJeHTHOCTH BACKTpPonuTa; TaK, Awa oOpamenuA omynpcuu H/B TpexBaweHTHbe oleKTpoIATsl (cyabpathl amwoMuBHA M xXpoMa) Tpe- “6yloTCH B MeHEUeM KOAWIecTBe, WOM [BYXBAICHTHEIC, MeTaAIIH, oOpasyloWie MOA0KHTEMLHO SAapAKCHHHe HOHH B aueXTpPOIBTAax, To cHoOcOOHOCTH BHGHBATL OOpalleHwe SMyALCHM MOMHO pacHONOMUTh B CeLyIOUMH 16 pag: Al > Cr > Ni > Pb > Ba > Sr (Kaabnni, AByxXBaneHTHOe *Kele30 MU MaT- HUI NO cBoeMy HelicTBHIO aHaJOTHIHLE CTPOHIHIO); Ipupoza IpucyTcrsylomero aMYAbLTaTopa BIMACT Ha KOUMIECTBO BICKTPONATOB, TpeSyiommxca 21a oGpamenua a3, HO BUHAHWe BaNeHTHOCTH 9deKTPOMTOB T0- wpesmuemy wMeeT MecToO. UYacto B pe3syibrate o}pameHua da3 o6pasylorcA Tak HasHIBAeMHIe mHOMWecmBen- nile MY ACLU, B KOTOPEX BHclepcHad asa CaMa ABILAeTCA SMYI_CHeH, comepmamen rHooyuH Opyrod hasn. MuoxecTReHHaA SMYALCHA MOMeCT BOSHEKATS APM OABOBpe- MeHHOM IIPHCYTCTBHM B CHCTeMe ABYX oMyIbTaTOPOR, WPOTHBOLONOXHHX DO CBoeMy, nelcTBaIO. [Tlo senmunne KOHMeHTpanuA quCHepcHol dash BCe BMYJLCHM WenAT Ha PasbaBeHHbie, KOHTCHTPUAPOBRAHHHIe H BHICOKOKORICHTPHPOBAaHALIe. Tioa, pasGaBieHHLIMM DMYJILCHAMH, B aHHOM CJLy4ac, DOBMMAIOT BEICOKO- WICHepCHEe OMYJIbCHH, COfepxamne yo 0,1% AUCHepcHON asi mo BCJIMYHHC WCTHH OHH OUW3KH K KOUNOMIHLM pacTBOpaM, T. €.’qwamerp Kanenek oKon0 10°75 cu, ‘PasbaBleHHbie SMybCHM arperaTHBHO ycrToi- WIBEL 6e3 BRe]e@HHA IMYALraTOpos, 0 CBOMM CBOlicTBaM OHH OonNbe BCero TOXOMH Ha THOpobuEe 300u. iT puMepom pas6aBneHHo oMyABCHE MOoKeT OLITh SMYILCHA MaIUMHHOrO Maca B Boge, OOpasylomjasca pH ROHCHCalaH Mapa B Wponecce paooTH Taposow ManinHEl Ti KOHUCHTPHPOBAHHEIM IMYIbCKAM OTHOCATCA BLICOKOTUECHeEpCHEe CHCTCME! © CPaBHUTeHbHO OONLIIHM cOxepmaHveM AucKepeHO hast (qo 74 o6bemH. % ).J YKasanHblii MAKCUMANBHMH Upepen KOMMCHTPALHA OTHOCHTCA K MOHOJMMCICPCHEIM IMYIBCHAM MH COOTBETCTBYeT MAKCHMANbHO BOSMOMHOMY OOLEMHOMY cCOslepaaHHIO HeepOPMUPCBAHAHX Kaleb He€3aBHCHMO OT Hx pasmMepa. PeanbHEe SMYNLCHH TOsyaawren OCHO 4 tee taco wae M OTOT pees IIA HAX AHBIACTCA YCJIOBHEIM, Tak aK YHaKOBKa Kanlenb OnlBaeT HHO, 4M B MOHOAMCHePCHEIX IMYJIbCHAX, HalpuMep, Mesxjy OOMbIIUMH KalAMM MOryT MOMeMaTbCA MeJIKHe. B XOHTeHTPUPOBaHALIX IMYILCHAX MaMeTp TNcHepraporanBuXx Kalle coctabisiet Gomee 0,1 wx, KaneNLKH XOpoDio BHAHLI nox OObMHEIM MUKPOCKOIOM, CJI€AOBaTCHbHO, TaKHe IMYALCHU OTHOCATCA K MHKpo- “Pete POPeHHBIM cuctemMam. Onn lerko CCHHMCHTHPYIT, ocoGeHHo Kora pasHula B IWIOTHOCTAX JUCHepCcHOK a3bl WH UCMePpcMoOHHOKM cperEt BeqHkKa. ! fomyapcuu, o6pasyiouueca upu pobre u odeccommpanan nedru, OTHOCATCA IIpeMMyMécTBeHHO K 9MYALCHAM oTOTO Bua.) ArperaTHBHan YCTOMIMBOCTh TaKHX BMYALCHM ReCbMa pasHooOpasma mM ompesenAeTcA MHOFUMH MakTOpaMu, KOTOPEe DOApooOHO uBOeHLI B DOCeLyommx riaBax. (A BHICOKOKOHNCHTPUPOBABHEM, HM 3KCaTHHUPOBaHHbIM, BMYIb- CHAM OTHOCATCA THCHCPCHHIe CHCTCMEI }KHKOCTb — #KHQKOCTA C 60NB- HMM coqepmanHuem JucKepcnow dasbt (Gonee 74 obtemH. %)} ButcoKo- HucUepCHHIe SMYIbCUR OOJaMaIOT COBCPMeHHO UWHLIMM ChOlicTBAaMH, 4eM KOHICHTPHPOBaHHEe. Beneyerspue WWIOTHOM yUaKOBKH Kauelb OHH Ae CHOCQOHHE K ceuMeHTalnn Bw OOaqawT MexaHHueCKMMH CBOLCTBAMH, HOXO#KUMM HA CBOUWCTBa reueH.| H sMyabcHAM TaKOTO Bupa OTHOCATCA ROHCHCTCHTHBe€ CMa3KH. . Tresiescki WEIyC- TPARISHL WACTHT. a 2 3ana3 674. 17YCTOHUUBOCTb 3MY JIbCHM. IMYJIbTATOPHI HM CTABHJIM3ATOPHI 9MY JIbCHE V Jind se@Tanbx OMYIECH CAMBIM BayKHBIM MOKasaTeseM ABIIACTCA WX VCTOMYMBOCTb, T. e. cnocoOHOCTh B TeyeHHe OUupesencHHoro BPeMeHH He paspyMaTbcA H He paapeaATECA Ha ype HecCMellmBaluMmeca base C\ repMoqMHaMUecKOM TOUKH SpeHun, (Kak YKasbiBas0ch pal HepranEle aMyIbCHA npHnalexKaT K HeyCTOM4HBbIM cHOTeNaM, KoTOpH HCe BPEMA CTPCMATCA HOCTMIHYTS COCTOHHMA paBHOBecHA. ATperaTHBHAar vCTOHMMBOCTh SMYIbCH MSMepAeTCA BpeMCHoM WX CYMCCTBOBAHHA M JIA pasHEIx HePTAHHIX OMYJIbCHM HomeOMeTCA OT HCCKOJIBKAX CeKYHT Ho MHOTUX eT. YcTaHOBIeHO [1, 13, 14, 15], sro arperaTupHan yeronam EOCTh SMYULCH ABIACTCA RUBCTHYCCKMM MOBATHEM, TAK Kak yAembHa rt cpooonHad MesxasHad OHepraA CHCTEMBL ompenenneTcaA cpeyqweH KHH mH yecKoH oHeprMen TeDMOBOTO IBWHeHUA, 2 He MAHHMYMOM TepMO/MHa wala. To ° PeGuunepy, lycToHaMBocTh 9MyJIECHH ompeyensercaA BpeMecHeM ee cyuIeCTBOBaBMA T- T=— cer v rne H — BEICOTA crom6a aMyILCHH, cM; v — CpewqAAH TMHeHHAA CKO- poct CaMONPOH3ZBOUbHOTO paccsoeHAA CMCTeME, cat/cen. | CaMonpomsBOUbHBle MpOMecch B TAKMX cucTeMax ABIAIOTCA OnBOCTO- poHHEMM, H ycTOMIMBOe cocTOMHMe COOTBETCTByeT NOWHOM Roam He uu u paccwoeHHio cuCTeMBI Ha mse o6bemHBe ashi © MMH oor rOmeREH HegTH ¢ Bono BO3sMOmHO OOpaz0BaHHe omy soem ote tuuop: Bona B HeptH (B/H) a HepTb B Bore (H/B). Croco HOCTE TBYX B3AUMHO HepacTBOPAOUAXcH mupKoCTeH OOpasoBsbaTh OMyIbCMA Toro WH BHOTO THA WpepTOHKeHO xapakTepHs0BaTb BeMMIMHOU ty B C yreumuennem ToKasaTesa 'Y BospactTacT cuocoeHocrs K oopasona- HUIO SMyILCHM THA B/H, a ¢ yMeHbIlcHHeM — K 0 PO tt Doane cui tTHua H/B. Coornomienue BPCMCHA IKUBHH KaleAb Her * noreMsl <. Ha rpanune pas7zeta (has ABIAeTCA MCpOH coco ae ame wepBoro S oGpamenmo as, onpenensioulelt BLURUBAHMe OMYIbC P Tuma. . ae yonOBMA oOpasoBaHnA HePTAHELX OMYJIbCMM MPH noourae i 0b06- comupanun HepTa Ha rpamune pasyemta He®@Th — Boma ory Ce om HaTb Oonee NPOLOMEMTEILHOe BPCMA Kamm BomsE (Ty E> Te): , ; gMYVAbCHA THUA . (oer Gonee henley akTOPOM, ONpeAesAIONNM yO ee ver nod THHEX DMYIbCHM, ABILACTCA oGpasopanue Ha LOBepXHOoTy very sa eea WHCOPONMOHHO-CONbBATHEIX COCR TOBBUNeHHe HX OTP Y GoansaropOB uwueckux cBolicts. OT KonIeHTpallay aMYIbTaTOpoOB — CT 48 QMY/IBCHH B He@TH WM Mx COCTAaBA TaBHLIM O6pa3s0M 3aBHCHT ycTou- YABOCTh Ob6pasywomuuxca Heditaunix pmynpcud. E. HH. Bencrpem, H. H. Cep6-Cep6unoi u ap. [16, 17] Yycranopneno, To anemenTapnaa ycTOWaMBOCTh tT SMYMECHH BospactaeT C yBeNMYeHWeM KOHTeHTpannu craOHIM3aTOpoB [0 HacHIMeHUA afcopOuMOHHOrO COM ‘Hun, Kak ToKa- sano A. A. Tpauesnukosnim [18, 19], 40 AocTMMKeHHA ONTHMaNDHEIX CIPYKTY PHO-MEXaHMYeCKEX CBOMCTB CON. . O6 ycroitumnocTu HedTAHHIX SMyJIbCHH, MexanHu3mMe oOpazopaHua alicopOIMOBHOTO COA M ero POUH, O BAMAHMM TBEPABIX YacTHN Ha OMyJIb- cio MMeeTCA TOcTaTOuHO cBeweHuM B uuTeparype [14, 20-—27]. Il. A. Pe6unnep upaxogut x BHIBozy [16, 4], 470: cra6mau3anuio HeQTHHHIX SMYNbCHH oGecnequBalrT: CHIbHO NOBCPXHOCTHO-aAKTHBUe BeDecTBAa, HaNpumMep HadPTeHOBEIe Il KUPHBIe KUCIOTH, HUST CMOIEI; 9TH BeIMeCTBA CHOCOOCTBYIOT HATeH- CHBHOMY RHCDeprupoBaHuh CHCTeMBI, 1pK acoponuu Ha rpannye das cosiaior HECTPYKTYPUPOBaHHble MOUCKYJAPHEE CON, BeIeCTBA CO CHaOLIMH NOBEPXHOCTHO-aKTHBHEIMM CBOMCTBAMM, acialb- TCHH, acaHbTOLCHOBHle KUCHOTH M ABTMAPHAL, BHICLUMe CMOJIBI, OTH coenunenua o6pasyloT cTPyKTyPMpOBaHAHe CilOM, KOTOpHe obecney- Bal0T BHICOKYIO CTaOHAW3alHIO IMYIbCHA,; TBCPIBe BewlectTBa MMHepaNLHOTO M opranMyecKoro xXapaxKtepa; GnarofapA Ux H36MpaTeNbHOMY CMaYHBAHMO PasaMi UPWIMUAIWT K WHC- I€PpCHOHHEIM Kalam MM OOpasyioT MpownHe OponupoRanHnle CON; GACTUIE TBCPAMX IMYTbTATOPOB JLOJUKHEL 6HITb BHAYHTeCIbHGO MeHBUC Kaleyek BODE. | OGpazozanne Ha rno6ynax BOAL craGHaMsupywuAx azcopouvonADix CHOeR CO CTPYKTYPHO-MeXaHHYeCKHMM CBOMCTBAMH IIpeHATCTByeT Ax KOauecleHiH LPH cTOmKHOBeHHM. CocTaB H CTpOcHHe STHX COCR BEChMAa pasHoo6pa3HEl H 3aBKCAT OT cocTaBa Hedru uw COJepHAaHHA B He Tucnep- TuponaHHix aacTun. Bombmoe 3Hayenwe MMcIOT Take cosepmanne B TMacTOBOH BOC, CONYTCTBYlOMeH HeTH, PaCTBOPCHHBIX M TucieprH- PpoRAHHEIX BelecTB H KuCOTHOCTL BOL. {lia uccneqoBanHA cBONCTB H COCTaBa IPHPOTHEIX SMYNLraToOpoB OBIWIM CAeWaHb NOMMTKY Helocpes- CTRCHHO BHJCMUTh UX H3 He*IAHLIX OMYI_CHL M HCCeOBaTb HX cocTaB. B. I. Bespxosenuit [28] puepsue paspa6oral opwraHaabHyio MeTo- IMKY BLIAeAeHHA H MCCHeEORAHMA COCTaBa OMYJbraTOPOB Hs. HepTAHHX omyubcui. Iipm wecmegqopanuu cocTaBa oMyIbraTOpoB.u3 HepTen Maz- rpmnaka [29] okazanoch, ITO OHM COCTOAT B OCHOBHOM M3 acaIbTeHOR, CMON, Napa@HHok H MAHepabHsIx npuMeced. I pyrumu YcculeqOBaTeAMA YCTAHOBNeCHO, 4TO B OPraHHyecKOM YaCTH IMYbTATOPOB comepaaTca Ha@revORble KHCHOTE, CMO, acanbTeHEl, Tapapun, wepe3uex, noppu- PUB, YIIMCTHe YacTHIM, MeTaIMuecKne 1 KpeMHUO pranwaeckHe coc] /HHeHHA. eo mt B o6pas0nannn agcopoOnmoHHbix c0eB NPHHHMAIOT ydactue BemlecTBa © BHICOKOH NOBCPXHOCTHOM AKTHBHOCTHIO, TaKHe Kak HadrewaThl H coenu- Lenua tua vophupanos. Mophupwat u metaa-lop@upHHoBEe. KOM- nuekcu (ocrarku xmopopunaa u rematuna [30]) O6napymenb BO MHOrux Heprax. Ms meranu-nophupaHopsix coemHHeHM Bp HedTax Han6ouee 2* ‘49pactIpocTpaweHL COeMMHCHHA HMKeIA H paHaquA, BCTPeyaOTCA TAKKe COeCIMHCHIA MEHKA, MCU, KAUbUMA, MATHEA, AeTe3a Ht THTAHaA. lina BbicokonapauancTHx Heprelt (osekcyaTcKad, MaHrbIODIaK” ckan) OMHUM H3 OCHOBHEIX cra6HAnsaTOPOB SMYAbCHM ABIAIOTCA MAX PO” KPHCTAJIB BLICOKOMONCKY IAPHBIX napapunos [31] 1 mepesmHon © BEICO- HOl TeMBepaTypoH NMaBueHus, KOTOpBIC alcopoupylores Ha MenmpasHou nonepxuoctu. Heopranmuieckan TacTb OMyIbraTOpoB COCTOMT Bs TIMHEL, mecka HM TOPHEIX MOPOA, cOmepRALMXCA B BEICOKOAHCHEPCHOM cocromHan n HePTH WM B ULACTOROH Bose. Heopranmueckaa WacTb amy IbTaTOPOR yacTO WPOwHO CBABaHa ¢ OpraHwyecKOH HM TPyMHO OT HUX OT/CNACTCA. Vmewrca OcHOBaHHA CUMTaTh, ITO\OMyAbraTopamMa 4 cTaOHiM3sato- paMm oMyJIbcul B/H asnatorca Bce BelifecTBa, cofepsKanTMeca B nore B BULe KOMMONAHOTO pacTBopa HI BLICOKOAMCHe pCHOu cycneHsHm. | To nomrBepKqaerca TeM, UTO eCHH SHAYMTCIbHYIO YaCTb omy Bran >pon TepeBecTH M3 KOALOUTHOTO pacTBopa B HCTMHHEI, TO oMy AETmpYe! ocTs HepTH peskO CHUSHTCA. Tak, ecla Heptbh, CKIOHHYIO K OOpas0Ba am yCTOWauBEIXx sMyIBCHH, pas6aBvrh apoMaTHyecKuMu _yrmepogoporaMy, To Taka cMech yxke He WacT yCTOWMMBEIX oMyJIbCHH. OuesaHo, 3TO WpoucxoyUT TOTOMy, ITO achaubTeHH, CMOMMCTHIC BenIeCTBA, HOpDAD HEH, MHKPOKPHCTA LAE Tapadusa Hepesuna XOpomio pactBopamoren B ap aa TWyeCKUX yrAeBoqoponax, o6pa3yA McTHHAI pacrBop. berlectBa Ke, oOpasylomife HCTHHHBIM pacTBOp B HemTH (HalpHuMep, nadrenopne Ky " OTH), MOryT ObITh aMyMbraTOpaMa TOUbKO B TOM cHydae, CCH ont Bo y naloT B peakIMlo ¢ COMAMH, COmepKaTaMUCcA B @My-ILrHpOBaHHo qe, c oSpasosannem coeqvHeHMM, He pacTBOpUMHX B HedTH. am “B pocaeqHee BpeMA MHOTHe HccieqOBATeENM CUMTAIOT, YTO! OCHOBHEE craGHinsaTopaMa SMyAPcHit B/H apisarrea HOOT TO Hue B HeEPTH B BUC MUTT acibasIbTO-CMORMCTHe BellecTBa , nn YuptpanentpubyrupoBanheM sti KOIIOWIE MOBO BECINTS ms He a B Heu3MeHHOM Base. HomMOMsAHe WaCTHIAA, yuacTBOBaBMne B OOpasoBa HEU MUMeAN, HakaWNMBalolcA Ha HORepXHOCTH pasnenta as Heprb-Boma i OOpasyWT MexaHWyecKH UpouHyto nieHky. YcovaHoORseHO TAKKe, IT BeNHIBHA WOBEPXHOCTHOTO HaTAKeHAA HepTH 06 paTHO pom pHomarsna comepanulo achasbTeHOB H KOKCYeMOCTH (110 Korpascony) 6 mpucy CTBHE HadTCHOBLIX Mb 9MyAbCHA B/Il npeumymecTseHHO oopasy a: Kora WMeerca WaOnITOUHA A HedTb; KOrja KOBMeETpalHA Melita HaCTOMDE i Maza, aro oGpasyeTca MONCKYAAPHO-TACHepcHBA pacTBOP, Kor7a a8 KOCTh HETAHON caskl SoubMIe, TEM BOAHON. Mua HapTeHoBHs Rute on MOryT OOpasoBaTbcA TOMBKO B TOM clyaae, KOra ROBTARTEDY. ma c HedThio UacToBasd BOAa WMeCT MeNOUylo peakiwio, OOMLIMACTE MNACTOBHIX BO], WSBECTHHX MeCTOPOIKTCHHy wuMeloT KACIy10 peaxrimo. Ancopomma AucteprupoBanBbx jeaMyAbraTopos ma BONHO-HEPTAHO i popepxHoOcTH, yTommeHHe MeikhasHoro cioA u Teseobpasonanne pote Kgi0T BO BPeMeHH, MOaTOMy SMYTbCHA B/H co speMeHeM cTaHOBATCA Gonee ycrowunpoll, YM TOIBKO qto obpas0BaBmaaca — ponexonme Tak HasbinaeMoe «cTapeHwe> SMyAbCMH CrapeHue He/THHbix amy moni B HavabHMt WepHon BAeT OVCHb HHTCHCMBHO, TOTOM nocresTeHne sane qaetca HM YacTo yRe yepes CyYTKH fipekpallaercs. H3aMeHeHu 20 Temnepamypa , °C Puc. 3. WsmeneHue MexanmuecKkOH DpOYHOCTH CON Ha rpanune poMamKuncKolH HedTH HM BnacToBol BOAH B 3a- BHCHMOCTH OT TeMIepaTyphl Wp TWposOAMATeILHVocTA OUbITA: i—Sej2—29;3 —1Laj4—0,5 4: — 0,25 4. Puc. 4. U3menenue Me- xXaHWieckou IpowocrTyz COA Ha Tpanwle ap- WanckoH HehTtH HW nsa- CTOBOH Bodh, (O603Ha- YeHHA KPHWBHX Te se, aTo H Ha puc. 3.) Pre, 5. Bauanue Kon- HeaTpauun feoMyIbra- Topa OUKH wa MexaHnH- WeECKY10 IpowHocrh CIOA poOManIKHHCKoH - H osekcyaTcKoH (ipa 30° C) nedreli: - I — 0,00625% ; z2— 0,0425%; 3 — 0,025%.MexaHHueckKoli Npowoctn Obpasylomeroca MesKpasHOrO CNOA MO;KHO Cy- JHTh TO MAaKCHMaJIbHOMy HallpsaKeHMIo CABHra Ha rpakuiie pasyqeda HedTh — BOa, H3MepeHHOMy Yepes ONpesleMeHHbIe NpOMeKyTKH BpeMeHH. 73 1 2 3 lg 7, MuH Pre. 6. Bananse konmestTpanau Jeamyanraropa OJKK Ha Me@XaHWyecKyio MpoyHOCTh CNOA POMAaIMKMHCKOM ‘MasuTHIMAAKCKOH HeprTeit: 1 — 0,00625%; 2 — 0,0125%; 3 — 0,025%; 4 ~ 0,05%. Jina HeckoNbEKUX Hedreli, OOpasylomux ycTOHIMBHe aMyIbCHH, O10 HC-- cileqopaHO H3MeHeHHMe MexXaHWyecKkoH mpowocTa MemasHbix c0eB Ha Lg P., dun /om lg T, Mun Pac. 7. Biuanne KOHQeHTpalUA JeoMyibratopa Rucconb- Bana 4411 Ha MeXaHD4ecKy0 MpOuHOCTh COA aplanckou W ManIHinaaKckow Hedreit: — DuCTaInepoBanHan soma; 2 ~ 0,00625%; 3 ~ 0,0125%; Poa “? @ — 0,0259% ; 5 — 0,05%. upubope CHC-2 no meroquxe, paspa6otanHoi B Uncruryte $uswieckoli xumMun AH CCCP (cm. ra. VIIT). Mexanuyecky!o IpowocTh MemKasHOrO com Ha TpaHMile HedTh — Bona u3Mepann yepes 5, 10, 100, 300, 1000 u 1500 wun hbopmupoBanua 22 CNOA POMANMIKMHCKON, apwaHcko, MaHriimuakcKoll u oseKcyaTckon HepTei, Bce atn Hedtu pasnwaHE 110 cocTaBy H cBOlicTBaM, OOpa3yloT IPM WepeMeMUsaHuu C BORON BecbMa ycToiiuneHe sMyancun, Usmenenne MeXaHMyeckow upoqnoctH cox P, Ha rpanHue Hedrh — mlacronaa BOA AIA He@reli WBYX MecTOpORpPeHHi B 3aBUCHMOCTU OT TeMIlepaty phi WOKasanbl Ha pic. 3 wu 4. Mexanwyeckas mpodnocts o6pa3yromeroca clon Mapapmancrsx sedreit upa 30° C zo maoro pas OonLMe, 4eM po- MaIlKHHCKOH WM apiaHcKol npu 20°C wa-3sa picoKoro colle pxaHHa MBKPOKPHCTaIIOR Mapapuna wu Wepesana. MexaHuyeckad WpO“HOcTS TOBepXHOCTHMIX cA0eB BLICOKONAa pap HHy- CTX Herel (MAaHTBIIIAKcKOM, O3seKCyaTCKO) B 3HaWHTeNbHOl cTe- NeHM 3aBNCHT OT TeMUepaTypH. Hando1nmee yMenbmenve npowocTA cox (Tourn B 4 pasa) HaOmomaeTcA y DTux Hedteii 1pu Topnmennn TeMnepatypht or 20 qo 30°C. B to xe spema gaa taKnx Hepteii, Kak POMAMIKHHCKAA UW aplancKad, CHWKeHHe MpOUOCTH COM B STOM TeMEe- paTypHOM WuHTepBate Hebounmoe. OcoGenHo RauAIOT Ha cHIReHue MpOWHOCTH CHOA FeaMyAbratopH; 4eM apdekTuPHee esMyTbrarop, Tem 6O1bMe OH CHUKaeT WpO™UHOCTE cmos. Ha pac. 5, 6, 7 mpmsenenn Kpu- Bble M3MCHCHMA MPOUHOCTA COA BO BpeMeRM NOX Jelicrsuem HeKOTOpHX jeaMylbratopon. Hak BHABO U3 IpHBeneHHHX rpa@ukos, apPekTrasBHste HeoMYAbraTOpbl IpW MaAbX KOHMeHTpanuax cuocobcTRywT 3sHaqHTesb- HOMY YMeHBOIeRMIO MeXaHWieckoH WpownocTH caoa pomMamEuncKoit H apdanckol Hedrteit. | Crapeaue Heraanx oMyaLcui uMeeT Gonpmoe Ipakrwyeckoe 3Ha- weHie, TaK Kak CBeKHe IMYhCHM paspyMalwTcH 3HAdHTeALHO merue n GpicTpee, 4eM noctapesmue. [1a npekpamenua nponecca cTapenHa HeOOXOjJIMMO Kak MOMKHO OLICTpee CMCIIMBATH CBEKETOLy YeHHBIC aMY IBCHH C TeaMyAbraTOpoM, eC HesosMO:KHO TperyupexuTs wx o6pa3z0nanne. JleoMyibraTop ¢ BHICOKOH moBepxHocTHol aAKTHBHOCTHIO, aj[copou- PYACh Ha WOBeEPXHOCTH TIOGyA BOL, He TOABKO cHocoOcTByeT BEITeC- HCHMIO M paspyMleHuio O6pas0BaBMieroca reseoOpasHoro COA, HO HW ipe- HATCTByeT JadbnelmemMy ero yupounenmo. Tloaromy mporecc cTapeHHa IMYJILCHA, OcTaBHIcHcaA B He@TH WOcHe cMemeHHA ee C esMyIbraTopom, NOMKEH HONHOCTHIO IpekpaTHTEca. J\IA BLIcOKOMapahuHucTHx HepTeli ccHopHEMu cTaGu13aTopame OMYILCHH ABIAIOTCH MMKPOKPHCTalib apapwna A WepesnHa, tT. e, Te HHCPTHHe BHICOKOMMABKMe BelllecTBa, Ha KOTOPHe [eaMyAbraTopsl OKasbiBaioT caaboe pelicrsue, ocobenno pW CpaBHHTeAbHO HHSKUX TeM- nepatypax. J| 1a paspyMeH#uA noBepxHOcTAOrO caoOn BhICOKONa papann- CTHX HeprelH Heo6xoqHMO cOBMecTHOe JelicTBHe qeaMyAbratopa u 6omee BBICOKOH Temoeparypu (Bere 100°C), gro a TOATREpALAeTCA WpaktTu- KOM WeoMyALTHpOBaHUA SMYHBCHH aTHX Hedteil. /laa HauGonee sdpex- THBHOTO paspyMeHHA WM UupeKpaMeHAA crapenia wedranHx aMyubcuit Ha COBPeMeHHBIX HedpTeipoMblcNaX M 3aBOJaxX [eaMyALTaTOp: nopawr B ChesKeNOyYeHHbe IMyYILCMM WIM Mpelyopexqawr. ux oOpasonanne ToqaweH WeaMyjbraTopa Depex cMemenuem Hedtu c Bonoli.. |MexaHHyeckolw mpoaocTn obpasylomeroca MemmasHOro COA MOZKHO Cy- HTbh NO MAaKCHMaIbHOMY HallpAxeHHIO CaBMra Ha rpawune paszela HepTh — Boa, H3MePeHHOMY Yepes ONpeyeNeHHbIe NPOMeKYTKH BpeMeHH. “3 f zZ 3 lg @, MuH Pac. 6. Bawanwe KOHDeHTpauHE TesMyipnraTopa OK Ha M@XAHHYCCKYIO NPOYHOCTh COA POMAIKHHCKOM HW MaHTbMNakcKoH Hedreit: I — 0,00625%; 2 — 0,0125%; 3 — 0,025%; 4 —~— 0,05%. Jinn HeCKONLEUX Hedreii, oOOpasyoMAx ycTOHIMBHe IMYIbCHH, OLIA0 AC- cleopaHO W3MeHeHMe MexXaHWyeckoOH NpowsocTA MemPasHEX c10eB Ha Lg Pp, dun /co lg T, Mun Puc. 7. Bananite KonTenTpalHA TesMyubraTopa AUCCOIb- Bana 4414 Ha MeXaHWIeCKyi0 MpOIHOCTh COA ApAAaHCKOH H MaHrHinwaKcKok Hepteii: — a JIEpPOBAHHAaAA Boma; £ —~ 0,00625% ; ; eee a — 0,025%; 5 — 0,05%. 3 — 0,0125% 5 npHoope CHC-2 mo mMeroguxe, paspaGotanHoli B Uncruryte paswieckolt xumun AH CCCP (cm. ra. VISTI). Mexanmyeckylo MpOUHOCTh MemasHoro cON Ha TpaHaie Herb — Boqa w3Mepamm yepes 5, 10, 100, 300, 1000 u 1500 xux popmupoBanua 22 COA POMaIIKMHCKOH, apdaHckow, MaHrstmdakcKol u osekcyaTchOn nedreH. Bce atu net pasiH4HEt m0 cocraBy u CBOHCTBAM, OOpa3yloT np TepeMenlisanHy C BOOM BecbMa ycToitunene sMyabcun. Asmencune MexaHMaeCKOH Mpodocta cioa P, Ha rpanune Hedrh — maactoraa Bofa WIA Herel’ WBYX MecTOPORMeUu B 3aBNCHMOCTH OT TeMIepary phi uwoKasaubl Ha pac. 3 mu 4. Mexanwaeckaa npodocts o6pasyrmmeroca cHOA Dapabwaucrx wedreit mpu 30°C no muoro pa3 Gonbme, yeM po- MamiKHHCKOH M aplaucKol mpu 20°C wa-3a BicoKoro comepmaHaa MMKPOKpHcTalI0Bn Mapadusa HU Tepesnua. Mexanwueckad UpoOuHocTh NOBepxHOcTHHX c0eB BLICOKOLAa papuay- CTHX Herel (MaHTEWIIAaKCKOH, o3eKcyaTCKO) B 3HAUMTeNBHOM cTe- MeHu 3aBNcuT OT TemiepatypH. Hanbonnmee yMeHbmenne npogHocTn c10H (OUT B 4 pasa) HaOawyaeTcH y aTHXx Hedrei pH Tosnmennn temnepatypH ot 20 yo 30°C. B ro axe Bpema Qua TaKHx He@reli, Kax POMAINKHHCKAd HW aplabcKand, CHWsKEHHe WpOWOcrH COM B ITOM TeMNe- paTypHOM UHTepBate Heborpmoe. OcobeHHO BiuAloT Ha cHuKeHHe IpOYHOCTH CHOA JeaMyAbratopH; vem opiekTHPHee eoMyALraTop. Tem GoNbMe OH CHUKaeT NpodHOcTE cmos. Ha puc. 5, 6, 7 IpaseyeHH Kpu- Bble M3MCHCHMA UPOYHOCTH CNOA BO BpeMeHM NO Delicrauem HeKoTOpHIX feaMynbraropos. Kak saqno us IpwRexenHHx TpaduKos, otppeRTHBHEIE HOOMYARTATOpH IpH MaIHX KOHMOHTpayuAx cuocoOcTByI0T 3HadHTeAB- HOMY YMeHbIenwiO MeXanwyecKOH UpoqHOcTH cao pomalmKuAcKoit H apdauckol Hertel. . Crapenue He®TAauIxX sMylbDcHii uMeeT Oo.pm0e Wpakrwyeckoe 3ua- “eHMe, Tak Kak cBesKHe OMYIhCHA paspyMaWwiTca 3HadATeIbHO serge H Gnicrpee, 4em noctapesmue. [lan npekpamenua uponecca cTtapenua HeoOxXOHMO Kak MO;KHO OhICTpee CMeIIMBATE cBe;KelO Ty YeHHLle 9My WbCHH C ReaMyIbraTOpoM, CCAM HeBOSMOOKHO IpexyupexuTh ux Ob6pazoRanne. /lcamyabraTop ¢ BEICOKOH n0BepxHocTHOi AKTHBHOCTHIO, aycopou- pYHth Ha WOBeEPXHOCTU TNOOyA BOWE, Be TORBKO cmocoOcTByeT BEITec- HeHHIO H paspyMenno oOpasonaBmeroca remeoOpasHoro COA, HO H Tpe- HATCTBYeT TalbHelimemy ero ynpounenmo. Tosromy mponecc cTapeHua SMYIbCHH, OCTaBlelicA B He@TH NOoce cMemMeHNA ee C eaMyAbraTopom, AOWKEH DOMHOCTLIO WpekpaTUTEca. Jad BEICOKOMapapMHUcTHx Herel ocHoBHHIME cTabuwiu3zaTopama OMYILCHH ABIAIOTCH MMKPOKPUCTaIb napapaua H WepesnHa, rT. e, Te MHepTHHe BHCOKONMABKMe BeMlecTBa, Ha KOTOpHe f[eaMyAbraTopEL OKasbIBaloT claboe jelicrsue, OcobenHo pH CpasHuTeIbHO HH3KUX TeM- Hepatypax. J\ua paspyllewna mopepxHocraoro con BhICOKONa papuHn- CTHX HedtTelt HeOOXOZUMO cOBMecTHOe TelicTBHE feaMylpraTopa u Gomee SBICOKOH TeMMepaTypH (BENE 100°C), aro uw norrsepxmaeTca mpakTu- KOM jjeaMYILTUPOBaAHUA DMyHECHIT sTHX Hedreit. Jaa nav6onzee oddex- THBHOTO paspyMenuA WU UpeKpaleHuA crapeHua Hehrannx aMymEcHit Ha COBpeMeHALIX HepTenpoMBicNaX M 3aBOAaxX AedMYNEraTOp: wogatrT B CRe7KeHONYYeHHHe OMYIbCHH WAM Mpekyopemsawr ux oObpasopanne LojavgeH FeaMyJlbraTopa Mepey cmMemenHem He@TH GC BOROL..Faaea Lil H3UKO-XHMHUECKHE CBOMCTBA HEOTAHBIX 9MY JbCHu ]HCIEPCHOCTh 4 Tlon qucnepcHocTLW SMyIbCHM NOHEMAIOT creneHb pasj(pooseHHOCTa qucnepcHol asu B nucnepcuoHHO cpene. aa OMyIbCHH, TAK He Kak H WA Wpyrux WucnepcHHX CHCTeM (KOANOUTHEIX PACTBOPOB M CYCICH- Bi), MUCHePCHOCTh ABIAeTCA OCHOBHO xapakTepwcTHKOH, ompeqetA- joel HX. CBOHMCTBA.. TlucnepcnocTh 9MyTbCHH W3MepAeTCA Be MIHHOW WHaMeTpa 9MYIbTBpOBaBAHIX TacTuL d, un60 oGpatHow et BeNMUHHOW D = 1/d, nasnRaeMol OOLTIHO TuCTIePCHOCTBIO, WAH BHpakaeton yerb- HO MemdasHOli WOBEPXHOCTHH, UpHxomauleiicn Ba eAMHBIY o6bema qucnepcHok da3bl. Jmamerp aucteprupopaHHstx FacTHi (rm06yi) B BMyIbCHAX o6LTIHO coctapasetT 0,4-—10 ux (140-5—10°8 cm). B Hav6olee ZuctepcHbIx KOJI- HOMMHEIX CHCTEMAX COMePHATCA TaCTHMbL OT 4 no 100 nx (40°-7—10°° ca), a pu faibHelilliem pooueHUn BeMlecTBa H Tepexoge OT arperaToB MOue- Ky BeljecTBAa K OTACIbHBIM MOneKyiaM QHaMeTpOM Tlop#a7Ka 1075 cm TOUyIlOTcA WCTHHHBIe PacTBOpHt. -. Tucnepcnbie CHcTeMbL OFCHb peo cocTOAT Us YacTHI OAHOTO pas- Mepa, HX MO#KHO ItpWroTOBUTb TONbKO HCKYCCTBEHHO — TAKHe CHCTEMbI HABbIBAIOTCA MOHOOUCKEPCHUMU. Gonpmrmacrso 1Ke aMyIbceuH, CYCUCH3HM, eH, KOATOHMHBIX pacTBo- poB ABNAIOTCA nosUdUCcnepCcHLMU CHCTEMAMA, T. €. COMEP HAT WacTumMbl CaMBIX PasHhix pasMepoB. YuentbuaA WopepxXHoctTh BCHKOH pucHepcHOn cuctemit S,, paBHa o6imeli DOBepXHOCTH Mewpy hasamu S, JeneHHol Ha o6nem pMenepcHon dash V. Vorenpnyw DWOBepxHOCT gMyYAbCHH, conep- Kamux chepmieckne YaCTHI palMycoM r, MOHKHO BEUNCINTS HO ypaBHeHn10: S 4nr2 3 Sa= 9 = Epa 6 ”q ijom 7. @. VilenbHan MopepXxHocTh o6paTHo TpomopuuoHalbya pasMepy Facriiil. VisMenenne yaeibHoll mopepxHocTH WacTHy pasiWIHHx pasMepoB woka3saHo Ha pue. 8 [9]. Kpusan S,, = f (r) umeet BHE paBHocTopoHHell TuuepOoNb, OHA ACHMNTOTHAECKM uph6aumaerca K OCH a6crucc B 06- jactn TpyOoqucnepcHhx CHCTEM. ‘Cyepa KpHBad o6pHBaeTcs, Kora KOMNOUAHEe WaCTHULE WocTHralor pasMepOB MOTeKYT W NOBepxHOCcTh 24 pasfenwa MejKy asamMu ucyesaeT. TouHo ycTaHOBUTh rpaHAlly MesKAy KROMMOWTHOK WM MOJekyIApHOH CTeleHbio [UCHepCRHOCTM HeAb3A, OHA MO;KET OUTL CABUUYTA B TY HAR HHY!O CTOPOHy B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT xuMH- yecKOH IpHpojtet RellecTBa. 'CrelleHb JUCHepcHOcTH SMYJILCHI A CyCHeHsM MOMRHO OpesedATh pa3sIWIHHMM MeTO,aMH. Han6onee MpocTHM HW Haje*KHLIM MeTOAOM ABILAeCTCA COMMMeHTAIlHOHHHH aHatH3, OCHOBaHHbIM Ha 3saBHCHMOCTH CKOPOCTH OceaHA MIM BCOAEBAHHA TMCHeprupOBaHHHX WacTHM OT HX BeJIM4MHE. Iio saxony Croxca upH ycao- BUM, YO WcTHyb mapoobpasH4le U XZBWKYTCA PaBHOMEPHO, CKOPOCTh ocelaHHA YWCTHU paBHa: 2 9 (P-O8 J n rhe 7 — pawuyc wacTn, cu; v= — H/t — ckopocts ocemanua, cm/cer; 1) — BASKOCTh cpeyE, 2/(ca-cek); D — mnornocrb BemecTBa WacTH- nol, 2/em®; d — IUTOTHOCTh cpe- mo, e/ew®; g — ycKopenMe CHIBI TaKecTH, ¢ca/cer®. v= cm [eer Ecam ckopocr oceqaHma ompe- Puc. 8. Xapakrep 3aBpdcHMocTu yleHbHow MosepxHocrw fucwkepcuHx eeHa OVIbITHHIM IyTeM, TO MO7KHO CHCTeM OT pasMepoB ee YacTHIl: BHUMCHHTh pakwyc wacTMybr WO fz, sy, rrr dopMyue: IV — cuctTemMil COOTEReETCTBCHHO MOJIEK VIAPHO-THCHepcHbe, KOIJOMITABIE , MHRPOreTeporcHHhe, rpy6omucnepcnpie, Inv r= Vr Ct 2(D—d) g TounocTh onpeqeleHua AMctepcHOCTH CeqUMeHTANMOBHEIM MCTOOM 3aBH- cHT OT yclOBniH BHnONHeHUA aHadusa [32]. CnenyeT TaKme MMeTb B BHLY, YO TA actu pasMepom Mexee 50 xxx u Oonee 100 ux nabsI0- ]laIOTCH BaMeTHHe OTKHOHGHHA OT 3aKkoHa CroKca; : cxenyenn Ee eHT ANHORHOTO aHaiu3a Ha Becax DurypowcKoro MU TOp3HOHHHX creny ro abnor nero Ipoby HedTaAHo sMyabcun obpaTHOro THa Nepex ava- an ereneen @PpOCHHOM, ITOOH KOHTeHTpanHA aMyAbcMu He TpeBblmara fn)» MOC PeMCHIMBanHA HAIMBAlOT B BIMEp ARamMeTpom 40—45 xu» HW BEI- ror te Raa cenmmenratny. B oMyabento MorpyMawr creKIAsHHyW YaMleUKy neck ee ie jm, HOABeMeHHY!IO Ha TOUKOM CTeKIAHHO HATH K KBapHe- teen aa oH um. Buoota ocasnenna 90—110 a4 (oT MeHHCKa SMYAb- NlOMOTu oreseTHOrO. uuRpockona, “epes ‘om ean ae t oma. eleleHHbe UpoMeskyTKH BpeMelA : one paTOT Bemmsanny lporn6a KBapleBOTO KOPOMEICla, KoTOpaA DaBHOMT OT KOWITSe~ Foe cconmmmx SaNeaKY WucIeprupopavHnx wacTun Bosb. UlepBoe H3amMepenne itpoeanectn papuenoro KOPOMBICIa Mpon3BOAAT Wocae MorpyKeHHA waleIKH wena noe it Rome aHHA, BH3BAHHOTO DOrpyKeHweM, a Wocresyromuwe AsMepeHuA — mene pen ble NpPOMe:KYTHH BpeMeHH, 3a KOTOpPhle KoHeN KOpoMBIcaa Mepeme- Ha OHO HAM HECKOILKO AeweHHH OTCIeTHOH MIKA MUKpocKona. 25IJo TloWyeHHEIM JaBHHIM CTPOxT CeXHMeHTaNMOHHY KpPHBylo HakonenuaA ocanka 3a OllpenzereHHoe Bpema. Uame Bcero WA DOAMAMCHepcHEX CHCTeM STO IaB~ Hie KpHblie, OmusKve x Dapadonam (puc. 9). OpannaTH Kaxolt TOUKM Takoli KpuBo BAIpaawT KONMYECTHO [uClieprapoBaH- Horo BenlecTBa G, BLIMaBMero K WaHHOMy MOMeHTY BpemeHH. 150 130 10 58 cr 70 GO 2 4 6 8 # i 4% Poduyc yacmuy, tk 106 «300 500 700 900 1100 1300 &pema, mun Pac. 9. Cequmentannonnaa KpuBad Doumgu- Puc. 10. JnpdGepeunvanbune Kpn- - cilepcHolt HedTanol oMyIbeua. BHe paclpelenenua rno6yX Born 8 10%-nOK aMyIEcHM poMalrkuy- CKOH HefTH, MomyweHHHe Up a- patyeIbHEX OHTAaX. Ha OchHopanun nouyieHHHX pesyAbTaTOB, 3HaxH OOmee KoaNyecTBO ANCHepcHol ash, MO*KHO NOCTPOHTh KPHBYW paclpesenenwA GaCTH pasHore AuameTpa WIA LomnyucChepcHol aMyabcHM (pyc. 10). Beco @uryposcnoro obnagawT Oombmolt IyBcTBHTeNbHOCTEO, OfHAaKO pabota C HUM COlpaAKeHa c OonLIIMMH HeyfobcTBAaMM H3-3a XPyOKOCTM cTeKNABHOl 4a- Tabauya 6 CpasnurespHble pesyabraThl CequmMeutallMOuHOro analiza oMyIbcHn B/H pomamikancKkoli neta Ha Becax MurypoBcKOTS H TOPIMOHHDIXx Conepsrauhe dpaxnuntt, % CHKOpPOCTh Bpauie- Pazmep HHA MellagqkKi Waeruy . 06 f Mir MK @urypoperoro “Wy peeax 0—2, 6 & ~~ 4 . 20 48 1000 —>4—6 10 45 >6—10 44 44 => 10 D3 47 )--2 23 20 > 2-—-4 54 oD 2000 ~>4—6 7 15 >6—10 41 8 >>10 5 2 26 medkHi H KBapresoro Kopomitcia. UTo6H madexaTh aTroro HeymobcrBa, creKnAHHHO Bech DurypoBckoro MOKHO 3aMeHHTS habpurTHHMN I[py*KHHHEMH TOPSHOHHHIMU Be- camu (THa BT, Huepckoro zasoga K3MO) wa 500 we c meTannmeckoi: qaMleykon, Ala yRoOcTba NposezeHHA ceqMMeHTAL\HOHHOTO ananusa EK hab pHIEUM TOpsHoHHEIy Becam CeraHa TOWBMKHAA Waronazka, Ha KOTOPylo ycTaHaBaMBaloT WHABHIp c omyabenelt (puc. 11). Analu3 B MOTOTOBKy K HeMy Ha TOPSHOHHHX Becax UPOBORAT Tak me, KaK HW HA KBaptebnx. Ilocne morpy- MHEHHA FWAMeCWKA TOP3HOHHEIX Becor B OMYALCHKO AKCHpyWOT HadaIbAyw Maccy WalleikH B MMAIIErpaMMax. A[aATbHeniine saMepbi OPOHsBOAAT 4e- pes KamgHe 20—40 cex B Havane OUHTa, & B KOHIe OETA — tepes Puc. 12. Imynecua pomammnucron HeEQTH € 12% soa oq muakpockonom (Xx 190, OAHO eteHHe cooTBeICTBYyeT 3 3x). Puc. 14. Topsmomune secs, mpucno- Pre. 13. Omyabeus apnancKoli nedra cobieHHble [Iz CORAMCHTANMOHHOTO ¢ 20% BoE NOX MuKpocKolOMm. — aHalrv3a 3MyJbCHH. 20—40 wun. Satuch UpoBOmAT fo Tex Hop, Toka TOI NOAHOCTLIO He UpekpaTarTca YBenuienne MaccH 3a 30 xun. Ha ocnosanny TO YICHHHX HAHHEIX, Kak MW JIA KBap- NeBHX BecoR, CTPOAT Tpad@uK ocenanna SMYIbTHPOBAHHHNX YacTH U ompeqesAwT Nponewtnoe cofepeanwe yacruy PasHOTo AMamerpa. 106 yn etmommeran CeUMCHTANMORHOTO anaHsa HeoOxOHMO CleqHTb 3a TEM, Tarn pd p He MOABepraca COTPAcCeHHAM u TepMHdeckoMy BoszelicrBmo. Pesyib~ na ABMCHTABOHHOLO abaIH3a HedTanntx aMyipcuu B/H pomamikunckoi HedTu Becax @MuryposcKoro HW TOPsHOHHEX BecaxX UpupegzeHst B Taba. 6. AnanHsy, 27oqBepraan 5%-HHe IMyILCHM BOA B He@TH, NONyIeHHHe UpH pasiwuHoli HHTeH- CUBHOCTH, TepemMemusaHyA Ha NaGopaTOpHOM MentaaKe B TeteHve 10 mun. Ieper aAHAIH80M IMYILCHIO pasdaBLANW KepocHHOM B OTHOMeHHE 1 ; 1. OOmee KoungecTBo (100% sMyIbrHpoBaHHWX GaCTHO), KaK MW ANA KBaApoeBErx BECOB, OlipelenANH LpelBapuTeibuHiM WeHtpudyrupoRanMem Toro :Ke o6pasia sMyJIb- cHH, pasbapleHHOl KepocaHoM, co cKopocrbio 2000 o6/muxn B TedeHHe 10 mun. PesyubTaThH aHaau30B, UOLy enue Ha Becax DuryposcKoro 4 TOp- SMOHIbIX, [IA OFHAX HM TeX Ke IMYALCHH Oan3sKH. CaeqoparenbHoO, ceqn- MCHTANMOHHEIM ahalu3 HePTAHHIX OMYJECH C ROCTAaTOUHOH TOIHOCTHIO MO:KHO I1POBOAHTh Ha TOP3HOHHHX Becax, Kak 6onee yqoOnnx HM DOpta- THBHEIX. Moet 6HTb DPUMeHeH TakiKe MUKPOCKOMHUeCKHH MeTOR WHA ollpe- WeweHwa WuctepcHocTH aMyabcuH. Ilpa noMOmM MHKpPOCKOna MORKHO OLPeMeHHTh PasMePH OTACNSHLIX YACTHIL, UPHMeHAA coelWaibuwe W3Me- PUTeJbHbe Hpuchoco6meHuA, HallpHMep OKy ApH MuKpomerp (puc. 12, 13). OgHaKkO 10 BTOMY MeTONLY HEIb3A WONYINTh TOWHHX pesyAbTATOB, TaK Kak WpakTHveckA WaMepeHwio DOABepraecTcA AHMb HesHAYHTebHaA GacTh HMCIOMMxXCH B sMyaAbcHu yactan. Kpome Toro, Epa MUKpocKonH- WecKOM aHallw3e BMYALCHM Hembsa webexaTh OMHOOK, MO.yTaeMEX BCJeACTBHE UCMAPCHHA AHTKOCTH B TOHKOM Coe, a TakKe fepopMaluu WacTH WOKpOBHEM cTeKI0M. Iloaromy MHKpOCKOnMYecKH WucHepcHHli aHaniws MeHee HajleMeH M erO MOJKHO IPMMeHATh, PIaBHHIM OOpa3s0M, WA KawecTBeHHOH XapaKkTepHCTHKM aMyJIbCHit. BAH3KOCTb HW WAOTHOCTh Vinqupynlyaibable XM KOCTH HM MCTHHAEe pacrBopLl B OOJBMIMACTBe clywaeB DOAWHHAIOTCA B8aKOHY BAH38koro TeyeHuA HbIOTOHA dv rye # — Haupaenue capura; dv/dl — rpaqweuT ckopoctu; 7) — Koad- PUNHeEHT BASKOCTH (MHAMMYeCKaAH BASKOCTS), KOTOpH Up TanHoli TeMMepaType ABIACTCH MOCTOHHHON BeIM4IHHON. ‘OMyIbCHH M MHOrHe 300M He HOMInHAIOTCA BakoHy Hptorona; onu HASHIBalOTCA aHOMAJILHHIMU, WIM HeHbIOTOHOBCKMMY sKu_KOcTAMM. IIpu- WHHOWM aHOMAaHWH BASKOCTH 3IMYALCHH ABIACTCA RemoOpMalua Auchepru-. _ pOBAHHEX YacTH ¢ yBeIMYeHMeM UpuOKenHOTO Haupamenua. C Bos- pacTaHeM DpLAOKeHHOL CHIBI KaleIbKU 3a9MyIbIHpOBaHHOM KUTKOCTH YAIMHAWTCA, Wpeppalladch 13 MapHKOB B ITNMMCOMAL, ITO Obseryaer . TeweHHe WH UpPHBOAUT K DOHMKeHMIO BbdeKTHBHOM BAsKOCTH sMyJbCuuY BasKocTth 9MYIbCHA OlpefestawT pasiMTHLIMH MeTOqaMM, OG6FTIHO DPHHATHMH Id BABKUX wmuyKocTeH. Cnwcanne MeToquR onpeselenus BA3KOCTH WM UX TeopeTMGeckoe OOOCHOBAHMe IpMBeseHi, BO MHOTEX cleiuanbapx padorax u pyKopoycrsax [33, 34], ner neo6xo_umocTu RPUBOAUTE UX B HacTOAMmel KHuTe. HekoToOpHe B38 STUX MeTOROB, UpuMe- HACMBLG JIA GACTHX sKRKOCTeH, HENPHTOAHE Aa aMYAbCHH, OOnaza- IOMBX CTPYKTYpPHOli BASKOCTLN. 28 Baskoctb Ouxamuyeckan 1 UsMepACTCA B PUZHAeCKON cucTeMe eqMEAIT CPC 8 iryasax. Basxocth BOoxH, IphaHMaeMad 3a dTaIOH, pu 20°C papna 41,0050 cus. _Kpome Toro, 4acTO IIpHMeHAWT KUNemMamuUNecKyio BASKOCTh V, KOTOPaA paBHa OTHODIeHHIO THBAMMYeCKOH BABKOCTH ZaH- HOW 7KHEKOCTH K ee WIOTHOCTH (2/cm*) pH TOM me TeEMMepaType H W3Me- pHeTCA B CTOKCAX: y Vv>=-— em TINOTHOCTL BMYUECHM OMpepesaloT cyMecTByIONMMM MeToqaMu, 06- MeUPUBATEIMH ja w«upKocteli. Ee aerko MOmHO TOACTMTaTh, 3Haf HAIOTHOCTL HepTH H BOUL, OOpasyIOMAX SMyNBCHHO, H UX MpolexTHOe comepkaHne. UccaefqoBaHieM BASKOCTH j{MCHepCHHX CHCTeEM M, B YaCTHOCTH 9MYJb- cull, 3aHHMMaIMch MHOrHe McCleqOBaTeIH, KOTOPHIMM UpesontenHo He- CKOJBKO ypaBHeHHii 7A pacuera BASKOCTH CHCTOM ¢ pa3sIW4ALIM comep- #KAHMeM [UCHeprupowannoro Remecrsa. IlepBrIM H OCHOBHHIM ABIAeTCA YpaBHeHue JitamrTeitaa [35], upu BH- Bone EOTOPOTO MpemMOTaranocs, IO WucheprupoBaHHbe YacTMUN Haxo- ATCA B BUG yUpyrHX Wapuwkos, AWaMeTp KOTOPHX Mad 00 cpaBHeHHio C PACGTOAHHMeM MexKy HWM, HO BeIMK 00 cpaBHeHUW c pasMepaMa MONeHY Ab. YpaBuenve Jiinmitelina MMeer clelylomui Bun: n’ = (142,59) rae ni — BASKOCTh AVcTepcHoll CHCTEMEL; 1 — BABKOCTL TUCHepCuoOHHON cpelH; @ — OTHOMeHHe OObeMa TUCHeprupoBaHHOro BkenlecrBa K OOMeMy o6beMy CHCTEMEI. Tak Kak ypaBHenne JiinuTeliHa He WaeT AOCTATOUHO UpaBHAbHHXx pesybTaToB Ip paciete BAsKOCTH omyIbcui, Tetinop [36] upegsomun clenyioujee ypaBHeHue: oe, MHE2/EMe —y, 11+2,59 ease 4 ne F257 +N. Tye y — BAH3KOCTL IMyIbCHH; NH, — BAIKOCTD BHyTpemHeli has; Nn, — BH3KOCTh BHeEMHeH a3bl. Tataek nu CuOpu Upuman kK BEIBOLY, ITO BLIMe ONpeserenHOoro rpa- WHeHTa CKOPOCTH BASKOCTH BMYALCHU, HONyIeHHO poTalHOHHHM MeTO- OM, CTAaHOBUTCA HocTrosHHON. B obwactu HOcTOHHHOH BABskKOCTHM ypaB- Henne [argeka (Jf BASKOCTH SMYbCHM UMeeT cenyiomai Bay [8]: n= tp — =Ne = 1-79 Jina OlpeyeweHaaA BASKOCTH OMYALCHH UpeqNOKeHbl H ApyrHe ypas- Henus. OHakO HH OHO H8 HMX He ABIAeTCA YHUBepCaNbHHM. ITO MOHHO OObACHUTH OONBMIMM pasHoOOOpasveM aMyIbCHU, CBOMCTBA KOTO- PLIX BSaBMCAT OT MHOTUX akTOpos. Mouncon [37] skcnepumMenTanbHO HccHeqOBan OTHOMeHue BASKOCTH amyabcnun B/H kK BaskKocTH 4ncTOl Hedta aaa 20 oGpasiion sMyIbcHH, 29IIpHTOTOBNCHHHX 43 KaIMPOpHAHcKOH He@TH UATH COPTOB, Np pas1yI- HEIX COOTHOMeHMHX OObeEMOB as M TeMHepaTypax. OH ycTaHOBMI, ATO BeIHIHHE BASKOCTH, BETIHCAeHHbIe 10 ypaBhesiuamM JuamTeina u Pat- weka, PpacXxOLATCA C DKCICPHMCHTAIbELMM [aHHIMH, a Take, YTO Han- 6onbMaA BASKOCTD aMyAbcus Tuna B/H pia chpok HehTu A06nrx cOpros IPHOAU3UTeIbHO pabHa BABSKOCTH IMCTON HedTH, yMBOReHHOM Ha Koap- @unguent 1,3 qua omyabcuu, coyepmamen 10% BogH, u 1,8; 2,7 u 4,1 Jia oMyAbcHii, comepatamux coorsercTBenHO 20, 30 u 40% Boyt. Mon- COH CYHTAST, ITO NOBLIINEHHe TEMUeparTy pH, HeOOXOAMMOe AA TOTO, 4TOGE BABKOCTh aMYILCHH Oba paBHa BASKOCTH ucTOM HedTH np 38° C, paBHo mupH6nu3utenpHo 1°C wa 1% cofepxamelica B OMyIBCHH BOJIBI. . B aza6oparopnu BHUM HII 6t1ma ompegenena BasKocTh aMyIbCcul poMamkuncKolt HepbTtu tuna B/H c pa3sxHaHEIM cOep#aHveM BOE. I[pu svTOM ycTraHOBJeHO, FTO HMCeTCA IPAMad 3aBUCHMOCTh MeiKy BA3- KOCTLIO H COfepsKaHHeM BOAH B Upefewax 2,4—15% W BASKOCTL 9THX SMyIbCHM 61N3Ka K DOLCIMTaHHOM 0 ypaBHenuio OinmtTelHa. Onnako pH cowep KaHUA BOLI B aMy.bcHM Oonee 15% BaABKOCTS SMyAbCHM pesko YReIIHYMBAeTCA MW He ONMCHIBAeTCH ypaBHeHHeM JHumTelina. B cratse Boygona [38] npupeqeHtt skcoepuMeHTaIbubie KpHBLIe SABHCHMOCTH BASKOCTH cTaGHIbHEIX aMyIbCH TaHHOBepcKol aAepTu OT cOJjepKaHvA BOXH M TeMUepaTypHan saBnucMMocTh qua 50%-HOl eMylbcum. V3 sTHx KpHBHX BHXHO, 4TO ANA TaHHOBepcKoN HeTH, cOJepKaHve BOAL B KOTOpOl He upesLimaer 40%, uMeeTca UPAMOIMHeH- HAA 8ABHCMMOCTH Me?KIy BASKOCTHIO H KOHMeCHTpPalveli BOA B OMYJIbCHH. OueBHIHO, HW3MeHeHWe BASKOCTH HePTAHWX SMyIbCHH B 38HaIMTeIbHO! CTeMeHH BaBMCUT OT PU3HKO-XHMHUeCKOH XapakTepHcTuKH HedTH, 13 KOTOpOH NOWyyeHa aMyIECHA. QIEKTPHYECKHE CBONMCTBA JaeKTponpososHocTs. B cBa3H © MHpOKHM WpHMeHeHHeM 9eKTpO- HeruypatTopos JH paspyWenua sMyibcuu Tuna B/H B mponmeccax o6ec- COUHBAHMA HM OOesRO;KHBAHHA HeTu ocob0e 3HayeHHe UMeeT azexmponpo- eodHocmb He@TAHHIX 9MyIBCHH. " Bessoqnad Heth, Kak HSBeCTHO, ABIAeTCH WH9UEKTPHKOM U ee Ipo~ BOwMMOCTS papHa 107°—10-4 om -cmu', a ameKTponpoBO_HOCTh 4HC- ToH pony papHa 10°-7—10-8 om '-cawl. [lpm coyepmanum B Bone pac- TBOPCHHHX Cole ee SIeKTPOMpPOBOAHOCTh yBeTWIMBacTCA B AeCATKM pa3/ DIEKTPONpORORHOCTh He@TAHOH OMYJbCHH OOYCIOBINBAeTCA B OC- HOBHOM COjlep-KaHHeM BOABI B DMYIBCHH, CTeDeHbIO ce AHCHepcHOcTH WU cOjjepRaHHeM pacTBOpeHHHX B Heli 9eKTpO.uTOR H KkucaoT. Hanpu- Mep, He®Tb ¢ MaJILIM COMepHaHMeM BOM, HaXOTALIelica B BEICOKOAMCHE pc- HOM COCTOAHHH, HMeeT ateKTpompoBoqHoctTs 10°°—10°7 om-cw, a pu YBeIWYCHA COfepsKaHHA BODE MPOBROAAMOCTE yBeAHIMBaAeTCA B ECATS pas u Gonee [40]. Yaenuuennto aleKrpomposogzHocru nedranoit aMyIb- CHM cooco6cTByer TaksKe NOBEIMeHHe KMCIOTHOCTH BOaEI (pH mexee 7), conepRallelica B IMYIBCHE. 30 OKCMEPMMeHTaIbHO yCTaHOBIeHO, YTO |B SMYJbCHH, laxomamelicn B DEKTPHIECKOM WORE, THOGYAL BOAR pacwOdaraiorcA BAO ero CUIO- BLIX MAU (puc. 14), 77O NpHBOANT K pesKOMy YBeTMIeHUIO seEKTPOMpoO- BOMHOCTH 9MyIbCu. ITO ABIeHHe OGBACHAeTCA TEM, ITO THOOyIH BOLE uMewT B ecaTKH ‘pas GborbMylo AMatekrpw4ecKyloO MpOHHTaeMOcTh (~80), uem ruo6yan nefru (~2). Ecam ofpasopabiiueca Menoaku rio6y BOWL paspyliaTh, HalpHMep, pasMeliMBaHieM, TO HpOBO_E- MOCTh SMYIBCHH CHHKaeTcA, : [pv NOBEIMeHHA DeKTPOMpOBOAHOCTH He@TAHOM BMYALCHM yBeJH- WUBACTCA pacXO sMeKTpOIHeprue Ha Doporpes sMyAbcu. BaykHbiM Ho- KagaTeseM Jd HedbTaHHx oMybcHit SIBJIACTCH KPUMUNECKAA HANpAHCEHHOCNd saeKmpuyecko20 noag *, KoTOpan 00- YCHOBIHBACTCH IpeyeubHHM cowepta- HHeM BOJEI B OMYJIBCHM, Docrynalmel B 9ueKTponerupaTop. Kparuyeckas HallpA:KeHHOCTL 3aBUCHT He TOTbKO OT KOMM4eCTRAa, COCTaBa HM Kenepc- HOCTH BOK, HO OT cocTaBa H u- 311KO-X UMHGeCcKOn xapakTepucTHK HemtTH. QNCKTPOKRHHETHYeCKHH NOTeHIMAl. Ha mopepxHocTH j\HcHepruporaHHslx WacTHH KONOWTHHX pacTBOpoB HU QMYILCHH B IIPHCyYTCTBHU 9eKTpOmH- TOB Wponexoyqut usbupatedbwaA all- cop6nua ofHOro 43 HOHOB, OOpa3sy- FOUIMX P[BOWHOH BIeKTpHIeCKHM cI0L, B peayuprate me0mparembyon ane opo- Puc. 14. Pacnonomenue raodyn TMH WOHOB H OGpasoORaHuA FBOHHOTO Foo “Sevrncam pomamKMHcKoit OIeCKTPHYeCKOLO CNOA Ha MOBepxXHOCTH HeGTH B aleKTpMIeCKOM Tome. Haliewiek O@MYILCHH BO3HHKAeCT 9JIeK- TPHIECKH BapAy. . Pa3HocTh MOTeHnuaIOR MexKLy cnocobHoll K nepesBWKenAWO sKHTRO aso HW TOHKOM WIeHKON *u_KOCTH, yHepHuBaeMOM NOBEPXHOCTHIO pas- flea, HasbBaeTcCA saeKmpoKUHEMUMECKUM nomenyUasomM WH €-IIOTCH- Unaiom. OGpasoBanve BOHHOTO aJIeKTpMIeECKOrO CNOA Ha WoRepxHocTH Kanelek oMyibcHu upsamoro Tuna H/B, craGunnanpopaHHHX MacdaMH, B 3HAUHTeNEHOH creneHu O6yciOBAuBaeT YCTOHYAHBOCTh OMYAbCHH. OTH SMYIbCHH, TaK skKe Kak M THOWHHIe TALpoOs0NH, MOAYHHAIOTCA usBecTHOMy upanany [yanne-Tapgu 0 BosMo/KHOCTH MepesapaAKa YactH UpW OMOMM nOAMBanenTHHx HoHOB [13]. Beneqctaue Toro 4To y Kallelek SMyJIBCHM BO3HMKAalOT OAHOMMCE- Hble 3apAIbl MU CHU B8AHMHOTO OTTALKMBAaHHA, OHM He MOLYT npuosH- SHTECA APY! K Apyry HaCTOAbKO, wroOw UpOMsOMI0 UX CAMABDE. II pu * Hpmtmyueckad HallpsmxenHocth (e/cm) oeKTpWuecKoro Homa — eTO Ta Ha- UpAKeHHOCTh, Up KOTOpow BacTyMaer mpodoil. 31yOOanke 9TeKTPONHTOB TOTCHHHa yacTHo MoMKeT OHTD NOHMKeH 0 MHHUMaIbHOro Iipefeia, aro UpHpeyeT K paspyleHvo AucnepcHol CHCTeMH, T. @. K KOaTyIAWMM AM KoateckenuuM vactau. Bananue 3apa- JOB Kallewek Ha YCTOMIMBOCTL 9My NBCU HW felicTBue Ha HUX 9IeKTPOIH- TOB HMeIoT OONbWMOe BHATeHHe WA pasbaBACHHHIx aMyubcuh tuna H/B, KOTOpHe BewyT ceGa B WaHHOM Cily4ae Kak rugpomobune 3071n. Ycrowaue0cts sMyEcHH TuHna B/H, kak yKasbBanoch panece, 06%- ACHAeTCH, TaBBbIM oOpas0M, HaNWaHeM CTPYKTYpHO-MexaHGeckoro Oapbepa Ha rpantie AByx das. OOpasoBpanue ABOWHOTO aTeKTpPAYeCKOTO COM y SMYIbCH oOOpaTHOorO THA MpelcTaBAAIOch HeBO3MO/KHEIM BCIEICTBHe Malo AWalekrpHaecKOH MpOHHMaeMocTH AucHepcHoHHOL cpenn. Onnako pa6oTaMH HOCIeyqHUX eT HOKa3aHO, ITO Jake B HeNOWAp- HHX cpeqaX MO;KeT UPOUcKXOLUTh HekOTOpaA MOHHBaLHA WM 4TO Obpasy- POUCA FBOUHOH DJeEKTPH4ecKHM COM MOMeT HTpaTb cyljecTBenHylo pOIb B ycTOiqHROcTH aMyabcHi obparnHoro tana, ocobexHO pa3ba- BICHHEIX. Mccaeposanuamn A. 5. Tay6mana u C. A. Haguranoit ¢ corp. [39] WOKAZAHO, YTO HeJb3A OFHOSHAYHO HCTOAKOBHWBAaTh MeXaHH3M O4eHb 6olbpmMon ycroiiauBocTH IMyJILCHi MpAMoro Tuna, o6pasylomuxcaA upH CMeIeHUH yrieBOTOpoAOB C BOAO B UpucyTcTBHM HenoHoTeHHHx ITAB. Ancop6nuonEnle cnou, oOpasylommeca, HallpuMep, B pacrBopax OII-10, camMH uo ce6e He o6TafaloT CHALHO BhipaskeHHOH cTpyKTy pHO-Mexann- weckolH DPOUHOCThio B sHaueHHe E-MOTeHIHalla TaKUX IMyJILCHH HeO- cTaTOuHO WA ux cradunu3zannu. Boxrbmaa ycTowwBBOCTh 3THX CluCcTeM oGecHewHBaeTCH NpPOWHOCThH MexKasHbIX HaRMOJeKYAAPHMWX CTpPyKTyp B hopmMe as0BhHx UNeHOK yABTpasMyAbcuH. TFaaea IV TEPMOXHMUYECKOE JIEAMY ABPFHPOBAHHE HE®TAHDIX IMYJIbCHM CHOCOBbI JEIMY JIBTMPOBAHUA JeamMyibraposanne He®THHLIX SMYJbCHH exuT B OCcHOBe obonx IipomeccoB NOATOTOBKH HedTH K LepepaGoTKe — ee Odes BO;KMBAHHA HF odeccomupanna. Ilpa obe3sBommBannn JesMyIbYupoBaHHio WoyBepralor TICXO/JHYIO SMYAbCHOHHYIO HedTb, upu obeccomuBAaHUM — wcKyccTReH- HYI0 SMYJIBCHIO, CO3aBaeMyYlo IPH NepemelluBaHH HeEPTH ¢ IPOMEIBHOM BOWOH. MexanuaM paspyMeHug HepTAHbIxX OMYJIbCHM MO;KHO pasOHTb Ha Tp a1CMCHTAPHBIX CTAIMM: CTOUKHOBCHUC POO BOWL, CIMAHRE UX B B Oomee KPyUHHe Kalin, BbINA TCH NC. , Kaleb WIM BLyeIenHe..B.BETe COOMA _ BONO Paser. “Grodu OSeCHeIHTLh MAKCHMAJIEHYIO BOSMO-KHOCTh CTONK- HOBCHIZA | rIooyv1 BODHI, yBeMaMBAal0T CKOPOCTB HX DBUAKCHHA B HeptH pasnminiimu cmocobamn: HepeMelIMBAaHHeM B CMCCHTCIAX, MeltanKax, IipH HOMOMM WopoTpeBa, YAIbTpasByKa, IWIeKTPWIeCKOPO NONA, LeHTpPoO~ 6exKHHX CHI WAP. ONHAKO TIA CHMAHMA Kane BOAH OMHOTO CTOMKHO- BCHHA HeOCTATOWHO, HYKHO IPM UOMOMM JeaMyAbraTopos mau Bpyrum cHoéd60M ocnabuTh CTPYKTy pHo- MCXaHHecKylo UPOWHOCTR cmoeB, 06- BOUARMBAIOMIAX THOOVIL BOAH, H clewaTh Hx ruy_popuEHEIMH. Hakonen, HeoOxoDMMO cosqaTb Halywume yonoBuA AIA SuIcrporo II HONHOTO OTCTOA KPYUHEIX Kaleb BOWL OT NepPTy... CormacnHo 3akoHy Crokca, CKOPOCTh DBUAeHHA BEINAAAOMAx WacTHU IiPAMO UpolOopnMoHalbHa KBaypaTy ux Payuyca, pasHocTA nwoTHOCTEelt AHCHeEPIHPOBAHHHX YWACTHY UW CPCALl, YCKOPeHMIO CHILI TAmRecTH H 06- PaTHO IPOMOPNHOHAIbHa BAB8KOCTH CPpelb, OKpPy aloe WCTHIH. IIpw pocratoaHo MalloM pa3Mepe aactuy (cOTHe JOM MHKPOHA H MeHbIIC) CKOPOCTh UX OCaHXTCHHA HACTONbKO Mada, ITO MpakTMyeckH B TeweHHe ILINTCIBHOLO BPCMEHM He HaOMOaeTCA 3aMeTHOTO PacCMOeCHHA IMYJIBCHH. CaeqoBaTenbHO, YCKOPUTS BHMaseHne Kallewek BORE MOWKHO, YBCIHINB UX pa3Mep, PasHOCTh NAOTHOCTeH BOLE H Hein HM YMCHBDIHB BASKOCTE HCprH, PasHocTh UOTHOCTeH MOKHO YBCIMMMTb, NOBKICHB TeMMepaTypy, Tak Rak KOSPPUUMEHT PaclIMpeHAA BOLI Wp TemnepatType mpumMepHo mo 100° C menpme Koad hunuenta pacummpenua nedru. Ha npaKTune IPH pasHocTH TeMuepatyp, MPHMCHAeMBIX B BUpoTeccax obesBouuBaAHAA 11 o6eccORMBAHHA, MOMHO YBCNMYUTL PasHOcTh noTHOCTeH Ha 10— 3 Sanas 674. 3020%. Baskocth nedru c TOBLIMeHHeM TeMMepaTyPE YMeHbmMaerTcsA. ITO YMeCHbIIeCHHe BABKOCTH © TeEMUepaTypol TA pa3sHhHIx Herein pasna4yno WM 3ABHCHT OT WX COCTaBA. Cnoco6h JeIMyILrupoBanHuA HePTAHHIX S9MYJIbCHM YCIOBHO MOMHO pasieiuTh Ha cueqylomme TpyIE: Mexanivyeckue — PUNLTpaluA, wenTpudyrupopanne, o6padvorna. YUbTpasByHKOM HM p.; TepMuYecKHe —- NoyForperR mM OTCTaMBaHue Ip arTMochepHom AaBie- HHH WM TO], W30HTOWHLIM JaBIIGCHHeM; IPOMbIBka HePru ropayeu BOTOU; aekTpHueckve — o6pa6oTKa B S3TeKTpMueckoM Owe WepeMeaHoro- HIH DWOCTOAHHOTO TOKA; Xumuyectne — o6paboTka OMYJILCHH PpasIMHbIMH peareHTama — qeaMyJbratopamy. B upompmunennocra Hwan6onbmee upamMenenve Hallam KOMOnHHpO- BAaHHHe clocoOhH paspyMIeHMA He)TAHHHX OMYIBCMM, KOTOPEIe HeJIb3H OTHECTH TONbHO K OMHOM M3 YRa3aHHbIx BhIMe rpyon. OcnosnsiM coppe- MeHHEIM CuOcO60OM JeoMybrupoRanaa HW obespoxxnBABNA HepTu Ha Mpo- MEICHAX ABIACTCA mepmMozUMUMecKUL Omcmot No Tapnenuem fo 10 am c IpumMenennem ahpexTMBHEIxX peaTeHTOB — AeaMyUbraTopos. JTOT ci0- cob — camMbi Upoctow B ocyliecTBieHun wu OOcHYMMBaBM w TO TOD- cueTy aMepHkanckyx cienManuctos cambiit yemesnit [40]. [na obec- CONMBAHHA HedTu, TuaBHLIM oOG6pa3om Ha HedrenepepadaTHBawlluXx BaBOAAx, UPHMeHsIOT crocob, coTeTaIomu TEPMOXMMBYECKHL oOTcTOH TO H3OEITOUREIM ZaBlennem c oGpaboTKol SMyIbCHH B 9TeKTPHGeECKOM Tone BHICOKOM HallpAKeHHOCTH. OTUM ABYM cnocofam, Kak Hanbomee WepcUeKTHBHEHIM H INMpOKO- pacnpoctpaneHHtim B MPOMbMUTeHHOCTH, yaenenHo HamOouLmee BHAMA- HHe B TaHHOW KHUre. ~ luna o}e3BO2RUBAHHA MAJIOYCTOMIMBEX HEPTAHEIX OMYILCHH Ha HeEd- TENPOMEICIAX UPAMeHAOT OOHMHBEH cnocoO oTcTavBaHMA BOTH B pesep- Byapax Tlocme cMeIeHHA c jleaMyubTaTopom 6e3 noforpesa AM upH nonorpese go 30-—-00° C. Bousmow odtert faeT rakone B CO“eTaHHH ~ © OTCTAMBABHeEM DPOMBIBKa HePTHHOH SMYIECMH WWacTOBOM BOOM Cc Te- aMyubraropom. Jina sTom nem CKOHCTpy#poBaHb cheLManbHHe pesep- Byaph c MaToyHMKamae [41]. B saBpnmcHMOocTH OT YCTOMIBBOCTM IMYILCHH ONBTHEIM NyTeM ycTaHa- BIUBACTCA TEXHOOTMYCCKUK PeRUM (TeMUepaTypa, BPeMA OTCTaNBaHHA,. pacxoy jeaMynbratopa H gp.) cOpaboTKH NONyIeHHEIX Ha UpoMbicuax HeTauHx oMynbcuu. Bonee 6ictpoe pasfenenne das HeraHoH oMyJb- CHM fOcTHTaetcA TeHTpudyrupoBpanueM, Up KOTOPOM CHIBI rpaButa- WHOHHOTO DOH ZAMeHEHI B JECATEM THCAY pas Oompmumu neaTpobex- BRIMH CHiaMu. OcHOBHBIM He]OCTaTKOM ICHTPHPyrHpoBaHuA ABIAeTCA OTHOCHTCTBHO HU3KAA DPOUSBOAMTCIbHOCTE CHOmMHOrTO anwtapata, Tpe- — 4 6yiomero BHCOKOKBaIMpunApOBaHHOTO ObcryKuBaHHA. Ognako uA OrPAHHYeHHOTO KONMYECTBA BEChMAa YCTOMIMBLIX H 3arpASHeAHHIX Mexa- HHYCCKHMH NPHMCCAMM BMYIbCHH, TAKMX Kak amMOapHble JOByIewnHe OMYIBCHH, DOy4uaemMbie UPH WPOMBIBKe MasyTa, HW Ap.,* MOET Halt IPMMeHeHHe MeTGA LeHTpudyrnpoBanna. 34 Paspymenve TOByMewHHx HepTAHEIX SMYJLCH B KMIKOCTHBIX CaMO- pasrpyXalonnxcA cenapaTopax, paspa6otannux HMMxewmam, # co- yeTaHuu c opPCKTHBHEIMH FeIMyUbTaTOpamMa oupoboBaHoO B 3aBOTCKHX YCHOBHAX C MONOMUTCNLHHIMA pe3aynbtatama [42]. O6nrHo taxne OMYJBCHH HePTM, Kak JOBYMeGHad, ABIAIOTCH MHOKeCCTBCHALIMY 1 OSTOMY TPYAHO pa3spyMlaloTcA TEPMOXHMBVCCKUMH MH ZTeKTPMIeCKUMH cuocobamu, sHuqkocTHHe cellapaTOpH MpHMenAlOT Take DIA O6esRO- #HMBAHHA HM OOecconMBaHEA duoTcKoro Masyta [43] u op. TEPMOXUMHMUECKOE OBESBOUKHBAHHE OdesROxRXMBAHME B3AKTIOUACTCA B paspyWeHnn IMyIbcun, obpasy- 1OIeHCA Ha UPOMEIcaax up pobetae HepTu, MW yRanenuM comeHow usa- CTOBOM BOL, COomepmalelica B HeEPTH B TMcKepcHOM cocTOsHHEH. Benez- CcTBHe TOTO 4TO HeOPraHMyecKHe COMM He PacTBOPAIOTCA B HeEOTH, ONM PacTBOPeHL! B AMCNePrupoBaHHON BORe WIM BSBeNICHEI B HePTH B BUTE MeIKHX KpuctantauKos. [ipa obesnomuBanau BMecTe c BOLO yRanaetca OCHOBHAA Macca corel. Ognako fake upn riy6okom o6esBomuBanHH HePTH 0 comepxaHHA UNacTORON Bonn 0.1% ona OombmmECTRA HepTeH conepRanHe XHAOPACTHX CONE 13-38 CHIILHON MUBEPaH3alun WacTOBOn BORE coctaBmaet okom0 100—300 m2/2, a Up Hallman KpuAcTannxOB co- ae — eme 6onbme. Jind yqaueHaaA ocTaBIINxcH come IpuMeHaAT mpomecc obeccommRa- HHA, I'poMbipan HedTh MpecHOM BOOM C NOCNeAyIOMIUM yRaneHnem BOE BMeCTe C PACTBOPCHHEIMH B HEH cousMu. B o6onx Wpomeccax OCHOBHYIO poh wrpaet BesMyNHrupoRanue nedru. . IMYILCHA HePTH G NpecHok BosOH np odecconmMBaHnun Goce ycroH- UHBH, WeM C WWacTOBROM. ITO 4aCTHIHO OObACHACTCA TeM, ITO mpecHan Bola UMCCT MCHBINYIO DNOTHOCIb, YM TlacTOBad, WosTOMy mM orTcTan- BaeTC OHA 3HAGHTENbHO MCANICHHCe UpH OFHAX MW Tex me ycouoOBMAx. Kpome Toro, up o6esBoxuxmBaHHn M3 HehTH yanAres Gonee KpyuHule rio6yab BOA U0 CpaBHeHHlo c ocTanlumMuca B BHedTA. UrobH BEMBITE ocTaBiineca menkKve rioOyAb oAacToOROn BOL, HeOOxo_MMO MpecHylo BOY THaTeIbHO MepeMeMUBaTL © HCHTHIO, pas{poORB BOAY, 10 MeHB- Wich mepe, 70 pasmMepos ocraBiinxca rno6yn. dtumM oOtAcHAeTCA TOT (hakT, YTO YM MCHbMe OcTaeTcA B HEPTH Cone, TeM TpyAHee HX BLIMBITh. YaannTh v3 nedta octapmMeca 00 #2/4 coneli sHaduTenBNO TpyqHee, UCM CHH3ATb UX cozepeanne, Hanpumep, c 3000 go 50 ma/a. Oco6enHo TPYAHO BHIMBITh 13 HEPTH KPUCTAIIISI COUCH, a BOZMOAHOCT ux oOpasopannd B HePTAHX BOCTOUHHIX MeCTOPOMAeHH, conepKaMAx liacToRyi0 BOLy ¢ BHCOKOH KOWNeHTpalvell cone, He McKIIOWeHA B razocenapatopax H pw wofxorpese cHpok nedru. O6pasopapmueca RKpucTalmst comm B Hedru oOponakuBaloTcH ruppopoduo nedranoi NIeCHKOH, IpeATCTBYIOMeH UX PacTBOpeHHO B BOT. IIpu uogorpene HeditH ee geaMybrapoBaHue Bw ObOHX mponeccax yckoparetcs. C moBbieHvemM TeMMepaTypPLl YMeHbMaeTCA MpO4HOCTS 3a HTMbIX CoeR rI0OYA BOLE B Pe3yILTATe DOBAIMeHHA PacTBOPHMOCTH aMyJIbratopos B He®TH MW paconaBnenna OGponupywmux KpucTann0B 3* 3D50°C Tabauya 7 4 40°G 30°C TIWOTHOCTh ot Hpi 20°C 0,893 0,878 | 0,874 | 0,865 | 0,859 0,854 0,823 0,5 | 0,8739! 0,8670) 0,8587] 0,8502) 0,8417 1,0 | 0,8185) 0,8110] 0,8035) 0,7960] 0,7885 1,9 1,0 1,4 150°C) (0°C 0,8 £30°C 1,4 1,8 0,7 2,1 1,1 1,2 1,8 2,3 1,2 2,4 1,2 1,4 110°C 90°C 2,9 ds 2,1 2,8 4.5 1,7 70°C 5,3 4,7 3,4 3,5 1,8 2,2 50°C 10,9 6,8 6,5 49 3,0 Baskact, (8 com) 1p 40°C 20,0 8,5 9,8 2,9 3,0 30°C 27,7 14,4 12,9 7,8 3,8 43 20°C 41,6 15,0 18,0 10,8 48 4,7 Vismenemme BaskOcTH HM DAOTHOCTH Hedreit B sanHCHMOCTH OT TeMnepatypb 10°C 93,3 19,9 28,0 7,2 6,7 yr- A€HOCHOH CBHTH . . . ° ’ CBH- TO- Ae ReBon- Herp pusonta . TH 46], a BaskocTh Hehtel upu Gomee BEICOKUX TeMUlepaTypaX HOJCINTaHa 10 MMEWIUMMCA TpeM ToUKaM TO dopmMyne Dynnyepa-TamMana 134, yraeHocHoli KawmupcKoro BoHCKAaA , CHa CKAA TIpumMeyanhe, Baskocrp # MilorHocrh Hepreit npw Temneparypax 10 50° G BaATE! Kak SRGNePHMenTAabDHbe TWanHble 13 CUpaBOFHUKos [44, 35 6): THe No —BASKOCTH MUAROCTH DPM OyeHb BHICOKOH Temfeparype, fy) —TeMLepaTypa, Ip KoToOpoll BABKOCTh CTAHOBMTCA oFWeHb Oonpmot, C —Koah- uUWeHT, XAaPAKTepUsyNIMUNA CHOPOCTh CHHMCHUA BASHOCTH C HSMeHeHHem TeMilepaTypH. Apiancran Pomamnnncnaan Tyimasuuckan [enoH- TnatoscKan HaMenHHonomcKan & 3 nmapaguna mu yepesuna. Kpome toro, ¢ nornmmennem Temnepary ph 3Ha- JHTCAbHO CHMPKACTCH BASKOCTL HET H YBCAMUMBAeTCA PasHuna mN0T- HOCTeM BOI M HEIN, YTO cnocobcTByeT Goee GLICTPOMY OTCTOIO BOJEL. B ta6a. 7 mpapeyennt qanHnie, KapakTepu3yioliwe W3MeHenHe BA3~ KOCTH H MIOTHOCTH PasiHYHBIx Heprell B 3aBMCHMOCTH OT TemMepaTy PL. 113 sTHX JaHHBIX BAAHO, 4TO BABHOCTH Heid YMeCHbOIaeTCA wepaBHO- MepHO: CHAWaTa Pe3kO, 3aTeM 3aMeyTAeTcCAH (4YeM BME TeMTICpaTypa, Tem MeyleHnee CHMKaeTcA BaAsKOCTb). B ocHoBHOM BABKOCTA GOnBMMHCTBA Herel CHHKACICA Ip Temmepa~ tTypax fo 70°C (pace. 15). pa WaNbHewnIeM TOBMIMeHHn TeMme- 16 PaTYPH CHWKeHHe BAZKOCTH He- BeIMKO. OfHaKO OHO 3HauHTeILHO BAWACT Ha CKOPOCTh mponecca Te oMy JIbTHpOBAaHHA. Kak BUXHO 43 laHHEx ta6- NHIBI, HePTH 3HaINTeAbHO pas- THYAWICA Mew Ly coObol To Ba3- KOCTH, KOTOPaH wWO0-pasHOMy H3- MeHAeCTCH C NOBMIWeCHHeEM Temue- patypy. Hanpumep, upn 10° C BA3KOCTb apwaHcKOM HepTH yr- JI@HOCHOH CBHTHL OWCHB BEICO- Ka — 93,3 com, .pomamiKMAcKoi SHAUMTCIBHO HME — 28 ccm, 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 WKATOBCKOM — 7,2 com. Tpn 70° C Baskocth yKasanHnx Hed- Ted paBHa cooTBercTReHHO: 5,3; Puc. 15, Sapncumocrs saskoctn Hed}- 3,4 w 1,8 com m pasHana B 3Ha- Teil OT TeMMepary pul: 4eHUAX TOPaszo Meuse. OnmaKo , 2, 3, 4 —HepTM cooTseTeTseHHO pomam- BASKOCTE IKANOBCKOM Hedra Boe NUNCKaH. apmakckam yraetocuan, Tyimasmu- elle ocTaeTCH caMOH HusKOol, a BABKOCTh aPJIAaHCKOW -—— camo BEIcoKoH. pu nospmenau temnepatypst go 110° C smavenna BasKocTH POMAMIKMHCKOH WM IMKaNOBCKOH HeprTeii CTaHOBATCA OjMHAKOBBIMIE (1,2 ccm), yerynaa apnancKoi wedtu geero Ha 0,6 com. Upa TeMIe pary- pax Bie 110° C easKocts pomamrKnacKol He@THw MeHbIne BABKOCTA WKANOBCKOH (cM. puc. 15). pu 130° C saskocts apnanckoli m maros- CKOM Here papua 1,1 ccom. Up 150° C saskocts pomammuncKoi Hedru — 0,5 ecm, apaancxot 0,8 cem, wKanoncxot 1,0 com. Tak me MeHJICHHO, Kak WKANOBCKOM, MEHAeCTCA BASKOCTh TYHMasHHCKOH HwedTa (cm. pae. 15). HexorTopsle abrophl mpepmarair mpH nog6ope ontraManbHOrO Tem- leparypHoro pemuMa JeoMyILIMpOBaBNA HehTH PYKOROACTHORATECA BA3KOCTHOM XapakTepUCcTHKOM aHHOU HepTu u BHOUpAT AA WeoMyNb- THPOBAHLA TeMHepaTypy, IPH KOTOPOH BASKOCTL CTaHOBHTCA MeHBIIe Cem, IOCKOJIBKY IPH TaKOM BA3KOCTH OTCTOH BONE UeT TOCTATOUHO \CHeINHO MW Jan.HevlMi Woporper neyenecoobpasen [47]. Taxue nedra, 37 BagKocime,cem hm fF A & Temnepamypa , °C