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  • Analysis of Box Girder Bridges Inc Effects of Distortion

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    Sravanthi Mehar
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    box girders

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    box girders

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    194 просмотров14 страниц

    Analysis of Box Girder Bridges Inc Effects of Distortion

    Загружено:

    Sravanthi Mehar
    box girders

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
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    a pos tomtmoees BgRAS |. Pohew Fin. focinte 2. Fre B2or ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BOX GIRDER BRIDGES INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF DISTORTIO! B. KERMANIt and P. WaLoRoNt tAcer Consultants Lid, Bristol, U.K. sDepacimer of Cisil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, PO Box 600, Mappin St Sheed, Si ADU. UK. (Received 6 March 1992) Abstract—Torsional warping and distortion of the cross-section are important features of thin-walled beams and srust be considered fully im the design developed based on the stiffness approach which in addition tothe more farliar actions of bending to straight single cll box girders with at lesst one of box gider bridges. A method of elastic analysis includes the effets of warping torsion and distortion ‘moment and torsion. The method. which s applicable axis of symmetry. is demonstrated herein the tnalyis of three diferent box girder models for which experimental or anaytial results wete already avails ‘The method is shown to be easy and economical 10 use and provides a physical insigit into the structural response of thin-walled box girder bridges under NoTarion crose-seetional area section breadth torsional bimoment dlistortional bimoment modulus of elasticity torsional warping function shear Row Shear modulus of elasticity section height Flexural second moment of aca torsional warping constant distortonal warping constant St Venant torsional constant distoruonal frame stiffness elastic Foundation sifass {ransvese distortional moment per unit length uniformly distributed distorional moment per uit length distortional moment bending moment radius of curvature tangential radius measured fom the sheur centre torsional sectoral shear function distortional sectoral shear function uniformly distributed torsional moment per unt length applied torsional moment warping torsion vertical displacement Shear foree Aistortional warping displacement torsional warping displacement section shape function Aistortional angle wal thickness {rosssectional constant torsional warping shear parameter ‘bending rotation distortonal warping direct stress torsional warping direct sress istortional warping shear stress torsional warping shear siess torsional rotation ‘transformation angle between memiberand system axes teneral loading conditions © torsional warping sectoral coordinate — distortional warping sectoral coordinate vice the enclosed cell area INTRODLCTION Structural design of box girder bridges presents many Aifculties because of the complex interaction of the Individual structural effects, For thin-walled girders these include torsional warping and distortion of the cross-section in uddition to the usual Rexural and torsional actions Although a wide range of analytical methods is available to estimate the level of these individual effects. many have severe limitations particularly with regard to the structural arrangements that may be considered. A three-dimensional (3-D) fini 10d may offer the most comprehensive treatment, but the computational costs involved are high und are rarely justifiable, particularly in the preliminary analysis and conceptual design stage. Furthermore, such an analysis may be used indiscriminately with: out physical understanding of the structural be: haviour and significant structural actions may be missed. Therefore a need exists for a simple method of clastic analysis of thin-walled box girders which has the generality necessary to cope with the complex geometry of modern elevated highways whilst retain- Ing a degree of accuracy sufficient for design. This per concentrates on the linear elastic problems associated with straight box girder bridges. including he effects of distortion of the cross-section, In general, any system of eccentric point loads applied at section can be divided into its component parts. For the case of box girders with deformable cross-sections. these components consist of bending, torsion and distortion (Fig. 1). In addition to these ar B. Keawani and P. WALDRON ® » Fig. 1, Components of deformation due 1o eccentric loading: (a) bending: (b) torsion and (c) distortion. factions. there are some further structural character istics which are peculiar to thin-walled beams and ‘which may require special attention under certain circumstances (e.g. shear lag). Such effects are not considered further here but may be assessed separ- ately and superimposed on the final solution, ‘The behaviour of thin-walled beams under bending and axial loading is essentially the same as for solid and thick-walled sections. For these actions it is usually satisfactory to assume that plane sections remain plane after loading, However, under eccentric loading, thin-walled beams behave differently from solid or thick-walled sections and large out-of-plane warping displacements may occur. In general. there are two different forms of out-of-plane displacements referred to as torsional warping, w,, and distortional warping, wz. The former component arises asa result of pure twist and is calculated assuming the cross-sec- tion remains rigid; the latter is the additional com- ponent of axial warping displacement which occurs if the section is permitted to deform. Under pure torsion. the cross-sectional distribution of torsional warping displacements w, is identical at all positions along the beam, their magnitude being proportional to the rate of twist (Fig, 2a), A system of circulatory shear stresses is created to resist the applied torque in accordance with St Venant's theory, in exactly the same way as for solid and thick-walled Sections even though the plane sections no longer ® remain plane. This may be expressed as a shear flow F,, of constant magnitude around the closed cell of the box section, If, however, the torsional warping displacements are in any way restrained, for instance by a heavy transverse diaphragm or a built-in end, as illustrated in Fig. 2(b), the individual wall elements will be subjected to bending about their own major axes This results in a system of direct stresses, called longitudinal torsional warping stresses ¢,, which is in equilibrium and has no resultant component of direct force or bending moment. A complementary system of torsional warping shear flow F, is also created which acts in conjunction with the constant ‘St Venant’s shear flow to resist the applied torsional ‘moment, Except where there are rigid diaphragms or cross- bracing, the cross-section of a box girder may distort under torsional loading, the magnitude of this distor- tion depending to a large extent upon the transverse Aexibility of the inidividual wall elements. As direct result of cross-sectional distortion, transverse bend= ing moments are produced aroung the box section by frame action. Apart from the transverse flexural deformation, axial distortional warping displace- ments w, are also induced. Since these warping displacements are not constant between points of restraint, additional direct stresses 0, and comp- lementary shear flows F, are developed. These are Fig. 2. Torsional warping displacements occurring ina typical box section (a) unrestrained at both ends ‘and (b} restrained fully at one end only. Analysis of continuous box girder bridges self-equilibrating but may significantly modify the final distribution of stress around the box section, In the majority of steel and composite box girders, wall thicknesses are generally such that torsional and istortional effects are important. The present ten- dency in concrete box beam design is to use thinner webs and flanges to reduce self-weight. This is having, the effect of increasing the significance of warping torsion and distortion in this type of section, While the causes of warping torsion and distortion are very different, both effects may become significant and should be considered fully in the analysis of such thin-walled beams. Unlike the distribution of torque and bending moment, which may be simply obtained from a consideration of statics, the effects of torsional warping restraint and distortional warping restraint are indeterminate and can only be evaluated by taking account of the overall state of deformation in the member. ‘THEORY OF THINAWALLED BEAMS Viasov [I] is generally considered to be the first to hhave presented a rigorous theory for thin-walled ‘beams. The major attraction of this approach is that thin-walled, thick-walled and solid members are all, treated as special eases of the same general theory. In, order to explain torsional warping, Vlasov divided torsional moment into pure and flexural components which correspond to the St Venant and torsional warping shear flows, respectively. For this to be possible, new stress resultants were introduced, re ferred to as torsional bimoment B and warping torsion T,,, in addition to the usual stress resultants of bending moment , torque T and flexural shear V. The analysis of torsion for thin-walled beams was later reformulated and generalized by Benscoter (2), Kollorunner and Basler(3] and Heilig(4) for multiell boxes with arbitrary cross-sections and by Dabrowski (S] for box girders curved in plan, ‘An analogy between the differential equation de- seribing the response of a box girder to the distor- tional component of the loading and that of a beam ‘on an elastic foundation was also proposed by Vlasov [1]. The analogy arises from the out-of-plane rigidity against differential bending of the top and bottom slabs of the box girder which provides a continuous elastic support for each half of the section Subsequently, Wright eral. {6] developed the analogy for the distortional analysis of single-cell box girders with longitudinally and transversely stiffened plates. Steinle (7) derived the differential equation governing, the distortional behaviour of a rectangular single-cell box girder. The distortional stress resultants are represented by the distortional bimoment D and istortional moment M, and the expressions for the distortional stresses are analogous to those found in ‘warping torsion theory. Thin-walled beam theory permits the distribution ‘of longitudinal direct stress @ and shear flow Fat any 9 point on the median line of the cross-section to be expressed in the following form This approach enables the distribution of direct and. shear stresses (on the median lines of the walls) to be described by the familiar expressions used in simple beam theory, but modified by two additional terms 10 account for the effects of warping torsion and distor- tion of the cross-section Torsional behaviour In eqns (1) and (2), @ is called the torsional warping sectorial coordinate, given by ; 2 fs o-[ne-2 [Fo o Wwhere r, is a radius measured from the shear centre to the peripheral coordinate s on the median line of the wall, and 0 represents twice the enclosed area of the cell (Fig. 3a). The torsional warping sectorial coordinate

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