Lecture 19 - Monday, May 12

DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER GENERAL REGIONS (15.3)

Example: What is the integral of f(x, y) = 2 3x + xy over
the triangle R that is spanned by (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 3)?
y
Integration order 1:
Z

1  Z 3x

Z0 1

2 3x + xydy dx

1 23x
2y 3xy + xy  dx
=
y=0
2
Z0 1
9
9
=
6x 9x 2 + x 3dx =
2
8
0
Integration order 2:
Z

3Z 1

y/3

2 3x + xydx dy

2
y = 3x
1

D
x
0 y=0 1
y
(1, 3)

3 2 1 2 1
x=
2x x + x y
=
dy
x=y/3
2
2
Z0 3 
1
1 3 1 2 1
1
9
=
y + y y + dy =
18
6
6
2
8
0
0

129

(1, 3)

y
3

x=1
D
x
1

Idea: Choose the integration boundaries so that they represent the region.
Case I: Consider region of the form
y

D=

(x, y) :

a x b;

g1(x) y g2(x)

g2(x)

D
x

g1(x)
a

Then the signed volume under f on D is

Z b Z g2(x)
ZZ
f(x, y) dy dx
f(x, y)dA =
D

g1 (x)

Case II: Consider region of the form

y
d
(
)
cyd
h1(y)
D = (x, y) :
h1(y) x h2(y)

Then the signed volume under f on D is

ZZ
Z d Z h2(y)
f(x, y)dA =
f(x, y) dx dy
D

h1 (y)

130

h2(y)
x

Example (Final exam, Spring 2013)

Compute the double integral
Z 2 Z 2
3
y3ex dxdy
y2

Question: What is

ex dx?

Answer: No expression with basic functions exists.

Solution: Invert the integration order!
Step 1: Make a picture of the region
D = {(x, y) : y2 x 2, 0 y

2}

2
(y20, y0) = (x0,

x0 )

D
0

x
0

Step 2: Observe
D = {(x, y) : 0 x 2, 0 y

131

x}

Example (cont.)
Step 3: Invert integration order and integrate
Z 2  Z x
Z 2 Z 2

3 x3
3 x3
y e dy dx
y e dxdy =
0

y2

1 4 y= x
dx
e ( y )
y=0
4
x3

Z
1 2 x3 2
e x dx
=
4 0
2
() 1
1
x3
=
= (e8 1)
e 
x=0
12
12

() Integration by substition: Choose f(u) := eu,

R u
3
g(x) = x . Then F (u) = e du = eu and g(x) = 3x 2.
Hence
Z
Z
1 2 x3
3
x e dx = g(x) f(g(x))dx = F (g(x)) = ex
3

132

Example (Final exam, Autumn 2011)

Sketch the region of integration and change the order of integration
Z

e Z x+(1+e)

dydx

ln(x)

e
(x, x + (1 + e))

(1 + e y, y)

1
(x, ln(x))
(ey, y)
0

Calculation:
(I)
(II)

y = x + (1 + e) x = y + 1 + e
y = ln(x) x = ey

Finally the integral with reversed int. order is

Z 1  Z ey
Z e  Z 1+ey


f(x, y)dx dy
f(x, y)dx dy +
0

133

Example (Midterm II, Aut. 12, Loveless, Ex 3b)

Switching the order of integration, evaluate
Z 8Z 2 p
x 4 + 1dx dy

Remark:

3y

x 4 + 1dx has no closed formula with elemen-

tary functions.
2
x

y
y
8

x3
Z

8Z 2

3y

x 4 + 1dx dy =

2  Z x3
0

2p

x 4 + 1dy dx

x 4 + 1x 3dx
0
2
2 4
3/2 
=
(x + 1)  =
0
12

Integration by substitution: f(u) := u, g(x) := x 4 + 1.

R
Then f(u)du = 23 u3/2 and g(x) = 4x 3. Hence
Z
Z
p
2
4x 3 x 4 + 1dx = g(x)f(g(x))dx = F (g(x)) = (x 4+1)3/2
3
=

134

SUMMARY: INTEGRATION OVER REGIONS

For a region
(
D=
y

(x, y) :

axb

g1(x) y g2(x)

g2(x)

(x, y) :

cyd

h1(y) x h2(y)

d
D

D
y

h1(y)

h2(y)

g1(x)
x
a
x
One has
ZZ
Z
f(x, y)dA =
D

b
b Z g2 (x)

f(x, y)dydx =

g1 (x)

d Z h2 (y)

f(x, y)dxdy

h1 (y)

Effects of changing the integration order:

Difficulty of integral may change dramatically
Might need to split D into several regions
Hints: Better make a picture of D!

135