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Kinematics of Machinery
By
Mr. V.P.Krishnamurthy M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VIJAYAMANGALAM 638 056
QUALITY CERTIFICATE
: ME6401
Scubject
: Kinematics of Machinery
Class
being prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the university curriculum.
This is to certify that the course material being prepared by Mr.V.P.Krishnamurthy is of adequate quality. He has
referred more than five books among them minimum one is from aborad author.
Signature of HD
Name:E.R.SIVAKUMAR M.E.,(Ph.D)
SEAL
S.NO
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.2
1.2.1
1.3
1.3.1
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.1.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.1
4.1.1
4.2
4.3
CONTENTS
TOPIC
UNIT I BASICS OF MECHANISMS
Introduction
Kinematic Chains and Inversions
Mechanisms
Terminology and Definitions-Degree of Freedom, Mobility
Key concepts
Types of Kinematic Pairs
Degrees of Freedom
Kinematic Chain
Kutzbach criterion, Grashoff's law
Grashoff's law
Kinematic Inversions of 4-bar chain and slider crank
chains
Whitworth quick return motion mechanism
Mechanical Advantage, Transmission angle
Description of common mechanisms-Single,Double and
offset slider mechanisms - Quick return mechanisms
Straight line generators, Design of Crank-rocker
Mechanisms
UNIT II KINEMATICS OF
LINKAGE MECHANISMS
Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis in simple
mechanisms
Important Concepts in Velocity Analysis
Graphical Method, Velocity and Acceleration polygons
Velocity and Acceleration analysis of mechanisms
(Graphical Methods)
Coincident points, Coriol is Acceleration
Linkage Synthesis Problem
UNIT III KINEMATICS OF CAMMECHANISMS
Introduction
Types of cams
Types of follower motion
Displacement diagrams
Draw the cam profile for following conditions
Layout of plate cam profiles
Derivatives of Follower motion
Circular arc and Tangent cams
Pressure angle and undercutting
UNIT IV GEARS AND TRAINS
Introduction
Fundamental LawofGear-Tooth
Spur Gear Terminology
Worm, Rack and Pinion Gears
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4.4
4.5
5.1
5.1.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.4
5.4.1
5.5
5.5.1
5.6
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L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
To understand the basic components and layout of linkages in the assembly of a system /
machine.
To understand the principles in analyzing the assembly with respect to the displacement,
velocity, and acceleration at any point in a link of a mechanism.
To understand the motion resulting from a specified set of linkages, design few linkage
mechanisms and cam mechanisms for specified output motions.
To understand the basic concepts of toothed gearing and kinematics of gear trains and the
effects of friction in motion transmission and in machine components.
UNIT I
BASICS OF MECHANISMS
9
Classification of mechanisms Basic kinematic concepts and definitions Degree of freedom,
Mobility Kutzbach criterion, Grueblers criterion Grashofs Law Kinematic inversions of fourbar chain and slider crank chains Limit positions Mechanical advantage Transmission
Angle Description of some common mechanisms Quick return mechanisms, Straight line
generators, Universal Joint rocker mechanisms.
UNIT II
KINEMATICS OF LINKAGE MECHANISMS
9
Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of simple mechanisms Graphical method Velocity
and acceleration polygons Velocity analysis using instantaneous centres kinematic analysis of
simple mechanisms Coincident points Coriolis component of Acceleration Introduction to linkage
synthesis problem.
UNIT III
KINEMATICS OF CAM MECHANISMS
9
Classification of cams and followers Terminology and definitions Displacement diagrams
Uniform velocity, parabolic, simple harmonic and cycloidal motions Derivatives of follower
motions Layout of plate cam profiles Specified contour cams Circular arc and tangent cams
Pressure angle and undercutting sizing of cams.
UNIT IV
GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS
9
Law of toothed gearing Involutes and cycloidal tooth profiles Spur Gear terminology and
definitions
Gear tooth action contact ratio Interference and undercutting. Helical, Bevel, Worm, Rack and
Pinion gears [Basics only]. Gear trains Speed ratio, train value Parallel axis gear trains Epicyclic
Gear Trains.
UNIT V
FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS
Surface contacts Sliding and Rolling friction Friction drives Friction in screw threads
Bearings and lubrication Friction clutches Belt and rope drives Friction in brakes- Band
and Block brakes.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course, the students can able to apply fundamentals of
mechanism for the design of new mechanisms and analyse them for optimum design.
TEXT BOOKS:
1.
Uicker, J.J., Pennock G.R and Shigley, J.E., Theory of Machines and
Mechanisms, 3rd
Edition, Oxford University Press, 2009.
2.
Rattan, S.S, Theory of Machines, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009.
REFERENCES:
1.
Thomas Bevan, "Theory of Machines", 3rd Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors,
2005.
2.
Cleghorn. W. L, Mechanisms of Machines, Oxford University Press, 2005
3.
Robert L. Norton, "Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery", Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009.
4.
Allen S. Hall Jr., Kinematics and Linkage Design, Prentice Hall, 1961
5.
Ghosh. A and Mallick, A.K., Theory of Mechanisms and Machines", Affiliated EastWest Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, 1988.
6.
Rao.J.S. and Dukkipati.R.V. "Mechanisms and Machine Theory", Wiley-Eastern
Ltd., New
Delhi, 1992.
7.
John Hannah and Stephens R.C., "Mechanics of Machines", Viva Low-Prices Student
Edition,
1999.
8.
Ramamurthi. V, "Mechanics of Machines", Narosa Publishing House, 2002.
9.
Khurmi, R.S., Theory of Machines,14th Edition, S Chand Publications, 2005
10.
Sadhu Sigh : Theory of Machines, "Kinematics of Machine", Third Edition, Pearson
Education,
2012
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Examples of mechanisms: Tin snips, vise grips, car suspension, backhoe, piston engine,
folding chair, windshield wiper drive system, etc.
A mechanism is made of a number of resistant bodies outof which some may have motions relative
to the others. Aresistant body or a group of resistant bodies with rigidconnections preventing their
relative movement is known as alink.
A link may also be defined as a member or a combination ofmembers of a mechanism, connecting
other members and havingmotion relative to them, thus a link may consist of one or moreresistant
bodies. A link is also known as Kinematic link or anelement.
Links can be classified into 1) Binary, 2) Ternary, 3) Quarternary, etc.
Kinematic Pair:
A Kinematic Pair or simply a pair is a joint of two links having relative motion between them.
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Example:
In the above given Slider crank mechanism, link 2 rotates relative to link 1 and constitutes a revolute
or turning pair. Similarly, links 2, 3 and 3, 4 constitute turning pairs. Link 4 (Slider) reciprocates
relative to link 1 and its a sliding pair.
1.1.5 Types of Kinematic Pairs:
Kinematic pairs can be classified according to
i) Nature of contact.
ii) Nature of mechanical constraint.
iii) Nature of relative motion.
i) Kinematic pairs according to nature of contact:
a) Lower Pair: A pair of links having surface or area contact between the members is known as a
lower pair. The contact surfaces of the two links are similar.
Examples: Nut turning on a screw, shaft rotating in a bearing, all pairs of a slider-crank mechanism,
universal joint.
b) Higher Pair: When a pair has a point or line contact between the links, it is known as a higher pair.
The contact surfaces of the two links are dissimilar.
Examples: Wheel rolling on a surface cam and follower pair, tooth gears, ball and roller bearings,
etc.
ii) Kinematic pairs according to nature of mechanical constraint.
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a) Closed pair: When the elements of a pair are held together mechanically, it is known as a closed
pair. The contact between the two can only be broken only by the destruction of at least one of the
members. All the lower pairs and some of the higher pairs are closed pairs.
b) Unclosed pair: When two links of a pair are in contact either due to force of gravity or some
spring action, they constitute an unclosed pair. In this the links are not held together mechanically.
Ex.: Cam and follower pair.
iii) Kinematic pairs according to nature of relative motion.
a) Sliding pair: If two links have a sliding motion relative to each other, they form a sliding pair. A
rectangular rod in a rectangular hole in a prism is an example of a sliding pair.
b) Turning Pair: When on link has a turning or revolving motion relative to the other, they constitute
a turning pair or revolving pair.
c) Rolling pair: When the links of a pair have a rolling motion relative to each other, they form a
rolling pair. A rolling wheel on a flat surface, ball ad roller bearings, etc. are some of the examples
for a Rolling pair.
d) Screw pair (Helical Pair): if two mating links have a turning as well as sliding motion between
them, they form a screw pair. This is achieved by cutting matching threads on the two links.
The lead screw and the nut of a lathe is a screw Pair
e) Spherical pair: When one link in the form of a sphere turns inside a fixed link, it is a spherical
pair. The ball and socket joint is a spherical pair.
1.2 Degrees of Freedom:
An unconstrained rigid body moving in space can describe the following independent
motions.
1. Translational Motions along any three mutually perpendicular axes x, y and z,
2. Rotational motions along these axes.
Thus a rigid body possesses six degrees of freedom. The connection of a link with another imposes
certain constraints on their relative motion. The number of restraints can never be zero (joint is
disconnected) or six (joint becomes solid).
Degrees of freedom of a pair is defined as the number of independent relative motions, both
translational and rotational, a pair can have.
Degrees of freedom = 6 no. of restraints.
To find the number of degrees of freedom for a plane mechanism we have an equation known as
Grublers equation and is given by F = 3 ( n 1 ) 2 j1 j2
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In case, the motion of a link results in indefinite motions of other links, it is a non-kinematic chain.
However, some authors prefer to call all chains having relative motions of the links as kinematic
chains.
1.2.2Linkage, Mechanism and structure:
A linkage is obtained if one of the links of kinematic chain is fixed to the ground. If motion
of each link results in definite motion of the others, the linkage is known as mechanism. If one of the
links of a redundant chain is fixed, it is known as a structure.
To obtain constrained or definite motions of some of the links of a linkage, it is necessary to know
how many inputs are needed. In some mechanisms, only one input is necessary that determines the
motion of other links and are said to have one degree of freedom. In other mechanisms, two inputs
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may be necessary to get a constrained motion of the other links and are said to have two degrees of
freedom and so on.
The degree of freedom of a structure is zero or less. A structure with negative degrees of freedom is
known as a Superstructure.
Motionand itstypes:
1.Completely constrained motion : If the motion between a pair of links is limited to a definite
direction, then it is completely constrained motion. E.g.: Motion of a shaft or rod with collars at each
end in a hole as shown in fig.
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2. Incompletely Constrained motion : If the motion between a pair of links is not confined to a
definite direction, then it is incompletely constrained motion. E.g.: A spherical ball or circular shaft
in a circular hole may either rotate or slide in the hole as shown in fig.
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This figure shows the mechanism of a fly press. The element B forms a sliding with A and turning
pair with screw rod C which in turn forms a screw pair with A. When link A is fixed, the required fly
press mechanism is obtained.
1.3.Kutzbach criterion, Grashoff's law
Kutzbach criterion:
If you pin one end of the link to the plane, how many degrees of freedom does it now have?
Add a second link to the picture so that you have one link pinned to the plane and one free to
move in the plane. How many degrees of freedom exist between the two links? (4 is the
correct answer)
Pin the second link to the free end of the first link. How many degrees of freedom do you
now have?
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How many degrees of freedom do you have each time you introduce a moving link? How
many degrees of freedom do you take away when you add a simple joint? How many
degrees of freedom would you take away by adding a half joint? Do the different terms in
equation make sense in light of this knowledge?
Grashoff 4-bar linkage: A linkage that contains one or more links capable of undergoing a
full rotation. A linkage is Grashoff if: S + L < P + Q (where: S = shortest link length, L =
longest, P, Q = intermediate length links). Both joints of the shortest link are capable of 360
degrees of rotation in a Grashoff linkages. This gives us 4 possible linkages: crank-rocker
(input rotates 360), rocker-crank-rocker (coupler rotates 360), rocker-crank (follower);
double crank (all links rotate 360). Note that these mechanisms are simply the possible
inversions (section 2.11, Figure 2-16) of a Grashoff mechanism.
Non Grashoff 4 bar: No link can rotate 360 if: S + L > P + Q
Consider a linkage with the shortest and longest sides joined together. Examine the linkage
when the shortest side is parallel to the longest side (2 positions possible, folded over on the
long side and extended away from the long side). How long do P and Q have to be to allow
the linkage to achieve these positions?
Consider a linkage where the long and short sides are not joined. Can you figure out the
required lengths for P and Q in this type of mechanism
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Inversions:
By fixing each link at a time we get as many mechanisms as the number of links, then each
mechanism is called Inversion of the original Kinematic Chain.
Inversions of four bar chain mechanism:
There are three inversions: 1) Beam Engine or Crank and lever mechanism. 2) Coupling rod of
locomotive or double crank mechanism. 3) Watts straight line mechanism or double lever
mechanism.
Beam Engine:
When the crank AB rotates about A, the link CE pivoted at D makes vertical reciprocating motion at
end E. This is used to convert rotary motion to reciprocating motion and vice versa. It is also known
as Crank and lever mechanism. This mechanism is shown in the figure below.
2. Coupling rod of locomotive: In this mechanism the length of link AD = length of link C. Also
length of link AB = length of link CD. When AB rotates about A, the crank DC rotates about D. this
mechanism is used for coupling locomotive wheels. Since links AB and CD work as cranks, this
mechanism is also known as double crank mechanism. This is shown in the figure below.
3. Watts straight line mechanism or Double lever mechanism: In this mechanism, the links AB
& DE act as levers at the ends A & E of these levers are fixed. The AB & DE are parallel in the
mean position of the mechanism and coupling rod BD is perpendicular to the levers AB & DE. On
any small displacement of the mechanism the tracing point C traces the shape of number 8, a
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portion of which will be approximately straight. Hence this is also an example for the approximate
straight line mechanism. This mechanism is shown below.
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A slotted link 1 is fixed. When the crank 2 rotates about O, the sliding piston 4 reciprocates in the
slotted link 1. This mechanism is used in steam engine, pumps, compressors, I.C. engines, etc.
2. Crank and slotted lever mechanism:
It is an application of second inversion. The crank and slotted lever mechanism is shown in figure
below.
In this mechanism link 3 is fixed. The slider (link 1) reciprocates in oscillating slotted lever (link 4)
and crank (link 2) rotates. Link 5 connects link 4 to the ram (link 6). The ram with the cutting tool
reciprocates perpendicular to the fixed link 3. The ram with the tool reverses its direction of motion
when link 2 is perpendicular to link 4. Thus the cutting stroke is executed during the rotation of the
crank through angle and the return stroke is executed when the crank rotates through angle or
360 . Therefore, when the crank rotates uniformly, we get
Time to cutting = =
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Third inversion is obtained by fixing the crank i.e. link 2. Whitworth quick return mechanism is an
application of third inversion. This mechanism is shown in the figure below. The crank OC is fixed
and OQ rotates about O. The slider slides in the slotted link and generates a circle of radius CP. Link
5 connects the extension OQ provided on the opposite side of the link 1 to the ram (link 6). The
rotary motion of P is taken to the ram R which reciprocates. The quick return motion mechanism is
used in shapers and slotting machines. The angle covered during cutting stroke from P1 to P2 in
counter clockwise direction is or 360 -2. During the return stroke, the angle covered is 2 or .
Therefore,
Time to cutting = 360 -2 = 180
Time of return 2 = = . 360
1. Rotary engine mechanism or Gnome Engine:
Rotary engine mechanism or gnome engine is another application of third inversion. It is a rotary
cylinder V type internal combustion engine used as an aero engine. But now Gnome engine has
been replaced by Gas turbines. The Gnome engine has generally seven cylinders in one plane. The
crank OA is fixed and all the connecting rods from the pistons are connected to A. In this mechanism
when the pistons reciprocate in the cylinders, the whole assembly of cylinders, pistons and
connecting rods rotate about the axis O, where the entire mechanical power developed, is obtained in
the form of rotation of the crank shaft. This mechanism is shown in the figure below.
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The co-ordinates of the point R are x and y. From the fig. cos = x.PR
and Sin = y. QR
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii) we get
x2 + y2= cos2 + sin2
2
(PR)
x2 + y2= 1
2
(QR)
(PR) (QR)
The equation is that of an ellipse, Hence the instrument traces an ellipse. Path traced by mid-point of
2
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5.Oldhams coupling: The third inversion of obtained by fixing the link connecting the 2 blocks
P & Q. If one block is turning through an angle, the frame and the other block will also turn
through the same angle. It is shown in the figure below.
An application of the third inversion of the double slider crank mechanism is Oldhams coupling
shown in the figure. This coupling is used for connecting two parallel shafts when the distance
between the shafts is small. The two shafts to be connected have flanges at their ends, secured by
forging. Slots are cut in the flanges. These flanges form 1 and 3. An intermediate disc having
tongues at right angles and opposite sides is fitted in between the flanges. The intermediate piece
forms the link 4 which slides or reciprocates in flanges 1 & 3. The link two is fixed as shown. When
flange 1 turns, the intermediate disc 4 must turn through the same angle and whatever angle 4 turns,
the flange 3 must turn through the same angle. Hence 1, 4 & 3 must have the same angular velocity
at every instant. If the distance between the axis of the shaft is x, it will be the diameter if the circle
traced by the centre of the intermediate piece. The maximum sliding speed of each tongue along its
slot is given by
v=x where, = angular velocity of each shaft in rad/sec v = linear velocity in m/sec
1.6 Mechanical Advantage, Transmission angle:
1The mechanical advantage (MA) is defined as the ratio of output torque to the input torque. (or)
ratio
of load to output.
2 Transmission angle.
3 The extreme values of the transmission angle occur when the crank lies along the line of frame.
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The angle covered during cutting stroke from P1 to P2 in counter clockwise direction is or 360 -2.
During the return stroke, the angle covered is 2 or .
3. Drag link mechanism :
This is four bar mechanism with double crank in which the shortest link is fixed. If the crank AB
rotates at a uniform speed, the crank CD rotate at a non-uniform speed. This rotation of link CD is
transformed to quick return reciprocatory motion of the ram E by the link CE as shown in figure.
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When the crank AB rotates through an angle in Counter clockwise direction during working stroke,
the link CD rotates through 180. We can observe that / >/ . Hence time of working stroke is /
times more or the return stroke is / times quicker. Shortest link is always stationary link. Sum of
the shortest and the longest links of the four links 1, 2, 3 and 4 are less than the sum of the other two.
It is the necessary condition for the drag link quick return mechanism.
4.Crank and slotted lever mechanism:
It is an application of second inversion. The crank and slotted lever mechanism is shown in figure
below.
In this mechanism link 3 is fixed. The slider (link 1) reciprocates in oscillating slotted lever (link 4)
and crank (link 2) rotates. Link 5 connects link 4 to the ram (link 6). The ram with the cutting tool
reciprocates perpendicular to the fixed link 3. The ram with the tool reverses its direction of motion
when link 2 is perpendicular to link 4. Thus the cutting stroke is executed during the rotation of the
crank through angle and the return stroke is executed when the crank rotates through angle or
360 . Therefore, when the crank rotates uniformly, we get,
Time to cutting = =
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7. Pantograph: Pantograph is used to copy the curves in reduced or enlarged scales. Hence this
mechanism finds its use in copying devices such as engraving or profiling machines.
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This is a simple figure of a Pantograph. The links are pin jointed at A, B, C and D. AB is parallel to
DC and AD is parallel to BC. Link BA is extended to fixed pin O. Q is a point on the link AD. If the
motion of Q is to be enlarged then the link BC is extended to P such that O, Q and P are in a straight
line. Then it can be shown that the points P and Q always move parallel and similar to each other
over any path straight or curved. Their motions will be proportional to their distance from the fixed
point. Let ABCD be the initial position. Suppose if point Q moves to Q1 , then all the links and the
joints will move to the new positions (such as A moves to A1 , B moves to Q1, C moves to Q1 , D
moves to D1 and P to P1 ) and the new configuration of the mechanism is shown by dotted lines. The
movement of Q (Q Q1) will be enlarged to PP1 in a definite ratio.
8. Toggle Mechanism:
In slider crank mechanism as the crank approaches one of its dead centre position, the slider
approaches zero. The ratio of the crank movement to the slider movement approaching infinity is
proportional to the mechanical advantage. This is the principle used in toggle mechanism. A toggle
mechanism is used when large forces act through a short distance is required. The figure below
shows a toggle mechanism. Links CD and CE are of same length. Resolving the forces at C
vertically F Sin =P Cos 2
Therefore, F = P . (because Sin /Cos = Tan ) 2 tan Thus for the given value of P, as the links
CD and CE approaches collinear position (O), the force F rises rapidly.
9. Hookes joint:
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Hookes joint used to connect two parallel intersecting shafts as shown in figure. This can also be
used for shaft with angular misalignment where flexible coupling does not serve the purpose. Hence
Hookes joint is a means of connecting two rotating shafts whose axes lie in the same plane and their
directions making a small angle with each other. It is commonly known as Universal joint. In Europe
it is called as Cardan joint.
10. Ackermann steering gear mechanism:
This mechanism is made of only turning pairs and is made of only turning pairs wear and tear of the
parts is less and cheaper in manufacturing. The cross link KL connects two short axles AC and BD
of the front wheels through the short links AK and BL which forms bell crank levers CAK and DBL
respectively as shown in fig, the longer links AB and KL are parallel and the shorter links AK and
BL are inclined at an angle . When the vehicles steer to the right as shown in the figure, the short
link BL is turned so as to increase , where as the link LK causes the other short link AK to turn so
as to reduce . The fundamental equation for correct steering is, CotCos = b / l
In the above arrangement it is clear that the angle through which AK turns is less than the angle
through which the BL turns and therefore the left front axle turns through a smaller angle than the
right front axle. For different angle of turn , the corresponding value of and (Cot Cos ) are
noted. This is done by actually drawing the mechanism to a scale or by calculations. Therefore for
different value of the corresponding value of and are tabulated. Approximate value of b/l for correct
steering should be between 0.4 and 0.5. In an Ackermann steering gear mechanism, the
instantaneous centre I does not lie on the axis of the rear axle but on a line parallel to the rear axle
axis at an approximate distance of 0.3l above it.
Three correct steering positions will be:
1) When moving straight.
2) When moving one correct angle to the right corresponding to the
link ratio AK/AB and angle .
3) Similar position when moving to the left. In all other
positions pure rolling is not obtainable.
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GENEVA STOP:
BELL CRANK: The bell crank was originally used in large house to operate the servants bell, hence the
name. The bell crank is used to convert the direction of reciprocating movement. By varying the angle of the
crank piece it can be used to change the angle of movement from 1 degree to 180 degrees.
GENEVA STOP: The Geneva stop is named after the Geneva cross, a similar shape to the main part
of the mechanism. The Geneva stop is used to provide intermittent motion, the orange wheel turns
continuously, the dark blue pin then turns the blue cross quarter of a turn for each revolution of the
drive wheel. The crescent shaped cut out in dark orange section lets the points of the cross past, then
locks the wheel in place when it is stationary. The Geneva stop mechanism is used commonly in film
cameras.
ELLIPTICAL TRAMMEL
PISTON ARRANGEMENT
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motion in two axis. Notice that the handle traces out an ellipse rather than a circle. A similar
mechanism is used in ellipse drawing tools.
PISTON ARRANGEMENT: This mechanism is used to convert between rotary motion and
reciprocating motion, it works either way. Notice how the speed of the piston changes. The piston
starts from one end, and increases its speed. It reaches maximum speed in the middle of its travel
then gradually slows down until it reaches the end of its travel.
RACK AND PINION
RATCHET
RACK AND PINION: The rack and pinion is used to convert between rotary and linear motion.
The rack is the flat, toothed part, the pinion is the gear. Rack and pinion can convert from rotary to
linear of from linear to rotary. The diameter of the gear determines the speed that the rack moves as
the pinion turns. Rack and pinions are commonly used in the steering system of cars to convert the
rotary motion of the steering wheel to the side to side motion in the wheels. Rack and pinion gears
give a positive motion especially compared to the friction drive of a wheel in tarmac. In the rack and
pinion railway a central rack between the two rails engages with a pinion on the engine allowing the
train to be pulled up very steep slopes.
RATCHET: The ratchet can be used to move a toothed wheel one tooth at a time. The part used to
move the ratchet is known as the pawl. The ratchet can be used as a way of gearing down motion. By
its nature motion created by a ratchet is intermittent. By using two pawls simultaneously this
intermittent effect can be almost, but not quite, removed. Ratchets are also used to ensure that motion
only occurs in only one direction, useful for winding gear which must not be allowed to drop.
Ratchets are also used in the freewheel mechanism of a bicycle.
WORM GEAR
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WORM GEAR: A worm is used to reduce speed. For each complete turn of the worm shaft the gear
shaft advances only one tooth of the gear. In this case, with a twelve tooth gear, the speed is reduced
by a factor of twelve. Also, the axis of rotation is turned by 90 degrees. Unlike ordinary gears, the
motion is not reversible, a worm can drive a gear to reduce speed but a gear cannot drive a worm to
increase it. As the speed is reduced the power to the drive increases correspondingly. Worm gears
are a compact, efficient means of substantially decreasing speed and increasing power. Ideal for use
with small electric motors.
WATCH ESCAPEMENT: The watch escapement is the centre of the time piece. It is the
escapement which divides the time into equal segments.The balance wheel, the gold wheel, oscillates
backwards and forwards on a hairspring (not shown) as the balance wheel moves the lever is moved
allowing the escape wheel (green) to rotate by one tooth. The power comes through the escape wheel
which gives a small 'kick' to the palettes (purple) at each tick.
GEARS
CAM FOLLOWER.
GEARS: Gears are used to change speed in rotational movement. In the example above the blue
gear has eleven teeth and the orange gear has twenty five. To turn the orange gear one full turn the
blue gear must turn 25/11 or 2.2727r turns. Notice that as the blue gear turns clockwise the orange
gear turns anti-clockwise. In the above example the number of teeth on the orange gear is not
divisible by the number of teeth on the blue gear. This is deliberate. If the orange gear had thirty
three teeth then every three turns of the blue gear the same teeth would mesh together which could
cause excessive wear. By using none divisible numbers the same teeth mesh only every seventeen
turns of the blue gear.
CAMS: Cams are used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion. The motion created can
be simple and regular or complex and irregular. As the cam turns, driven by the circular motion, the
cam follower traces the surface of the cam transmitting its motion to the required mechanism. Cam
follower design is important in the way the profile of the cam is followed. A fine pointed follower
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will more accurately trace the outline of the cam. This more accurate movement is at the expense of
the strength of the cam follower.
STEAM ENGINE.
Steam engines were the backbone of the industrial revolution. In this common design high pressure
steam is pumped alternately into one side of the piston, then the other forcing it back and forth. The
reciprocating motion of the piston is converted to useful rotary motion using a crank.
As the large wheel (the fly wheel) turns a small crank or cam is used to move the small red control
valve back and forth controlling where the steam flows. In this animation the oval crank has been
made transparent so that you can see how the control valve crank is attached.
1.8 Straight line generators, Design of Crank-rocker Mechanisms:
Straight Line Motion Mechanisms:
The easiest way to generate a straight line motion is by using a sliding pair but in precision machines
sliding pairs are not preferred because of wear and tear. Hence in such cases different methods are
used to generate straight line motion mechanisms:
1. Exact straight line motion mechanism.
a. Peaucellier mechanism, b. Hart mechanism, c. Scott Russell mechanism
2. Approximate straight line motion mechanisms
a. Watt mechanism, b. Grasshoppers mechanism, c. Roberts mechanism,
d. Tchebicheffs mechanism
a. Peaucillier mechanism :
The pin Q is constrained to move long the circumference of a circle by means of the link OQ. The
link OQ and the fixed link are equal in length. The pins P and Q are on opposite corners of a four bar
chain
which has all four links QC, CP, PB and BQ of equal length to the fixed pin A. i.e., link AB = link
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AC. The product AQ x AP remain constant as the link OQ rotates may be proved as follows: Join
BC to bisect PQ at F; then, from the right angled triangles AFB, BFP, we have AB=AF+FB and
BP=BF+FP. Subtracting, AB-BP= AF-FP=(AFFP)(AF+FP) = AQ x AP .
Since AB and BP are links of a constant length, the product AQ x AP is constant. Therefore the point
P traces out a straight path normal to AR.
b. Roberts mechanism:
This is also a four bar chain. The link PQ and RS are of equal length and the tracing pint O is
rigidly attached to the link QR on a line which bisects QR at right angles. The best position for O
may be found by making use of the instantaneous centre of QR. The path of O is clearly
approximately horizontal in the Roberts mechanism.
a. Peaucillier mechanism
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and cosines to the vector diagrams to determine the x and y components of each vector. In this
way, the x and y components of the total acceleration can be found.
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3.1INTRODUCTION
Acam is a mechanical device used to transmitmotion to a follower by direct contact. The
driveris called the cam and the driven member is called the follower.In a cam follower pair,the
cam normally rotates while the follower may translate or oscillate.Afamiliar exampleis the cam
shaft of an automobile engine, where the cams drive the push rods (thefollowers) to open
And close the valves in synchronization withth emotion of the pistons.
Cams:
Type of cams, Type of followers, Displacement, Velocity and acceleration time curves for cam
profiles, Disc cam with reciprocating follower having knife edge, roller follower, Follower
motions including SHM, Uniform velocity, Uniform acceleration and retardation and Cycloidal
motion.
Cams are used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion. The motion created can be simple
and regular or complex and irregular. As the cam turns, driven by the circular motion, the cam
follower traces the surface of the cam transmitting its motion to the required mechanism. Cam
follower design is important in the way the profile of the cam is followed. A fine pointed follower
will more accurately trace the outline of the cam. This more accurate movement is at the expense of
the strength of the cam follower.
3.1.1 Types of cams
Cams can be classified based on their physical shape.
a)DiskorplatecamThedisk(orplate)camhas anirregularcontourtoimpartaspecificmotion
tothefollower.Thefollowermovesinaplaneperpendiculartotheaxis ofrotationofthe camshaftandis
heldincontactwiththecambysprings orgravity.
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Fig.3.1Plateordiskcam.
Fig.3.2Cylindricalcam.
c)Translatingcam.Thetranslatingcamis acontouredorgroovedplateslidingonaguiding
surface(s).Thefollowermayoscillate (Fig.3.3a)orreciprocate(Fig.3.3b).Thecontourorthe
shapeofthegrooveis determinedbythespecifiedmotionofthefollower.
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Fig.3.3translatingcam
Types offollowers(Fig3.4):
(i)Basedonsurfaceincontact.
(a)Knifeedgefollower
(b)Rollerfollower
(c)Flatfacedfollower
(d)Sphericalfollower
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Fig3.4
(ii)Basedontypeofmotion(Fig3.5):
(a)Oscillatingfollower
(b)Translatingfollower
Fig:3.5
Basedonlineofmotion(Fig3.6):
(a)Radialfollower:Thelines ofmovementofin-linecamfollowers pass throughthecenters of
thecamshafts
(b) Off-setfollower:Forthis type,thelines ofmovementareoffsetfromthecenters ofthe
camshafts
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Fig
3.6
Cam
nomenclature (Fig.3.7):
CamProfileThecontouroftheworkingsurfaceofthecam.
Tracer PointThepointattheknifeedgeofafollower, orthecenterofa roller, orthecenterofa
sphericalface.
PitchCurveThepathofthetracerpoint.
BaseCircleThesmallestcircledrawn,tangentialtothecamprofile, withits centerontheaxis of
thecamshaft.Thesizeofthebasecircledetermines thesizeof
thecam.
PrimeCircleThesmallestcircledrawn,tangentialtothepitchcurve, withits centeron theaxis
ofthecamshaft.
PressureAngleTheanglebetweenthenormaltothepitchcurveandthedirectionof
motionofthefolloweratthepointofcontact
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Fig3.7
3.2 Types offollowermotion:
Cam follower systems are designed to achieve a desired oscillatory motion.Appropriate
displacement patterns are to beselected forthis purpose, before designing the cam surface.The
cam is assumed to rotate at a constant speed and the follower raises,dwells, returns to it soriginal
position and dwells again through specified angles of rotation of the cam,during each revolution
of the cam.Some of the standard follower motions are as follows:
Theyare,follower motion with,
(a)Uniformvelocity
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(b)Modifieduniformvelocity
(c)Uniformaccelerationanddeceleration
(d)Simpleharmonicmotion
(e)Cycloidalmotion
3.3 Displacementdiagrams:
In a cam follower system,the motion of the follower is very important. Its displacement can
be plotted against the angular displacement of the cam and it is called as the displacement
diagram.The displacement of the follower is plotted along they-axis and angular displacement of
the cam is plotted along x-axis.From the displacement diagram, velocity y and acceleration of the
follower can also be plotted for different angular displacements of the cam.The
displacement,velocity and acceleration diagrams are plotted forone cycle of operationi.e., one
rotation of the cam. Displacement diagrams are basic requirements for the construction of cam
profiles.Construction of displacement diagrams and calculation of velocities and accelerations of
followers with different types of motions are discussed in the following sections.
(a)FollowermotionwithUniformvelocity:
Fig.3.8shows the displacement,velocity and acceleration patterns of a follower having uniform
velocity type of motion.Since the follower moves with constant velocity,during riseand fall,the
displacement varies linearly with .Also,since the velocity changes from zero to a finite value,
with in no time, theoretically,the acceleration be comes in finite at the beginning and end of rise
and fall.
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Fig
3.8
(b)
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Itis observedin thedisplacement diagrams ofthefollower with uniform velocity that the
acceleration nof the follower becomes in finit eat the beginning and ending of rise and return
strokes. Inorder to prevent this,the displacement diagrams are slightly modified.In the modified
form,thevelocity of the follower changes uniformly during the beginning and end of each
stroke. Accordingly,the displacemen to the follower varies parabolically during the seperiods.
With this modification, the acceleration becomes constant during the seperiods, instead of being
infinite a sin the uniform velocity type of motion.The displacement, velocity and acceleration
patterns shownin fig
(c)
Follower
motion
with
uniform
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Fig3.11
(c)Cycloidalmotion:
Cycloid is the path generated by a point on the circumference of a circle, as the circle rolls
without slipping, on a straight/flat surface.The motion executed by the follower here, is similar
to that of the projection of a point moving along a cyloidal curve on a vertical lineas shown in
figure6.12.
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3.4 Drawthecamprofileforfollowingconditions:
Followertype=Knifeedged,in-line;lift=50mm;basecircle radius =50mm;outstrokewith SHM,for600
camrotation;dwellfor450camrotation;returnstrokewithSHM,for90 ocam
rotation;dwellforthe
remainingperiod.
(2)Draw the cam profile for the same operating condition so f with the follower offset by 10mm
to the left of cam center.
Camprofile:
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Camprofilewith10mmoffset:
(1)Drawthecamprofileforfollowingconditions:
Follower type=roller follower, in-line; lift=25mm; base circle radius=20mm;roller radius=
5mm;out stroke with Uniform acceleration and retardation,for120 0cam rotation;dwellfor600
camrotation;return stroke withUniform acceleration and retardation,for90 0 camrotation; dwell for
the remaining period.
(4)Draw the cam profile for conditions same with follower off set to right
of cam center by 5mm and cam rotating counter clockwise.
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DisplacementDiagram:
Cam profile;
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Camprofilewith5mmoffset
(2)Drawthecamprofileforfollowingconditions:
Follower type=knife edge d follower, in line; lift=30mm;base circle radius =20mm;outstroke with
uniform velocity in1200of cam rotation;dwell for 600; return stroke with uniform velocity,
during900ofcam rotation;dwell for the remaining period.
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DisplacementDiagram
Cam profile
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(3)Drawthecamprofileforfollowingconditions:
Followertype=flatfacedfollower,inline;followerrisesby20mmwithSHMin120 0of cam
rotation,dwellsfor300 ofcamrotation;returnswithSHMin1200 ofcamrotationanddwells duringthe
remainingperiod.Basecircle radius =25mm.
DisplacementDiagram:
Cam profile
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In the example above the blue gear has eleven teeth and the orange gear has twenty five. To turn the
orange gear one full turn the blue gear must turn 25/11 or 2.2727r turns. Notice that as the blue gear
turns clockwise the orange gear turns anti-clockwise. In the above example the number of teeth on
the orange gear is not divisible by the number of teeth on the blue gear. This is deliberate. If the
orange gear had thirty three teeth then every three turns of the blue gear the same teeth would mesh
together which could cause excessive wear. By using none divisible numbers the same teeth mesh
only every seventeen turns of the blue gear.
A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth,or cogs,which mesh with
another toothed part in order to transmit torque.Two or more gears working intandemare
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called a transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage through agearratio and
thus may be considered a simple machine.Geared devices can change the speed,
magnitude,and direction of a powersource.The most common situation is for a gear to
mesh with another gear,however a gear can also mesh a non-rotating toothed part, called
a rack, there by producing translation instead of rotation.
The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a pulley.Anadvantage of
gears is that theteeth of a gear prevent slipping.
When two gears of unequal number of teeth are combined a mechanical advantage is
produced, with both the rotational speeds and the torques of the two gears differing in
asimple relationship.
In transmissions which offer multiple gear ratios, such as bicycles and cars, the term
gear, as infirstgear, refers to agear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The
term is used to describe similar devices even when gear ratio is continuous rather than discrete, or
when the device does not actually on tain any gears, as in a continuously variable transmission.
4.1.1 Fundamental LawofGear-Tooth
Pitch point divides the line between the line of
centers and its positiond ecides the velocity ratio of
the two teeth.The above expression is the
fundamental law of gear-tooth action.
Formation of teeth:
Involute teeth
Cycloidal teeth
Involute curve:
The curve most commonly use d for gear-tooth
profiles is the involute of a circle. This involute curve
is the path traced by a pointonalineas the line
Rolls without slipping on the circumference of a circle. It may also be defined asapathtraced by
the end of a string, which is originally wrapped on a circle when the string is un wrapped from the
circle.The circle from which the involute is derived is called the base circle
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CycloidalCurve
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Pathofcontact:
Consider a pinion driving wheel as shown in figure. When the pinion rotates in
clockwise, the contact between a pair of involute teeth begin sat K(on the near the base circle of
pinionortheouterendofthetoothfaceonthewheel)andendsatL(outerendofthetoothface on the pinion
or on the flank near the base circle of wheel).
MN is the common normal at the point of contacts and the common tangent to the base
circles.The point K is the intersection of the addendum circle of wheel and the common tangent.
The point L is the intersection of the addendum circle of pinion and common tangent.
The lengthof path of contact is the length of common normal cut-offbytheaddendum circlesof
thewheelandthepinion.Thusthelengthof partof contactisKLwhichisthesumof thepartsof pathof
contactsKPandPL.ContactlengthKPiscalledaspathofapproachand
contactlength
PLis
calledaspathofrecess.
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Arcofcontact:Arc of contact is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle from the beginning
to the end of engagement of a given pair of teeth. In Figure, the arc of contact is EPF or GPH.
The arc GP is known a sarcofapproachand the arc PH is called arc of recess.The angles
subtended by the searcs at O1arecalled angle of approach and angle of recessrespectively.
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defi
Continuous motion transfer requires two pairs of teeth in contact at the ends of the
path of contact, though the reisonly one pairincontact in the middle of the path,as in Figure. The
average number of teeth in contact is an important parameter-If itis tool owdue the use of
inappropriate profile shift sortoan excessive centredistance.Them anufacturinginaccuracies
mayleadtolossof kinematiccontinuity-thatistoimpact,vibrationandnoiseTheaverage numberof
teethincontactisalsoaguidetoloadsharingbetweenteeth;itistermedthecontact ratio
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The tooth tip of the pinion will then undercut the toot h on the wheel at the
rootanddamages partoftheinvoluteprofile.Thiseffectis knownas
interference,andoccurs when theteetharebeingcutandweakens thetoothatits root.
Ingeneral,thephenomenon,whenthetipoftoothundercuts
the
rootonitsmatinggearis
knownasinterference.Similarly,if theradiusof theaddendum circlesof thewheelincreases
beyondO2M,thenthetipoftoothonwheelwillcauseinterferencewiththetoothonpinion.The points M
andNarecalledinterferencepoints.
Interference may be avoided if the path of
interferencepoints.Thelimitingvalueoftheradius
andofthewheelis O2M.
remainunchanged,but
Minimumnumbers ofteethonthepinionavoidInterference
Thepinionturns clockwiseanddrives thegearas showninFigure.
PointsMandNarecalledinterferencepoints.i.e.,ifthecontacttakesplacebeyondMandN,
interferencewilloccur.
Thelimitingvalueofaddendumcircleradiusof pinionisO1Nandthelimitingvalueof addendum
circleradiusofgearisO2M.Consideringthecriticaladdendum
circleradiusofgear,
thelimitingnumberofteethongearcanbecalculated.
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equation gives minimum number of teeth required on the pinion to avoid interference.
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Addendum:The radialdistancebetweenthePitchCircleandthetopoftheteeth.
Arc of Action: Is the arc of the Pitch Circle between the beginning and the end ofthe
engagementofagivenpairofteeth.
ArcofApproach:Is the arc of the Pitch Circle between thefirstpointofcontactofthegear
teethandthePitchPoint.
ArcofRecession:ThatarcofthePitchCirclebetweenthePitchPointandthelastpointof
contactofthegearteeth.
Backlash:Playbetweenmatingteeth.
BaseCircle:Thecirclefromwhichisgeneratedtheinvolutecurveuponwhichthetoothprofile isbased.
CenterDistance:Thedistancebetweencenters oftwogears.
ChordalAddendum:Thedistancebetweenachord,passingthroughthepointswherethe Pitch
Circlecrosses thetoothprofile, andthetoothtop.
ChordalThickness:Thethicknessofthetoothmeasuredalongachordpassingthroughthe points
wherethePitchCirclecrosses thetoothprofile.
CircularPitch:MillimeterofPitchCirclecircumferencepertooth
CircularThickness:Thethickness ofthetoothmeasuredalonganarcfollowingthePitchCircle
Clearance:Thedistancebetweenthetopofatooth andthebottomofthespaceintowhichitfits
onthemeshinggear.
ContactRatio:The ratioofthelengthoftheArcofActiontotheCircularPitch.
Dedendum:The radialdistancebetweenthebottomofthetoothtopitchcircle.
DiametralPitch:Teethpermmofdiameter.
Face:Theworkingsurfaceofageartooth,locatedbetweenthepitchdiameterandthetopofthe tooth.
FaceWidth:Thewidthofthetoothmeasuredparalleltothegearaxis.
Flank:Theworkingsurfaceofageartooth,locatedbetweenthepitchdiameterandthebottom oftheteeth
Gear: Thelargeroftwomeshedgears.Ifbothgearsarethesamesize,theyarebothcalled
"gears".
Land:Thetopsurfaceofthetooth.
LineofAction:Thatlinealongwhichthepointofcontactbetweengearteethtravels,between
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thefirstpointofcontactandthelast.
Module:MillimeterofPitchDiametertoTeeth.
Pinion:Thesmalleroftwomeshedgears.
PitchCircle:Thecircle,theradiusof whichisequaltothedistancefromthecenterofthegear
tothepitchpoint.
Diametralpitch:Teethpermillimeterofpitchdiameter.
PitchPoint:Thepointoftangencyofthepitchcirclesoftwomeshinggears,wheretheLineof
Centers crosses thepitchcircles.
PressureAngle:AnglebetweentheLineofActionandalineperpendiculartotheLineof
Centers.
Profile Shift:AnincreaseintheOuterDiameterandRootDiameterofagear,introduced
tolowerthepracticaltoothnumberor acheiveanon-standardCenterDistance.
Ratio:Ratioofthenumbers ofteethonmatinggears.
RootCircle:Thecirclethatpasses throughthebottomofthetoothspaces.
RootDiameter:ThediameteroftheRootCircle.
WorkingDepth:Thedepthtowhichatoothextendsintothespacebetweenteethonthemating gear.
4.3 Worm, Rack and Pinion Gears
RACK AND PINION
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RACK AND PINION: The rack and pinion is used to convert between rotary and linear motion.
The rack is the flat, toothed part, the pinion is the gear. Rack and pinion can convert from rotary to
linear of from linear to rotary. The diameter of the gear determines the speed that the rack moves as
the pinion turns. Rack and pinions are commonly used in the steering system of cars to convert the
rotary motion of the steering wheel to the side to side motion in the wheels. Rack and pinion gears
give a positive motion especially compared to the friction drive of a wheel in tarmac. In the rack and
pinion railway a central rack between the two rails engages with a pinion on the engine allowing the
train to be pulled up very steep slopes.
WORM GEAR: A worm is used to reduce speed. For each complete turn of the worm shaft the gear
shaft advances only one tooth of the gear. In this case, with a twelve tooth gear, the speed is reduced
by a factor of twelve. Also, the axis of rotation is turned by 90 degrees. Unlike ordinary gears, the
motion is not reversible, a worm can drive a gear to reduce speed but a gear cannot drive a worm to
increase it. As the speed is reduced the power to the drive increases correspondingly. Worm gears
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step is typically smaller than 10:1 for size purposes). Once this is done, determine the
desired ratio for each step, select a pinion size, and then calculate the gear size.
Reverted Gear Trains A reverted gear train is a special case of a compound gear train. A
reverted gear train has the input and output shafts in line with one another. Assuming no
idler gears are used, a reverted gear train can be realized only if the number of teeth on the
input side of the train adds up to the same as the number of teeth on the output side of the
train.
Differentials:
Used in the rear axle of an automobile.
To enable the rear wheels to revolve at different speeds when negotiating a curve.
To enable the rear wheels to revolve at the same speeds when going straight.
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Problem:1
Problem:2
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Friction
Frictionisa measureofhow harditistoslide one objectoveranother. Take alook at thefigure
below.Bothof theblocksaremadefromthesame material,butone is heavier.Ithink we
allknow which onewillbeharder forthe bulldozer to push.
Because
frictionexistsatthemicroscopic
level,
the
amount
of
areactuallyquiteroughat
themicroscopiclevel.Whenyousettheblockdownonthetable,thelittle
peaksand
valleysgetsquishedtogether,andsomeofthemmayactuallyweldtogether.Theweightof
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againstrubber
than
itistoslidesteelagainststeel.The
typeof
material
weight,themore
force
required.Thisconceptappliesfor
likebrakesandclutches,whereapadispressedagainstaspinning
disc.Themore
devices
forcethat
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Coefficientoffriction():
Itis as the ratiothelimitingfriction(F)tothenormalreaction(R N)betweenthetwobodies.
=F/RN
Angleoffriction:
It may be defined as the angle which the resultant reaction R makes with
normal reactions
tan=F/RN
5.2Friction drives:
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1. Torquerequiredliftingtheloadbyascrewjack
Let
p=pitchofthescrew
d=meandiameterofthescrew
=helixangle
P=effortappliedatthecircumferenceofthescrewtolifttheload
W=loadtobelifted
=coefficientofthefriction
tan=p/d
Torquerequiredovercomingfrictionbetweenthescrewandnut
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Thetorquerequiredtoovercomefrictionatthecollar
TotalTorque requiredovercomingfriction
IfanP1isappliedattheendofaleverofarml,thenthetotaltorquerequiredtoovercome
frictionmustbeequaltothetorqueappliedattheendofthelever
.Torquerequiredlowertheloadbyascrewjack
Let
p=pitchofthescrew
d=meandiameterofthescrew
=helixangle
P=effortappliedatthecircumferenceofthescrewtolifttheload
W=loadtobelifted
=coefficientofthefriction
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Torque requiredovercomingfrictionbetweenthescrewandnut
Efficiencyofthescrewjack:
Thee fficiency of the screwjack may b defined as the ratio be tweentheideal efforts to
actualeffort.
Selflockingandoverhaulingofscrews
Torque requiredtolowertheload
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In the above expressions,if <,then the torque required to lower the loadwill
be negative,the load will start movingdown ward without application offorce,such
acondit ion is known as overhaulin gofscrew.
If >,then the torquerequiredtolowertheloadwillbepositive,indicatingthatan
efforts appliedlowertheload,suchaconditionis knownas self lockingofscrew
5.4 Clutch
For other uses, seeClutch
(disambiguation).
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highwhile
engagingtheclutch
willcause
excessive
clutch
platewear.
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Typeofflatbeltdrives
Openbeltdriv
e Cross
beltdrive
Quarterturnb
eltdrive
Beltdrivewithidlerpulley
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Belt andropedrives:
BELT
DRIV
ES
V Belt Drives
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ROPE DRIVES
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QUESTION BANK
UNIT -I
TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
1. Define Kinematic link.
It is a resistive body which go to make a part of a machine having relative
motion
between them.
2. Define Kinematic pair.
When two links are in contact with each other it is known as a pair. If the pair
makes
constrain motion it is known as kinematic pair.
3. Define Kinematic chain.
When a number of links connected in space make relative motion of any point on a
link
with respect to any other point on the other link follow a definite law it is
known as kinematic chain.
4. Write the Grublers criterion for determining the degrees of freedom of a
mechanism having plane motion.
n=3(l-1)-2j
h-Higher pair
joint lNumber of
links
j-Lower pair joint
5. Define degree of freedom, what is meant by mobility. (Ap/May-2008)
The mobility of a mechanism is defined as the number of input parameters which must
be
independently controlled in order to bring the device into a particular position.
6. Write the Kutzbachs relation. (Ap/May-2008)
Kutzbachs criterion for determining the number of degrees of freedom or movability
(n)
of a plane mechanism is n=3(l1)-2j-h n-Degree of freedom.
l-Number of
links.
hHigher pair
joint j-Lower
pair joint.
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mechanism.
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slidingatBand
D,
(2)
Angular
velocityof
CD
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of
theslider,and
(2)Angular
Spiral cams
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Cycloidal motion.
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follower centre atfull lift is 45 mm and the roller is 20 mmin diameter. Find the
cam proportions and plot displacement, velocityandacceleration for one full cycle.
UNIT -IV
TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
1. Define spur gear.
A spur gear is a cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are straight line generation of
the
reference cylinder. They are used to transmit rotary motion between parallel shafts.
2. Define addendum and dedendum.
Addendum is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the tooth.
Dedendum is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the
tooth.
3. Define circular pitch.
It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from a point of
one
tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is denoted by Pc
Circular pitch Pc= /DT
Where D = Diameter of pitch
circle. T = Number of teeth on
the wheel.
4. Define I) path of contact. II) Length of path of contact.
Path of contact: It is the path traced by the point of contact of two teeth from
the
beginning to the end of engagement.
Length of path of contact: It is the length of common normal cut- off by the
addendum circles of the wheel and pinion.
5. State the law of gearing.
Law of gearing states that, the common normal at the point of contact between a pair
of
teeth must always pass through the pitch point.
6. Define conjugate action.
When the tooth profiles are so shaped so as to produce a constant angular velocity
ratio
during Meshing, then the surface are said to de conjugate.
7. Define angle of approach.
The angle of approach is defined as the angle through which a gear rotates from
the
instant a pair of teeth comes into contact until the teeth are in contact at the pitch point.
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c) Contact ratio.
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possible
gearwheel(2)the
length
lengtheach,
of
arcof
find(1)the
contact(30
addendum
forpinion
themaximum
and
velocityof
areof
involute
form;module=6mm,
addendum=onemodule,
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*Fiber ropes.
*Wire ropes.
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*Dynamic friction.
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0.08. (16)
4.a).A leather belt is required to transmit 7.5 kw from a pulley 1.2 m in
diameter, running at 250 rpm. The angle entranced is 1650 and the coefficient
of friction
between the belt6 and the pulley is 0.3. If safe working stress for the leather belt is 1.5
MPa, density of leather is 1 kg/ m3 end thickness of belt is 10 mm. Determine
the width of the belt taking C.F tension into account. (8)
b).Two pulley one 450 mm diameter and other 200mm dia are on parallel shaft 2.1
m apart and are connected by a cross belt. The larger pulley rotates at 225 rpm. The
maximum permissible tension in the belt is 1 KN and the coefficient of friction
between the belt and the pulley is 0.25. Find the length of the belt required and the
power can be transmitted. (8)
5.Two shaft whose centers are 1m apart are connected by a V belt drive. The
driving pulley is supplied with 100 KW and has an effective diameter of 300 mm.
It runs at 375 rpm. The angle of groove on the pulley is 400 The permissible
tension in 400 mm2 cross sectional area of the belt is 2.1 MPa. The density of the
belt is 1100 kg/ mm3 coefficient of friction is 0.28. Estimate number of belts
required. (16)
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UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
B.E.IB.Tech.DEGREE EXAMINATION,NOVEMBER 2006.
Fourth Semester
(Regulation 2004) Mechanical Engineering
ME 1252- KINEMATICS OFMACHINERY
(Common toB.E. (Part-Time) Third Semester
Regulation 2005)
1. (i)DescribeWhitworth's quick return echanism. (6)
(ii)Distancebetweentwoparallelshaftsconnected
by
Boldhamscouplingis25
(4) (ii)
linkDAturnsclockwiseat100rpm.Constantdriving
Determinethefollowing:(1)Velocity
ofpointB(2)Angularvelocity
torqueis50N-m.
ofdrivenlink
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4.(i)Findthenumber ofinstantaneouscentresforasixlinkmechanism.Statetheuse
ofinstantaneous centre method in kinematic analysis.(4)
(ii)Crankofaslidercrankmechanismrotatesclockwiseataconstantspeedof
300rpm,crankandconnectingrod are of lengths150mmand600respectively. Determine
thefollowing;ata crankangle of45frominnerdeadcentreposition(1) Linear velocity
and acceleration of the midpoint of connecting rod
profileof
disc
camtogive
uniformmotionanduniformvelocity
duringoutstrokeof25mmtoaknifeedgefollowerduringfirsthalfrevolution.
Returnofcamisalsoofsimilaruniformmotionwithuniformvelocity
during
remaininghalfrevolution.Minimumradiusofthecamis25mm.Assumethatthe
axis
of
of20
mmduring
120ofcamrotation.(2)
90ofcamrotation.
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KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
25teethdrivesagearof60teeth.Toothprofileisinvolutewith
teeth
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T8248- KINEMATICS OFMACHINERY
(Common toB.E. (Part-Time) Third Semester
Regulation 2005)
11. What is Kutzbach criterion forplanar mechanism?
12. Sketch an exact straight line mechanism, with link proportions.
13. Explain normal component of acceleration.
14. StateCorioli's law.
15. What arethe classifications of cams based oncontact surfaces?
16. Statethe basic requirements forhigh speedcams.
17. Definemoduleofgears and its relation to circularpitch.
18. Explain brieflythe useof differential in an automobile.
19. What aretimingbelts?
20. Explain brieflysignificanceof friction in braking.
11.(i)Whatismeantby interferenceingears?Whatarethemeasurestoeliminatethe same?
(4)
(ii)AnepicyclictrainhasapinionAhaving15teeth,centrally locatedandrigidly
connectedtoshaftofdriving motor.AnothergearBhaving20teethisgearing withA
andalsowithannularfixedwheelD.GearCisintegralwithB andmesheswith another
annular wheelEwhichiskeyedtothe shaftof driven unit.The armrotates aboutdriving
shaftandcarriescompoundgearB,C.Sketchthearrangementand
determinespeedofmachineforamotorspeedof 1000rpm.Alsodeterminetorqueon
machine shaft for amotor torqueof 100 N-m.(12)
12.Twomating gearshave20and40involuteteethofmodule10mmand20 pressure
angle.The addendumoneachwheelistobemade ofsuchalengththatthe line of
contactoneachsideof thepitchpointhashalfthemaximumpossiblelength. Determine the
addendumheightforeachgearwheel,lengthofthepathofcontact,arc of contact
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andcontactratio.
13. (i)Explain the inversions of four barchain, with neat
sketches. (8)
(ii)Explainwithneatsketchesthefollowing:(1) Offsetslider mechanism,(2)An indexingmechanism.
14. (i)Explain theinversionsof single slider crank chains, with neat sketches.
(10)
(ii)Explainmechanicaladvantageandtransmissionanglerelatedtofour-bar mechanisms.
(6)
15. (i) Compare instantaneous center method and velocity polygon method for
velocityanalysisof mechanisms.
(4)
(ii)Afourbarlinkagehasfollowing dimensions:CrankAO2=150mm;LinkAB
= 450mm;LinkBO4= 300mm;LinkO2O4= 200mm.Link
angular
accelerationoflinksAB
O2O4isfixed.Findthe
andBO4whenthecrankisrotating
withaconstant
at600rad/mincounterclockwise,lengthof
crankis80mmandratioofconnectingrodlengthtocrankradiusis3.Forthe
positionwhencrankmakes45tohorizontal,determine accelerationofpiston.Find also
total acceleration ofapointX on connectingrod 80 from crank pin.(12)
17.Drawtheprofileofdisccamtogiveuniformaccelerationandretardationout
strokeof25toaknifeedgefollowerduringfirsthalfofrevolution.Returnofcam also takes
place with uniform motion during remaining half of cam revolution. Assume
minimumradius of cam as 25 mm.
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18.Drawtheprofileofacamtogivefollowingmotiontoareciprocatingfollower
withaflatface:(i)Followertohaveastrokeof20mmduring120ofcamrotation. (ii) Follower todwell
for 30ofcamrotation.(iii)Followertoreturntoitsinitial positionduring
120ofcamrotation.(iv)Followertodwellforremaining90ofcam
rotation.Minimumradiusofcam=25mm.Outstrokeandreturnstrokeofthefollower aresimple
harmonic.
19. (i) Pitch of 50 mm diameter threaded screw of a screw jack is 12.5 mm.
Coefficientof frictionbetweenscrew andnutis0.10.Determine the torque toraisea load
of 25kNrotatingwiththe screw. Alsofindthe torquerequiredtolower the load and
efficiencyof screw jack.(4)
(ii)100kWistobetransmittedby aropedrivethrougha160cmdiameter45 groovedpulley
runningat200rpm.Angleofoverlap140andcoefficientoffriction betweenpulley
andropeis0.25.Massofropeis0.7kg/manditcanwithstanda tensionof 800N.
Considering centrifugaltension,findthefollowing:(i)Numberof ropes required,
(ii)Initialtension in the rope.(12)
20. (i)Explain the following:
(1)Crowningof pulleys(3)
(2)Self-lockingofbrakes(3)
(3)Uses of brakesin
automobiles. (2)
(ii) A10kWenginedevelopsamaximumtorque of100N-mandisdrivingacar
havingasingleplateclutchoftwoactivesurfaces.Axialpressureisnottoexceed
0.85bar.Externaldiameter offrictionplateis1.25timesinternaldiameter.Assume
uniformwearandco-efficientoffriction= 0.3.Determine dimensionoffrictionplate and
axial forceexerted bythe springs.
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Fourth Semester
(Regulation 2004) Mechanical Engineering
ME 1252- KINEMATICS OFMACHINERY
Fourth Semester
(Regulation 2004) Mechanical Engineering
ME 1252- KINEMATICS OFMACHINERY
(Common toB.E. (Part-Time) Third Semester
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Regulation 2005)
Maximum: 100marks
Time :Three hours
A3sizedrawing sheet willbeissued, ifrequired.
Answer ALLquestions. PARTA- (10x2=20marks)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PART B- (5x16=80marks)
11.
(a) (i)
(4)
(4)
(ii)
Brieflyexplainvarioustypes ofconstrainedmotions.
(iii)
Fig. 12.(a). revolvesat auniformspeed of200 r.p.m. Find the velocity and
accelerationofthe tool-boxR,inthe positionshown,when the crank makes
an angle of60with the vertical line ofcenters PA.What isthe
accelerationofsliding ofthe blockatBalong the slotted lever PQ?
(b) For the toggle mechanism as shown in Fig. 12(b), the slider D IS
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(a) Acam with aminimum radius of25mm, rotating in clockwise direction with
auniform speed of100rpm istobedesigned togivethe motion fora roller follower
asfollows.
(i)
(ii)
14. (a)
(i)
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respectively.
(10)
(ii)What is reverted gear train? Explain the arrangement ofvarious gears in a reverted
gear
train
(6)
(b) (i)
(ii)
module6mm isin mesh. The number ofteeth in pinionis 16and its rotational
speed is 240
interference,determine
(1) addendaonpinionand wheel
(2) length ofpath ofcontact
(3)
15. (a)
(i)
(12)
diameter of bearing
ofspanner
500mm
long
when
the
load
boltis10kN.
(8)
(ii)
A leather faced conical clutch has a cone angle of 30. If the intensity
of pressure between the contact surfaces is limited to
0.35 Nzmm?and the breadth ofthe conicalsurfaceisnot toexceed
1I3rdofthe mean
radius. Determine
(i)
(8)
Or
Derivethe expressionforFrictional torqu oncone clutch based on
e
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uniformpressuretheory.
(ii)
(6)
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