1.

Ellingham Diagram
- G vs Temp
- G = -, more reactive
- Reactivity of metal to from oxide
- More -, more stable to form oxide
- F = affinity to Oxy, more more stable
- On the lower side (stable oxy), on the top side (less stable oxy)
- Can calculate min temp to form oxy
- Line intersect with CO forming = to know min temp/O2 pressure to
reduce oxides
- Line intersect with other Metal to know if other metal can reduce
2. E-Waste
- Electronic materials contains some precious metals (Au)
- HDD, Ram, chip, IC, motherboard, etc
- Au have almost 0 resistant
- Leacing Au with CN (Lixiviants Cyanides)
- Au bond with CN, add Zn then CN will bond with Zn and Au is
obtained
3. 4. Indirect Bio-Leaching
- Bacteria produce oxidating agent to oxidate compound
- Ion formed from the oxidated compound is used to oxidize the
desired metal
- Acidithiobacillus ferooxidants turns fe2+ to fe3+. Fe3+ to turn ZnS
into Zn2+ and S
5. Hot Digestion Leaching
- leaching dalam vessel dengan pengadukan dan temp tinggi (dekat
Bp)
- Proses cepat
- Leaching asam/basa high conc
- Parsial = hanya minera berharga yg akan larut
- Total = semua mineral larut dalam btk ion kemudian dipisahkan dgn
cara lain
- Hot plate, ruang terbuka, murah tp mudah evaporasi dan hilang
- Microwave, tertutup, temp tinggi high pressure dan meledak
- HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HNO3-HF, HNO3-HCL, HCl-HF 80C
- NaOH 150C
6. Vacuum Refining Sn
- Intinya pencairan Sn menggunakan panas dr induksi listrik untuk
menghilangkan pengotor udara dari logam
- Dapat menghasilkan Pb dibawah 5ppm
- Heat loss rendah

- Efisiensi evaporasi dan kondensasi

- Low energy
- Ramah lingkungan
- Furnace awet
7. Goldschmidt Alumino Thermic Process
- MO reduction with Al
- Replacing C due to low ops temp so lower energy and faster
- Use Al powder
- Exothermic reaction, pre-heating, no need to add heat due to
exothermic
- Ops temp around 2500C
- Liquid Metal is the product
- Add CaF2 to separate liquid from gangue
- Cant with a too high exo rx, high temp = liquid solubility high, Ox
and other gangue dissolved
8. Flash Smelting and Converting
- Outotec, high recovery metal and sulfur, low cost, continuous, high
hygiene
- Finely ground sulfidic copper mixed with oxy enriched air
- Sulfide ignites creating heat bcs oxidation act as fuel
- Matte (molten droplets) separate from slag
- High pressure water launders and granulate matte, ground to grain
size suitable for conversion
- Slag processed to recover copper
- Converting with anode furnace to oxidize trapped sulfur in matte
9. Pengaruh Froth Velocity dan Froth Depth
- Froth V faster, recovery more bcs froth bond with mineral and goes
up faster but low selectivity bcs gangue can be bonded too thus low
grades
- Froth V lower, vice versa
- Froth Depth small, froth v faster bcs bubble can easily goes up
- Froth depth large, vice versa
10.
FCC Cambridge
- To eliminate oxide from metal surface
- Elimination of oxide layer from titanium
- Use molten salt electrolyte (CaCl2, LiCl, BaCl2, etc) pure chloride
salt
- Liquid electrolyte, can also absorb and transport anion (O2-, S2-,
Cl-)
- The metal oxide formed to pellet and placed in cathode with
appropriate anode
- Oxide on metal will be ionizied and leave metal and go to anode
- Metal is oxygen-free
- Metal in the form of sponge, crushed and milled, forming powder

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Precipitaion extraction
stage after leaching
Precipitate leaching solution
To get endapan logam
Control pH, add chemical, cooling temp
Add chemical like AuCN + Zn = Au + ZnCN
Elektrolisis = electrowinning
Ion exchange
Solvent extraction
Karbon Aktif
Untuk penyerapan logam (emas dari CN)
Tahan sianida
Iodine = daya serap logam, makin tinggi makin banyak serapan
Hardness = kekuatan karbon, makin hard makin tdk terkikis makin
tdk loss logam
Tapi sangat kotor dan berdebu
Harus dicuci hingga benar2 bersih utk memaksimalkan penyerapan
Diasapkan hingga debu emas, lalu dilebur