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Environmentalremediation
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Environmentalremediationdealswiththeremovalofpollutionorcontaminantsfromenvironmentalmedia
suchassoil,groundwater,sediment,orsurfacewater.Thiswouldmeanthatoncerequestedbythegovernment
oralandremediationauthority,immediateactionshouldbetakenasthiscanimpactnegativelyonhumanhealth
andtheenvironment.
Remedialactionisgenerallysubjecttoanarrayofregulatoryrequirements,andalsocanbebasedon
assessmentsofhumanhealthandecologicalriskswherenolegislatedstandardsexistorwherestandardsare
advisory.

Contents
1
2
3
4
5

Remediationstandards
Siteassessment
Fundingremediation
Mappingremediation
Technologies
5.1 Thermaldesorption
5.2 Excavationordredging
5.3 Surfactantenhancedaquiferremediation(SEAR)
5.4 Pumpandtreat
5.5 Solidificationandstabilization
5.6 Insituoxidation
5.7 Soilvaporextraction
5.8 Nanoremediation
5.9 Bioremediation
5.10 Cleaningwithcollapsingairmicrobubbles
6 Communityconsultationandinformation
7 Incrementalhealthrisk
8 Emissionsstandards
9 Transportandemergencysafetyassessment
10 Impactsoffundingremediation
11 Examplesofmajorremediationprojects
11.1 HomebushBay,NewSouthWales,Australia
11.2 BakarExCokeingPlantSite,Croatia
12 Seealso
12.1 Generallinks
12.2 Legislationaboutremediation
12.3 Environmentalgroupswithinformation
12.4 Environmentalprotectionagencies
13 References
14 Externallinks

Remediationstandards
IntheUnitedStates,themostcomprehensivesetofPreliminaryRemediationGoals(PRGs)isfromthe
EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)Region9.AsetofstandardsusedinEuropeexistsandisoftencalled
theDutchstandards.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)israpidlymovingtowardsEuropewidestandards,although
mostoftheindustrialisednationsinEuropehavetheirownstandardsatpresent.InCanada,moststandardsfor
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remediationaresetbytheprovincesindividually,buttheCanadianCouncilofMinistersoftheEnvironment
providesguidanceatafederallevelintheformoftheCanadianEnvironmentalQualityGuidelinesandthe
CanadaWideStandards|CanadaWideStandardforPetroleumHydrocarbonsinSoil.

Siteassessment
Onceasiteissuspectedofbeingcontaminatedthereisaneedtoassessthecontamination.Oftentheassessment
beginswithpreparationofaPhaseIEnvironmentalSiteAssessment.Thehistoricaluseofthesiteandthe
materialsusedandproducedonsitewillguidetheassessmentstrategyandtypeofsamplingandchemical
analysistobedone.Oftennearbysitesownedbythesamecompanyorwhicharenearbyandhavebeen
reclaimed,levelledorfilledarealsocontaminatedevenwherethecurrentlanduseseemsinnocuous.For
example,acarparkmayhavebeenlevelledbyusingcontaminatedwasteinthefill.Alsoimportantisto
consideroffsitecontaminationofnearbysitesoftenthroughdecadesofemissionstosoil,groundwater,andair.
Ceilingdust,topsoil,surfaceandgroundwaterofnearbypropertiesshouldalsobetested,bothbeforeandafter
anyremediation.Thisisacontroversialstepas:
1.Noonewantstohavetopayforthecleanupofthesite
2.Ifnearbypropertiesarefoundtobecontaminateditmayhavetobenotedontheirpropertytitle,
potentiallyaffectingthevalue
3.Noonewantstopayforthecostofassessment.
Oftencorporationswhichdovoluntarytestingoftheirsitesareprotectedfromthereportstoenvironmental
agenciesbecomingpublicunderFreedomofInformationActs,howevera"FreedomofInformation"inquiry
willoftenproduceotherdocumentsthatarenotprotectedorwillproducereferencestothereports.

Fundingremediation
IntheUStherehasbeenamechanismfortaxingpollutingindustriestoformaSuperfundtoremediate
abandonedsites,ortolitigatetoforcecorporationstoremediatetheircontaminatedsites.Othercountrieshave
othermechanismsandcommonlysitesarerezonedto"higher"usessuchashighdensityhousing,togivethe
landahighervaluesothatafterdeductingcleanupcoststhereisstillanincentiveforadevelopertopurchase
theland,cleanitup,redevelopitandselliton,oftenasapartments(homeunits).

Mappingremediation
Thereareseveraltoolsformappingthesesitesandwhichallowtheusertoviewadditionalinformation.One
suchtoolisTOXMAP,aGeographicInformationSystem(GIS)fromtheDivisionofSpecializedInformation
Services[1](http://sis.nlm.nih.gov)oftheUnitedStatesNationalLibraryofMedicine(NLM)thatusesmapsof
theUnitedStatestohelpusersvisuallyexploredatafromtheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency's
(EPA)SuperfundandToxicsReleaseInventoryprograms.

Technologies
Remediationtechnologiesaremanyandvariedbutcangenerallybecategorizedintoexsituandinsitu
methods.Exsitumethodsinvolveexcavationofaffectedsoilsandsubsequenttreatmentatthesurfaceaswellas
extractionofcontaminatedgroundwaterandtreatmentatthesurface.Insitumethodsseektotreatthe
contaminationwithoutremovingthesoilsorgroundwater.Varioustechnologieshavebeendevelopedfor
remediationofoilcontaminatedsoil/sediments(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X15
300242).[1]
Traditionalremediationapproachesconsistofsoilexcavationanddisposaltolandfillandgroundwater"pump
andtreat".Insitutechnologiesincludebutarenotlimitedto:solidificationandstabilization,soilvapor
extraction,permeablereactivebarriers,monitorednaturalattenuation,bioremediationphytoremediation,
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chemicaloxidation,steamenhancedextractionandinsituthermaldesorptionandhavebeenusedextensivelyin
theUSA.[2]

Thermaldesorption
Thermaldesorptionisatechnologyforsoilremediation.Duringtheprocessadesorbervolatilizesthe
contaminants(e.g.oil,mercuryorhydrocarbon)toseparatethemfromespeciallysoilorsludge.Afterthatthe
contaminantscaneitherbecollectedordestroyedinanoffgastreatmentsystem.

Excavationordredging
Excavationprocessescanbeassimpleashaulingthecontaminatedsoiltoaregulatedlandfill,butcanalso
involveaeratingtheexcavatedmaterialinthecaseofvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs).Recent
advancementsinbioaugmentationandbiostimulationoftheexcavatedmaterialhavealsoproventobeableto
remediatesemivolatileorganiccompounds(SVOCs)onsite.[3]Ifthecontaminationaffectsariverorbay
bottom,thendredgingofbaymudorothersiltyclayscontainingcontaminantsmaybeconducted.Recently,
ExSituChemicaloxidationhasalsobeenutilizedintheremediationofcontaminatedsoil.Thisprocessinvolves
theexcavationofthecontaminatedareaintolargebermedareaswheretheyaretreatedusingchemicaloxidation
methods.[4]

Surfactantenhancedaquiferremediation(SEAR)
Alsoknownassolubilizationandrecovery,thesurfactantenhancedaquiferremediationprocessinvolvesthe
injectionofhydrocarbonmitigationagentsorspecialtysurfactantsintothesubsurfacetoenhancedesorption
andrecoveryofboundupotherwiserecalcitrantnonaqueousphaseliquid(NAPL).
Ingeologicformationsthatallowdeliveryofhydrocarbonmitigationagentsorspecialtysurfactants,this
approachprovidesacosteffectiveandpermanentsolutiontositesthathavebeenpreviouslyunsuccessful
utilizingotherremedialapproaches.Thistechnologyisalsosuccessfulwhenutilizedastheinitialstepinamulti
facetedremedialapproachutilizingSEARthenInsituOxidation,bioremediationenhancementorsoilvapor
extraction(SVE).

Pumpandtreat
Pumpandtreatinvolvespumpingoutcontaminatedgroundwaterwiththeuseofasubmersibleorvacuum
pump,andallowingtheextractedgroundwatertobepurifiedbyslowlyproceedingthroughaseriesofvessels
thatcontainmaterialsdesignedtoadsorbthecontaminantsfromthegroundwater.Forpetroleumcontaminated
sitesthismaterialisusuallyactivatedcarboningranularform.Chemicalreagentssuchasflocculantsfollowed
bysandfiltersmayalsobeusedtodecreasethecontaminationofgroundwater.Airstrippingisamethodthat
canbeeffectiveforvolatilepollutantssuchasBTEXcompoundsfoundingasoline.
FormostbiodegradablematerialslikeBTEX,MTBEandmosthydrocarbons,bioreactorscanbeusedtoclean
thecontaminatedwatertonondetectablelevels.Withfluidizedbedbioreactorsitispossibletoachievevery
lowdischargeconcentrationswhichwillmeetorexceeddischargerequirementsformostpollutants.
Dependingongeologyandsoiltype,pumpandtreatmaybeagoodmethodtoquicklyreducehigh
concentrationsofpollutants.Itismoredifficulttoreachsufficientlylowconcentrationstosatisfyremediation
standards,duetotheequilibriumofabsorption/desorptionprocessesinthesoil.However,pumpandtreatis
typicallynotthebestformofremediation.Itisexpensivetotreatthegroundwater,andtypicallyisaveryslow
processtocleanupareleasewithpumpandtreat.Itisbestsuitedtocontrolthehydraulicgradientandkeepa
releasefromspreadingfurther.Betteroptionsofinsitutreatmentoftenincludeairsparge/soilvaporextraction
(AS/SVE)ordualphaseextraction/multiphaseextraction(DPE/MPE).Othermethodsincludetryingtoincrease

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thedissolvedoxygencontentofthegroundwatertosupportmicrobialdegradationofthecompound(especially
petroleum)bydirectinjectionofoxygenintothesubsurface,orthedirectinjectionofaslurrythatslowly
releasesoxygenovertime(typicallymagnesiumperoxideorcaliumoxyhydroxide).

Solidificationandstabilization
Solidificationandstabilizationworkhasareasonablygoodtrackrecordbutalsoasetofseriousdeficiencies
relatedtodurabilityofsolutionsandpotentiallongtermeffects.InadditionCO2emissionsduetotheuseof
cementarealsobecomingamajorobstacletoitswidespreaduseinsolidification/stabilizationprojects.
Stabilization/solidification(S/S)isaremediationandtreatmenttechnologythatreliesonthereactionbetweena
binderandsoiltostop/preventorreducethemobilityofcontaminants.
Stabilizationinvolvestheadditionofreagentstoacontaminatedmaterial(e.g.soilorsludge)toproduce
morechemicallystableconstituentsand
Solidificationinvolvestheadditionofreagentstoacontaminatedmaterialtoimpartphysical/dimensional
stabilitytocontaincontaminantsinasolidproductandreduceaccessbyexternalagents(e.g.air,rainfall).
ConventionalS/Sisanestablishedremediationtechnologyforcontaminatedsoilsandtreatmenttechnologyfor
hazardouswastesinmanycountriesintheworld.However,theuptakeofS/Stechnologieshasbeenrelatively
modest,andanumberofbarriershavebeenidentifiedincluding:
therelativelylowcostandwidespreaduseofdisposaltolandfill
thelackofauthoritativetechnicalguidanceonS/S
uncertaintyoverthedurabilityandrateofcontaminantreleasefromS/Streatedmaterial
experiencesofpastpoorpracticeintheapplicationofcementstabilizationprocessesusedinwaste
disposalinthe1980sand1990s(ENDS,1992)and
residualliabilityassociatedwithimmobilizedcontaminantsremainingonsite,ratherthantheirremoval
ordestruction.

Insituoxidation
Newinsituoxidationtechnologieshavebecomepopular,forremediationofawiderangeofsoiland
groundwatercontaminants.Remediationbychemicaloxidationinvolvestheinjectionofstrongoxidantssuchas
hydrogenperoxide,ozonegas,potassiumpermanganateorpersulfates.[5]
Oxygengasorambientaircanalsobeinjectedtopromotegrowthofaerobicbacteriawhichacceleratenatural
attenuationoforganiccontaminants.Onedisadvantageofthisapproachisthepossibilityofdecreasing
anaerobiccontaminantdestructionnaturalattenuationwhereexistingconditionsenhanceanaerobicbacteria
whichnormallyliveinthesoilpreferareducingenvironment.Ingeneralthough,aerobicactivityismuchfaster
thananaerobicandoveralldestructionratesaretypicallygreaterwhenaerobicactivitycanbesuccessfully
promoted.
Theinjectionofgasesintothegroundwatermayalsocausecontaminationtospreadfasterthannormal
dependingonthesite'shydrogeology.Inthesecases,injectionsdowngradientofgroundwaterflowmayprovide
adequatemicrobialdestructionofcontaminantspriortoexposuretosurfacewatersordrinkingwatersupply
wells.
Migrationofmetalcontaminantsmustalsobeconsideredwhenevermodifyingsubsurfaceoxidationreduction
potential.Certainmetalsaremoresolubleinoxidizingenvironmentswhileothersaremoremobileinreducing
environments.

Soilvaporextraction

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Soilvaporextraction(SVE)isaneffectiveremediationtechnologyforsoil.[6]"MultiPhaseExtraction"(MPE)
isalsoaneffectiveremediationtechnologywhensoilandgroundwateraretoberemediatedcoincidentally.SVE
andMPEutilizedifferenttechnologiestotreattheoffgasvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)generatedafter
vacuumremovalofairandvapors(andVOCs)fromthesubsurfaceandincludegranularactivatedcarbon(most
commonlyusedhistorically),thermaland/orcatalyticoxidationandvaporcondensation.Generally,carbonis
usedforlow(below500ppmV)VOCconcentrationvaporstreams,oxidationisusedformoderate(upto4,000
ppmV)VOCconcentrationstreams,andvaporcondensationisusedforhigh(over4,000ppmV)VOC
concentrationvaporstreams.Belowisabriefsummaryofeachtechnology.
1.Granularactivatedcarbon(GAC)isusedasafilterforairorwater.Commonlyusedtofiltertapwaterin
householdsinks.GACisahighlyporousadsorbentmaterial,producedbyheatingorganicmatter,suchas
coal,woodandcoconutshell,intheabsenceofair,whichisthencrushedintogranules.Activatedcarbon
ispositivelychargedandthereforeabletoremovenegativeionsfromthewatersuchasorganicions,
ozone,chlorine,fluoridesanddissolvedorganicsolutesbyadsorptionontotheactivatedcarbon.The
activatedcarbonmustbereplacedperiodicallyasitmaybecomesaturatedandunabletoadsorb(i.e.
reducedabsorptionefficiencywithloading).Activatedcarbonisnoteffectiveinremovingheavymetals.
2.Thermaloxidation(orincineration)canalsobeaneffectiveremediationtechnology.Thisapproachis
somewhatcontroversialbecauseoftherisksofdioxinsreleasedintheatmospherethroughtheexhaust
gasesoreffluentoffgas.Controlled,hightemperatureincinerationwithfilteringofexhaustgases
howevershouldnotposeanyrisks.Twodifferenttechnologiescanbeemployedtooxidizethe
contaminantsofanextractedvaporstream.Theselectionofeitherthermalorcatalyticdependsonthe
typeandconcentrationinpartspermillionbyvolumeofconstituentinthevaporstream.Thermal
oxidationismoreusefulforhigherconcentration(~4,000ppmV)influentvaporstreams(whichrequire
lessnaturalgasusage)thancatalyticoxidationat~2,000ppmV.
Thermaloxidationwhichusesasystemthatactsasafurnaceandmaintainstemperaturesrangingfrom
1,350to1,500F(730to820C).
Catalyticoxidationwhichusesacatalystonasupporttofacilitatealowertemperatureoxidation.This
systemusuallymaintainstemperaturesrangingfrom600to800F(316to427C).
1.Vaporcondensationisthemosteffectiveoffgastreatmenttechnologyforhigh(over4,000ppmV)VOC
concentrationvaporstreams.Theprocessinvolvescryogenicallycoolingthevaporstreamtobelow40
degreesCsuchthattheVOCscondensateoutofthevaporstreamandintoliquidformwhereitis
collectedinsteelcontainers.TheliquidformoftheVOCsisreferredtoasdensenonaqueousphase
liquids(DNAPL)whenthesourceoftheliquidconsistspredominantlyofsolventsorlightnonaqueous
phaseliquids(LNAPL)whenthesourceoftheliquidconsistspredominantlyofpetroleumorfuel
products.Thisrecoveredchemicalcanthenbereusedorrecycledinamoreenvironmentallysustainable
orgreenmannerthanthealternativesdescribedabove.Thistechnologyisalsoknownascryogenic
coolingandcompression(C3Technology).

Nanoremediation
Usingnanosizedreactiveagentstodegradeorimmobilizecontaminantsistermednanoremediation.Insoilor
groundwaternanoremediation,nanoparticlesarebroughtintocontactwiththecontaminantthrougheitherinsitu
injectionorapumpandtreatprocess.Thenanomaterialsthendegradeorganiccontaminantsthroughredox
reactionsoradsorbtoandimmobilizemetalssuchasleadorarsenic.Incommercialsettings,thistechnology
hasbeendominantlyappliedtogroundwaterremediation,withresearchintowastewatertreatment.[7]Research
isalsoinvestigatinghownanoparticlesmaybeappliedtocleanupofsoilandgases.[8]
Nanomaterialsarehighlyreactivebecauseoftheirhighsurfaceareaperunitmass,andduetothisreactivity
nanomaterialsmayreactwithtargetcontaminantsatafasterratethanwouldlargerparticles.Mostfield
applicationsofnanoremediationhaveusednanozerovalentiron(nZVI),whichmaybeemulsifiedormixed
withanothermetaltoenhancedispersion.[9][10]

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Thatnanoparticlesarehighlyreactivecanmeanthattheyrapidlyclumptogetherorreactwithsoilparticlesor
othermaterialintheenvironment,limitingtheirdispersaltotargetcontaminants.[11]Someoftheimportant
challengescurrentlylimitingnanoremediationtechnologiesincludeidentifyingcoatingsorotherformulations
thatincreasedispersalofthenanoparticleagentstobetterreachtargetcontaminantswhilelimitinganypotential
toxicitytobioremediationagents,wildlife,orpeople.

Bioremediation
Thetreatmentofenvironmentalproblemsthroughbiologicalmeansisknownasbioremediationandthespecific
useofplantsforexamplebyusingphytoremediation.Bioremediationissometimesusedinconjunctionwitha
pumpandtreatsystem.Inbioremediation,eithernaturallyoccurringorspeciallybredbacteriaareusedto
consumecontaminantsfromextractedgroundwater.Thisissometimesreferredtoasabiogacsystem.Many
timesthegroundwaterisrecycledtoallowforcontinuouslyflowingwaterandenhancedbacteriapopulation
growth.Occasionallythebacteriacanbuilduptosuchapointthattheycanaffectfiltrationandpumping.The
vesselshouldthenbepartiallydrained.Caremustbetakentoensurethatasharpchangeinthegroundwater
chemistrydoesnotkillthebacteria(suchasasuddenchangeinpH).
Dualphaseextractionutilizesasoilvaporextractionsystemthatproducesahighvacuumresultinginthe
extractionofbothcontaminatedvaporsaswellasalimitedamountofcontaminatedgroundwater.Thismethod
issomewhatinefficientduetolargeamountofenergyrequiredbypullingwaterbyvacuumcomparedto
pushingwaterwithasubmersiblepump.
Mycoremediationisaformofbioremediation,theprocessofusingfungitoreturnanenvironment(usuallysoil)
contaminatedbypollutantstoalesscontaminatedstate.
InanexperimentconductedinconjunctionwithBatelle,amajorcontributorinthebioremediationindustry,a
plotofsoilcontaminatedwithdieseloilwasinoculatedwithmyceliaofoystermushroomstraditional
bioremediationtechniques(bacteria)wereusedoncontrolplots.Afterfourweeks,morethan95%ofmanyof
thePAH(polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons)hadbeenreducedtonontoxiccomponentsinthemycelial
inoculatedplots.Itappearsthatthenaturalmicrobialcommunityparticipateswiththefungitobreakdown
contaminantsintocarbondioxideandwater.Wooddegradingfungiareparticularlyeffectiveinbreakingdown
aromaticpollutants(toxiccomponentsofpetroleum),aswellaschlorinatedcompounds(certainpersistent
pesticidesBattelle,2000).Hairmatsinoculatedwithoystermushroomsweresuccessfullyemployedinthe
cleanupoftheSanFranciscoBayareaoilspillin2007.
Thekeytomycoremediationisdeterminingtherightfungalspeciestotargetaspecificpollutant.Certainstrains
havealsobeenreportedtosuccessfullydegradethenervegasesVXandsarin.
Mycofiltrationisaverysimilarprocess,usingmycelialmatstofiltertoxicwasteandmicroorganismsfrom
pollutedwater.

Cleaningwithcollapsingairmicrobubbles
Cleaningofoilcontaminatedsedimentswithselfcollapsingairmicrobubbleshavebeenrecentlyexploredasa
chemicalfreetechnology.Airmicrobubblesgeneratedinwaterwithoutaddinganysurfactantcouldbeusedto
cleanoilcontaminatedsediments.Thistechnologyholdspromiseovertheuseofchemicals(mainlysurfactant)
fortraditionalwashingofoilcontaminatedsediments.[12]

Communityconsultationandinformation
Inpreparationforanysignificantremediationthereshouldbeextensivecommunityconsultation.Theproponent
shouldbothpresentinformationtoandseekinformationfromthecommunity.Theproponentneedstolearn
about"sensitive"(future)useslikechildcare,schools,hospitals,andplaygroundsaswellascommunity
concernsandinterestsinformation.Consultationshouldbeopen,onagroupbasissothateachmemberofthe
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communityisinformedaboutissuestheymaynothaveindividuallythoughtabout.Anindependentchairperson
acceptabletoboththeproponentandthecommunityshouldbeengaged(atproponentexpenseifafeeis
required).Minutesofmeetingsincludingquestionsaskedandtheanswerstothemandcopiesofpresentations
bytheproponentshouldbeavailablebothontheinternetandatalocallibrary(evenaschoollibrary)or
communitycentre.

Incrementalhealthrisk
Incrementalhealthriskistheincreasedriskthatareceptor(normallyahumanbeinglivingnearby)willface
from(thelackof)aremediationproject.Theuseofincrementalhealthriskisbasedoncarcinogenicandother
(e.g.,mutagenic,teratogenic)effectsandofteninvolvesvaluejudgementsabouttheacceptableprojectedrateof
increaseincancer.Insomejurisdictionsthisis1in1,000,000butinotherjurisdictionstheacceptableprojected
rateofincreaseis1in100,000.Arelativelysmallincrementalhealthriskfromasingleprojectisnotofmuch
comfortiftheareaalreadyhasarelativelyhighhealthriskfromotheroperationslikeincineratorsorother
emissions,orifotherprojectsexistatthesametimecausingagreatercumulativeriskoranunacceptablyhigh
totalrisk.Ananalogyoftenusedbyremediatorsistocomparetheriskoftheremediationonnearbyresidentsto
therisksofdeaththroughcaraccidentsortobaccosmoking.

Emissionsstandards
Standardsaresetforthelevelsofdust,noise,odour,emissionstoairandgroundwater,anddischargetosewers
orwaterwaysofallchemicalsofconcernorchemicalslikelytobeproducedduringtheremediationby
processingofthecontaminants.Thesearecomparedagainstbothnaturalbackgroundlevelsintheareaand
standardsforareaszonedasnearbyareasarezonedandagainststandardsusedinotherrecentremediations.Just
becausetheemissionisemanatingfromanareazonedindustrialdoesnotmeanthatinanearbyresidentialarea
thereshouldbepermittedanyexceedancesoftheappropriateresidentialstandards.
Monitoringforcomplianceagainsteachstandardsiscriticaltoensurethatexceedancesaredetectedand
reportedbothtoauthoritiesandthelocalcommunity.
Enforcementisnecessarytoensurethatcontinuedorsignificantbreachesresultinfinesorevenajailsentence
forthepolluter.
Penaltiesmustbesignificantasotherwisefinesaretreatedasanormalexpenseofdoingbusiness.Compliance
mustbecheaperthantohavecontinuousbreaches.

Transportandemergencysafetyassessment
Assessmentshouldbemadeoftherisksofoperations,transportingcontaminatedmaterial,disposalofwaste
whichmaybecontaminatedincludingworkers'clothes,andaformalemergencyresponseplanshouldbe
developed.Everyworkerandvisitorenteringthesiteshouldhaveasafetyinductionpersonalisedtotheir
involvementwiththesite.

Impactsoffundingremediation
Therezoningisoftenresistedbylocalcommunitiesandlocalgovernmentbecauseoftheadverseeffectsonthe
localamenityoftheremediationandthenewdevelopment.Themainimpactsduringremediationarenoise,
dust,odourandincrementalhealthrisk.Thenthereisthenoise,dustandtrafficofdevelopments.Thenthereis
theimpactonlocaltraffic,schools,playingfields,andotherpublicfacilitiesoftheoftenvastlyincreasedlocal
population.

Examplesofmajorremediationprojects
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HomebushBay,NewSouthWales,Australia
HomebushBay,NewSouthWales,Australiahasbeenthesubjectofacontroversialremediationproject.[2](htt
p://rhodesnsw.org)
Inthiscasetheproposedrezoning,remediationandredevelopmenthasawealthofmaterialavailablethrough
theinternetfromhttp://rhodesnsw.org:
1.NumerousinvestigationsandreportsbyAustralianandInternationalconsultants
2.FortheformerUnionCarbidesite,apreviousremediationbyexcavationandcontainmentinaclay
cappedsarcophagus,separatedfromtheBaybyabentonitewall.
3.AParliamentaryInquirybytheUpperHouseoftheParliamentofNewSouthWales,astateofAustralia
4.TwoCommissionsofInquiry,oneforeachofthemajordioxincontaminatedsites,bothcontaminatedby
theoperationsofUnionCarbide
5.Resolutionsbytherelevantlocalgovernmentbodies(originallyConcordcouncilandafterthe
MunicipalityofConcordwasmergedwithDrummoyneCounciltoformtheCityofCanadaBay,bythat
Council)
6.Campaignsbylocalresidents'groups,GreenpeaceAustralia,NatureConservationCouncilofNSW,and
InnerWest(ofSydneybranchofthe)Greens
7.publishedsubmissionsbyPlanningNSWandEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyofNSW
8.ComprehensiveEnvironmentalImpactstudiespublishedindigitalformatandavailableonCDfrom
PlanningNSW.
Thisrezoning,remediationandredevelopmentoflandcontaminatedbyUnionCarbide,ICIandothersalso
involvestheremediationofastripofdioxincontaminatedsedimentsinHomebushBay,NewSouthWales.The
HomebushBayareawashometothemaineventsoftheSydney2000SummerOlympics.Thesoil
contaminationwasaddressedintheCommissionofInquiryintotheLednezsiteformerlyownedbyUnion
Carbide,butnottothesatisfactionoflocalcommunityactivists.
TheremediationofHomebushBayisimportantbecauseofitsimpactonthefoodchainwhichextendsthrough
benthosnotonlytolocalprotectedandthreatenedspeciesofbirds,butalsotoJAMBAandCAMBAprotected
speciesandspecieswhichuseotherRamsarprotectedwetlands.Ultimatelyhumanhealthisaffectedthrough
thefoodchain.HomebushBayhasacompletefishingban,thereisacommercialfinfishingbanwestofthe
GladesvilleBridge,andbasedonsubmissionsoftheremediatorandNSWWaterwaysandEPAthecomplete
fishingbanoughtbeextendedtothewholeoftheParramattaRiverwestofHomebushBayandatleastasfar
eastastheRydeTrafficBridge.

BakarExCokeingPlantSite,Croatia
AnE.U.contractforimmobilizationapollutedareaof20.000m3inBAKARCroatiabasedon
Solidification/StabilizationwithImmoCemiscurrentlyinprogress.After3yearsofintensiveresearchbythe
CroatiangovernmenttheE.U.fundedtheimmobilizationprojectinBAKAR.Theareaiscontaminatedwith
largeamountsofTPH,PAHandmetals.Fortheimmobilizationthecontractorchosetousethemixinplant
procedure.

Seealso
Generallinks
Biodegradation
Insitucappingofsubaqueouswaste
InSituOxidation
Insituthermaldesorption
Electrokineticremediation
Electricalresistanceheating
Environmentaldegradation
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Environmentalrestoration
Groundwaterremediation
Naturalattenuation
MoldRemediation
PhaseIEnvironmentalSiteAssessment
Phytoremediation
Restorationecology
Soilcontamination
SoilVaporExtraction
Solidification/Stabilization(S/S)withCement

Legislationaboutremediation
Superfund(UnitedStates)
ContaminatedLandManagementAct(NewSouthWales,Australia)
ContaminatedSitesAct2003(WesternAustralia,Australia)
'WetBodembescherming'(SoilProtectionAct,Netherlands)
'WetVerontreinigingOppervlaktewater'(SurfacewaterPollutionAct,Netherlands)
'EnvironmentalManagementAct'(Canada)

Environmentalgroupswithinformation
CHEJ(USGrewoutofLoveCanalcontroversy)
Greenpeace(InternationalorganisationwithNationalsites)

Environmentalprotectionagencies
UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
NSWEPA(NSW,Australia)
EnvironmentCanada
CanadianEPASummaryTable

References
1.Agarwal,A.,Liu,Y.(2015)"Remediationtechnologiesforoilcontaminatedsediments".MarinePollutionBulletin
doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.010(http://doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.010).
2.http://www.frtr.gov/optimization/treatment/insitu.htm
3.http://www.terranovabiosystems.com/science/remediationresources.htmldeadlink
4.http://www.mecx.net/papers/SOQs/MECX%20Environmental%20Consulting%20&%20%20Remediation%20SOQ.pdf
5."InSituChemicalOxidation(ISCO)|RemediationServices".MECX.Retrieved20130330.
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