Hunh Hu Phc

I.

Si07

CKD l g? Th no l CKD bn khng kh & CKD thy lc? VD?

II.

CKD: l nhng cht hoc hp cht c kh nng t rn chc, ng thi lin kt 1 h khc (si
hoc ht) thnh khi vng chc.
CKD bn kk: l cc CKD sau khi trn vi H2O c th ng rn & bn vng trong mt kk. Ch
dng trong trng hp ko c tc dng ca H2O.
VD: thch cao, vi, CKD manhezi
CKD thy lc: l CKD sau khi trn H2O c th ng rn trong kk & tip tc ng rn bn
vng trong mt nc. Do c kh nng ng rng & tng cng trong H 2O gi l: CKD
thy lc.
VD: Vi thy lc, XM cao nhm, XM x, XM Puzolan, XMP
Clinker XMP l g? Thnh phn pha ca clinker XMP? 4 khong chnh?

Clinker XMP: l bn thnh phm trong qtrnh sx XMP, c sx = cch nung kt khi hn
hp ngliu t nhin nh vi, t st & qung st vi thnh phn tnh trc nhit cao
(1450 ) sau lm ngui nhanh.

Thnh phn pha/khong:

- Alit (40 60%): l dd rn ca khong gc C3S (3CaO.SiO2) vi cc oxit khc (MgO,
Cr2O5) . Khong chnh to cng trong XMP. C3S ng rn nhanh, ta nhiu nhit,
dng th hnh cn trg clinker l .
-

Belit (15 35%): l dd rn ca khong gc C2S (2CaO.SiO2) vi cc oxit khc, dng th

hnh cn l -C S . C tnh kt dnh, t ta nhit khi ng rn, pht trin cng
2

III.

chm giai on u, nhng sau cho cng kh cao.

Tri-canxi aluminat C3A (3CaO.Al2O3) (4 14%): g rn nhanh, ta nhiu nhit, ko bn
trog mt xm thc.
Alumo-ferit canxi C4AF (4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3) (10 18%): d ha tan trong H2O, t ta
nhit, chu n mn tt, g rn nhanh to cng bu nhanh nhng sau cng
ko cao.
Ngoi ra cn pha thy tinh trong clinker (15 25%), cc oxit t do cha P ht v cc
khong khc.

Tp ca XMP v XMP hn hp? Gii thch k hiu PC40, PCB50

IV.

PC : l sphm nghin mn gia clinker PC + ph gia thch cao (3 5% clinker)

PCB = PC + cc ph gia khc: pg y, pg hot tnh (20 40%)
PC40: Mu chun XMP k chun c cng nn ko di 40 MPa, tng 400 kG/cm2.
PCB50: L XMP trn vi ph gia khong hot tnh vi mc 50 MPa.
Tn, vai tr, tc dng ca cc ngliu & ph gia thng dng SX XMP.
Nguyn liu:
vi CaCO3: Cung cp CaO, y l oxit c hlng cao I trong clinker XMP, nn tp ha ca
ngliu cung cp CaO ng vai tr quyt nh ti vic la chn cng ngh.
1

Hunh Hu Phc

V.

Si07

t st: Cung cp ng thi SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3

Cc loi qung cha st: Cung cp Fe2O3, nhm to pha lng cn thit cho qu trnh nung
luyn clinker & to khong C4AF.
Ph gia: l nhng ngliu khc nhm ci thin 1 s t/c no ca XM.
Ph gia hiu chnh thnh phn: dng khi tphn ha ngliu t nhin ko ph hp vi yu cu
t ra. (Ct cung cp SiO2, Boxit cung cp Al2O3 v Fe2O3 )
Ph gia gim tc ng rn: (Thch cao) ko th thiu trong CNSX XM.
Ph gia hot tnh thy lc: (puzolan, cc loi t ni la) khi trn vi XMP s to hn
hp CKD c tnh thy lc.
Ph gia y: (bt vi, bt ) gim gi thnh SP, ko lm hi cc t/c c bn ca XM.
Ph gia x l cao: ph thi ca nhiu ngnh CN (luyn kim, ha cht): trong tp c cc khong
c hot tnh cao, hay cc khong c tnh kt dnh.
Nhng TSKT qtrng I ca XMP? YN, vai tr, yu t h ca mi thng s.
1. Kh nng ng rn: l t/c qtrng I v qtrnh thi cng. Qa trnh bt XMP t dng h
va do to thnh khi rn chc gi l qtrnh ng rn hay qtrnh to cng ca
XMP. Qtrnh ng rn XMP c th chia thnh 2 g: g ninh kt & g ng rn tip tc.
2. Mc xi mng: l TSKT qtrng I nh gi cht lng s dng ca XMP. Mc ca XM
l cng chu nn ca mu chun lm t XM.
3. Khi lng th tch v: l khi lg ca 1 v th tch XMP nghin thnh bt; l
TSKT xnh rt n gin nhng mang tnh ng dng cao, cho php nh gi nhanh cht
lng XMP; ph thuc tp khong, mn, m ca XMP.
4. Khi lng ring : l 1 trog nhng ch tiu qtrng /gi cht lng kt khi ca clinker
XMP ( tng mc kt khi & bn c tng); ph thuc tp khong ca clinker XMP.
5. mn (S b mt ring) bt XM: XM phi c mn ln c tc p hydrat ha
cn thit to nhng khong cho XM cng
6. Lng cht MKN: Ktra MKN do phn hy lng d CaCO3, Ca(OH)2 trong clinker,
CaSO4.2H2O trong XMP cho ta thng s v cht lng ca chng.
7. n nh th tch: XM sau ng rn cn n nh th tch, ngha l ko b co dn
trong sut qtrnh s dng. Bin i th tch qu ln hay ko u lm nt v cu kin.
8. Lng H2O tiu chun: l lng H2O cn XM to thnh va c do tiu chun ;
ph thuc tpk, mn, lng & loi ph gia XM.
9. Lng vi (CaO) t do v MgO t do: l lng CaO, MgO cn d, ko thgia cc p
trong qtrnh nung luyn clinker XMP; l ch tiu qtrng nh gi cht lng clinker
XMP, th hin mc hon thin p nung luyn clinker.
10. Nhit ta ra khi ng rn: P hydrat ha ca XM l P ta nhit. nh hng ti
sphm thy ha cc khong XMP, gy s nhit lm nt v, gim cht lng cng trnh;
ph thuc tpk, mn, chng loi & hm lng ph gia XM.
11. bn ha: l kh nng chng li tc nhn n mn ca XM trong qtrnh s dng; ph
thuc tpk, tph, mt khi , chng loi, hm lng ph gia, mt n mn (mt kim,
sunfat)
2

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

12. Thi gian bo qun, s dng: cn bo qun v s dng XMP cng nhanh cng tt.
Trong iu kin thng thng, thi hn bo qun XMP ti a ko nn qu 6 thng.
VI.

Cc pp SX XM; u nhc im ca mi pp?

Phn loi theo m ca phi liu khi a vo l nung VN:
PP kh (< 1%): l quay l pp ch yu trn TG & VN
- Nhm tng hiu qu trao i nhit mc cao I trong l quay nung
- Cc qtrnh bin i ha l ca phi liu kh xy ra ch yu pha rn, c thc hin
trong cc tb c bit (h thng trao i nhit kiu treo). Phn p pha lng thc hin nt
trong phn l quay.
- Nhc: trc y, cht lng c thp hn pp t
- u: L quay gim bt chiu di ( 60 80m), nng lng tit kim hn so vi pp t,
vn mt d gii quyt hn.

PP bn kh ( 12 18%: dng vin): vi tb nung l l ng (XM l ng)

Phi liu c v thnh vin (10 20mm), w = 12 16% cho vo nung trong l ng.
Nhin liu than cng c to vin (2 5mm) chung ln vo vin phi liu.
Nhc: Cht lng clinker thp, km n nh, nng sut thp, nhim mt.
u: Vn u t thp, d thay i cng ngh, d thay i chng loi sp.

PP t (18 45%: dng bn past): l quay

- Phi liu c nghin t dng bn (past, w 45%) i vo l quay t u pha trn, tri
qua 1 lot bin i ha l: sy, t nng, phhy t st & cacbonat canxi, kt khi & lm
ngui nhanh thnh clinker.
- p dng khi ngliu khai thc bu c m cao, ngliu cc CaO ko cng, d to huyn
ph khi nghin t.
- Nhc: L phi di mt nc, nng lng tiu tn cao, mt ko m bo
- u: Cho XM c cht lng cao do qtrnh nghin t cho mn & ng I phi liu cao.
VII.

Cng ngh & cc thit b SX XM ph bin I hin nay?

VIII.

Cng nh: SX XM theo pp kh, l quay

Thit b: h thng trao i nhit kiu treo, l quay, thit b bung t calciner, tb lm
ngui kiu ghi, h thng tch kim by-pass, ng dn gi 3, thit b phn li, thit b lc bi
tnh in, my nghin bi, my p ba

Vai tr, v tr cc cng on ng I trong CNSX XM. Thng dng thng s no

gi mc ng I? Cc pp ng nht trong silo cha bt phi liu.

Vai tr, v tr:

Nguyn liu sau khi khai thc, nh lng c em vo Kho ng nht phi liuvai tr ?
Phi liu sau khi c sy nghin lin hp c a vo silo cha Vai tr ?
Clinker sau khi ra khi tb lm ngui c a vo Silo vai tr?
Cc ngliu c sy, nghin, trn vi nhau thnh 1 hh ng I v tph,
mn, m
3

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

Gip p to cc khong trong clinker thun li ti mi im, tng cht

lng XM.
-

Thng s nh gi mc ng :
Mc ng nht (M) thng x theo chnh lch hm lng CaCO3 (hoc CaO) gia cc khu
vc khc nhau vi tgian trn hoc chnh lch hlng trc & sau khi trn.
Thng trc khi trn mc chnh lch l 2%, sau trn l 0.2% v 0.15%
Tn ti 1 tgian trn ti u, ti thi im , mc ng u ko tng c,
d tg trn tng.
Cc pp ng nht:
- PP ng I = chuyn dch: khi lng CaCO dao ng ln ( 5 )
3

ng nht bng silo nhiu ngn: khi dao ng tphn tng i nh

( 1.5 )

ng nht lin tc trong silo vi bung khuy trn (hnh nn hoc tr): khi ng nht
phi liu cao, tc l qua ng I s b.
IX. Qu trnh bin i khi nung luyn clinker XMP
Sy (< 2000C): Tch nc vt l
t nng (200 6500C):
- Tch nc ha hc ca cc khong st
- Phn hy cc tp cht hu c trong t st
- Bin i th hnh ca - quac quac khong 5730C
Phn hy cacbonat (650 10000C)
- Cc bin i xy ra pha rn
- Phn hy cacbonat CaCO3 CaO + CO2 (870 9000C)
- Phn hy cc mui cacbonat khc nh MgCO3, dolomite
Kt khi (1000 14500C)
- Pha lng do cc hp cht eutectic nng chy t0 tng: pha lng tng
- 1000 - 11000C: to pha lng
1200 - 13000C: hnh thnh C2S
1300 - 13500C: C3S hnh thnh mnh trong pha lng
1400 - 14500C: C3S hnh thnh trong pha lng nhiu, lng C3S hnh thnh ph thuc lng
pha lng, linh ng ca pha lng.
Lm ngui (1450 12500C)
- Lm ngui nhanh : Phn pha lng ko kt tinh s to pha thy tinh trong clinker, pha thy tinh
ny c cc vt nt, to c tinh th nh mn d nghin, d thgia p sau ny.
- Gip hn ch 2 p ko cn thit:
C3S C2S + CaO (12500C)
-C2S -C2S (6750C)
X. Nguyn l hot ng ca my nghin ng & my nghin bi, ss u nhc im, v tr s
dng trong CNSX XMP?
MNng: Phi liu c nghin nh khi i qua khe gia bnh nghin & mm nghin
di t/dng ca lc p F & lc mi xit do chuyn ng quay tng i gia bnh nghin
& mm nghin.
4

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

MNBi: Thng quay khin vt liu v bi nghin quay theo, n mt cao nht nh ri
ri xung to lc p hoc trt, mi xit lm nh vt liu cn nghin.
- Thng quay khin phi liu v bi nghin quay theo, n mt cao
nht nh, bi ri xung. phi liu c nghin mn nh lc p ca bi
nghin, lc mi xit gia bi bi, bi tm lt, bi phi liu

So Snh:
MN:
C th nghin vt liu c m khc nhau
Khng n v din tch xy dng nh hn
Do phn ly tt, nng lng tiu tn ring nghin thp hn MNB nhiu (cng cng sut)
iu chnh c ht khi nghin d hn MNB.
Chi ph vn hnh v thay th hao mn t hn MNB.
Do d thng kh, NL nghin c th sy kh ngliu ( 10% sau nghin).
Khi kt hp dng kh thi (t0 ti 3000C) thnh h thng sy nghin lin
hp, hiu qu sy rt cao.
MNB: nghin ng thi trn ht rt mn, ng nht khi nghin ln nhiu loi vt
liu cng lc cao hn MN .
Xu hng kt hp c 2 my nghin.
V tr: nghin phi liu, nhin liu (than), nghin clinker XMP.

XI. S khc bit gia nghin phi liu v nghin xi mng?

Nghin phi liu:
- Nghin phi liu gip ng nht phi liu v tphn, mn, m, tng b mt
tip xc gia cc ht nguyn liu.
- Cng on ny bao gm sy v nghin lin hp, kh vo c t cao sy.
- Chnh lch m vo v ra
- mn ko bng nghin XM
Nghin clinker XM:
-

Nghin mn clinker vi ph gia nhm to s ng nht gia clinker & ph gia,

gip t mn cn thit tham gia p vi nc & ng rn, trong , kch
thc ht nh hng ln n bn c ca XM.

Trnh mt nc ca thch cao: khng ch t kh i vo my nghin

Lm ngui khng gian my nghin (= cch phun sng)

Lu : Clinker ra khi l c kh nng kt dnh nhng cn yu do S bm cn b, kthc ht

ln. Khi vn din ra qu trnh hydrat ha nhng ch khong 4%
Nghin phi liu
- Sy nghin lin hp (dng
kh nng)
- K/t ht ln hn
- Sy phi liu
Nghin phi liu gip ng

Nghin XM
Nghin trn clinker vi PG
K/t ht nh mn hn
Lm ngui my nghin (= cch phu
sng): Trnh mt nc ca thch cao
khi nghin clinker
5

Hunh Hu Phc
nht phi liu v tph, mn,
m, tng b mt tip xc
gia cc ht nguyn liu, to
k cho p to khong khi nung.

Si07
nghin mn clinker vi PG nhm to s
ng nht gia clinker & PG (nu nghin
chung vi PG), gip t mn cn thit
thgia p vi H2O & ng rn, trong ,
k/t ht h ln n bn c ca XM

XII. Vai tr ca h thng cyclone trao i nhit SP (c h thng tch kim: by-pass) trong
CNSX XM pp kh. V ng i ca phi liu v kh nng trong ton b h thng l.
Vai tr:
- H thng trao i nhit: tit kim nng lng nhit ca l quay nung clinker XMP pp
kh.
- H thng tch kim: gim hlng kim trong clinker, ng thi gim hlng kh SO2,
Cl2, kh thi sch hn bo v thit b l quay, tng cht lng XMP, vn hnh n
nh, bo ton mi trng

Hunh Hu Phc

XIII.

Si07

Theo pp kh, c th tng mc phn hy cacbonat = cch tng bc cyclone c

ko? Nguyn l cu to bung phn hy cacbonat? Vai tr & ngha ca n trong
CNSX v mt.
c nhng c gii hn & phi kt hp vi nng t0 cyclone (900 10000C).
Ngl:
- Kh nng (gi 3 t tb lm ngui clinker) thi vo bung p theo phng tip tuyn
vi bung, to dng kh xoy.
- Bt phi liu t trn xung, t0 8000C, gp dng kh xoy nng trao i nhit,
nng n t0 phhy CaCO3.
- Bt phi liu trong bung p ch dng tng si, thi gian lu ht trong tb tng.
- Sau , sp p kh & ht phi liu rn cng ca ra khi bung phn hy: ht phi liu
i vo l quay, kh nng i vo cyclone bc 4.

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

Lieu
vao

Lieu
vao

Nhien
lieu
Kh
nong

Nhien
lieu

Kh
nong

S o nguyen ly thiet b
phan huy cacbonat
(calciner)

Vai tr, ngha:

Thi gian lu ca cc ht CaCO3 vng t0 xy ra p phn hy lu hn, tng hiu sut
phn hy cacbonat (90 95%), tng hiu qu TN ca l, nng cao nng sut ring ca
l quay.
-Cng l 1 bc trao i nhit, nhng mc chnh lch gia bt phi
liu & kh nng ko ng k.
-Thg lu ca cc ht CaCO3 vng t0 xy ra p phn hy = cch
k/t bung, hm lng O2, k/t ca thot liu thng kh CO 2 & phi
liu sau khi phn hy t CaCO3
hiu sut phn hy cacbonat (90 95%), nng sut ring ca l
quay.
XIV. clinker l g? Ti sao cn phi clinker?
clinker: l gon hon thin xong qtrnh lm ngui clinker trc khi nghin mn vi
cc ph gia thnh XMP. Thgian khong 7 10 ngy.
Nguyn nhn :
- Gim lng CaO t do
- Khong - C2S p vi hi nc phn r trc, ko lm hi XMP
8

Hunh Hu Phc
-

Si07

Clinker ra khi tb lm ngui nhanh c t0 cn cao, kh nghin, lm mn tb nghin.

Clinker t0 cao d lm ph gia thch cao mt nc to hin tng ninh kt gi
Silo clinker c th phi trn cc m nung n nh cht lng clinker, h hlng
CaO & MgO t do ti mc cho php.

XV. iu kin chun b than lm nhin liu.

Kin:
- Than lm nhin liu c sy kh, nghin mn trong tb ring trc nung.
- Khi chun b than lm nhin liu, cn ch nhng gii hn phng than n.
- T0 kk dng nn, vn chuyn bt than ko qu cao.
- Ko sy than kh qu trc khi t. W than sau sy 1 1.5%.
- Tbi sy: my sy thng quay, my nghin ng.
- Tb nghin: MNB, MN
- mn cn t: St sng 200 m: 1 - 2%; st sng 88m: 8 12%
w b ca than la chn ch sy hp l: t 0 sy ko qu 3500C, t0 kh
thng 1200C, t0kt 700C

XVI.

Gii thch qu trnh ng rn ca XMP:

Khi trn XM vi H2O, mt lot cc qu trnh ha l phc tp xy ra, nh vy bt XM to

thnh khi rn chc, gi l XM. Ta gi l qu trnh ng rn.

Phn tch qu trnh ng rn v mt ha hc, vt l nh sau:

Ha hc: cc khong ca XMP P vi H2O to cc hydro-silicat (CSH) hoc cc

hydro-aluminat canxi (CAH), y l nhng khong cho va v XMP cng .
C th phn phn ng khong XM vi H2O thnh 2 loi : thy ha (P vi H2O ko
dn ti s phn r cht ban u) v thy phn (P vi H2O dn ti s phn hy cht
bu).
L hc: cu trc tinh th cc khong bin i trong 1 lot qu trnh ha tan - kt tinh,
ti kt tinh to cu trc keo, gel khi bt XM chuyn t dng h va do c th
to hnh ( khun), cng tng dn thnh khi XM bn vng. Th tch khi
XM sau khi hydrat ha tng hn nhu so vi th tch XM ban u.
Theo ho l
- Cu trc tinh th cc khong bin i trong 1 lot qu trnh ho tan kt
tinh, ti kt tinh to cu trc keo, gel to lin kt bn vng cho khi
XM.
- Khi cho nc vo XM:
1. Cc ht XM ho tan
9

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

2. Nng cc ion trong nc (dd) tng dn. Cc hp cht to thnh trong

dd.
3. Khi dd qu bo ho, cc hp cht kt tinh li (cc sp hydrat)
4. nhng giai on sau, cc sp to thnh trn rt gn vi b mt cc ht
XM ( rt nh)
Theo ho hc:
Cc khong ca XMP p vi nc to cc hydro-silict canxi v cc hydroalumint canxi, y l nhng khong cho va & XMP cng .
C th phn p khong XM vi nc thnh hai loi:
- Thy ha: l p vi nc khng dn ti s phn r cht ban u.
VD: Thy ha khong C3A, cc tp khc trong clinker XMP nh CaO/MgO t
do
- Thy phn: qt p vi nc dn ti s phn hy cht b.
VD: Thy phn khong C3S, C2S, C4AF
Thng gi gn l qu trnh hydrt ca XMP.

XVII.

Cu trc ca XM ? S tng quan gia tphn, cu trc XM v c ch n mn

bo v .
Cu trc ca XM: Khi XM sau khi ng rn gm 2 phn:
Pha rn
L xp (Pha kh hoc cha y nc)
- L xp gia cc lp gel : kch thc khong 0,5 2.5 nm, H O ko th
2

thm wa
-

L xp mao qun: kch thc khong 1 10 nm hoc ln hn, khong

10 50 nm, H2O thng lp y cc l xp loi ny.

L khng kh ln vo khi trn XM hoc b tong: kch thc tng i

ln, c th nhn thy = mt thng.
S tng quan gia t/phn, cu trc XM v c ch AM, bo v :
Thnh phn: Trong mi trng sunfat (tr hm lng MgSO4 cao), mn ngn
cn qu trnh n mn, cn gim lng Ca(OH)2 t do, gim hm lng C3A. C3A
ko bn sunfat, MgO lm V tng v CaO gy H ln.

Cu trc: Lm tng mt XM hoc chng thm tt lm tng kh nng chng n

mn.
Cu trc XM:
Phn b thu ho: Yu t chnh to nn cng
Gel Hydro silicat CSH: Cha tp cht Al2O3, SO3, KL kim R2O
Cc hydro sulfo alumin - fert canxi c thnh phn C3(A,F)2CSO3.14H,
kt tinh dng tinh th nh mn, kch thc 0.1 2m.
Cc ddr h C CAS H
10

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

Cc tinh th vi thnh phn C3A.S1/2.H5 hoc C3(A,F)2.S.4H (hydro grant)

Dng tinh th Ca(OH)2 k/t t 1 300m (porlandit) & 1 phn dng
Ca(OH)2 vh tc dng vi CO2 to CaCO3.
Phn ko b thu ho: lm cht n, gp phn chu tc dng ca
ngoi lc
L rng: h xu n cng , nu qu gii hn: cng 0. Gm:
- L xp dng gel, k/t 2 4 m. xp gel 28%V. Lx dng gel ko cho
nc i qua
- L xp mao qun, k/t 1 10 m, xut hin do lng nc d ko cn thit
cho qt to gel & p. Nc c th i qua cc l ny.
L kk ln vo khi trn XM v BT.
-

XVIII.

Cc phng php lm tng cng v tnh chng thm cho XM.

XIX.

S dng ph gia siu do hay ph gia chng thm. Cht chng thm c ngun gc v c hay
hu c (thng l cc polymer). Qu trnh trn cng nh hng tnh chng thm.
Vic dng polymer cng lm gim lng H2O gia cng thc t trong qu trnh ng
rn XMP. Nh c cc polymer cc l xp trong XM gim, nc kh thm qua cu
kin XMP.
Cc cht chng thm ngun gc v c thng tc dng theo c ch kt tinh trong cc
l xp, nh ngn cn kh nng ngm H2O ca XM.
Theo ngtc:
Cc cht tng cng XMP: lng l xp trong cu trc XMP.
Cc cht chng thm cho XMP: thiu v bt kn cc l xp ca XM.
V vy, pp l:
Gim l xp trong cu trc XMP: cn dng lng nc p va
S dng PG: PG siu do, PG KHT, PG chng thm (v c v hu c
Polymer)
???
Cho bit cc tc ng ca cng ngh sn xut xi mng n mi trng

Tc ng xu:
Cn kit ti nguyn thin nhin ( vi, t st, , than)
nh hng n cnh quan, mi trng sinh thi
Kh thi c: CO, CO2, NOx, SO2
Thi rn: bi v bi xm, kim loi nng (Cr), gch chu la
Thi lng: nc ra thit b cha du m, nc thi sinh hot, lm ngui l lm bn ngun
nc sch, cnh quan mt.
Rung ng c hc, ting n t my khai thc, n mn, my nghin, my nn kh
Sinh nhit ra mtrng xung quanh.
Tch cc:
Tn dng ph thi ca cc ngnh khc nh nguyn liu, ph gia, nhin liu
L nung XM c th dng lm l t rc thi
11

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

XX. Puzzoland l g? K tn cc loi CKD c s dng Puzzoland, cho bit khong hm

lng tng ng.

Puzzoland: l nhng vt liu cha SiO2 v nh hnh hoc cc alumo-silicate c k/thc

ht rt b, khi c mt m th p ha hc vi Ca(OH)2 (s/phm ca qa trnh hydrate ho
XM) to thnh nhng hp cht c t/c ca XM.

Cc loi CKD c s dng Puzzoland:

-

XMP Puzzoland
X l cao
Tro bay
t st nung nh la

XXI. Tc dng ca Puzzoland trong thnh phn xi mng PCB?

-

Puzzoland c khong AS, trong mtrng cht in ly mnh, VD do Ca(OH)2 phly to trng
in ly mnh, c th xy ra p hp th vi gia Ca(OH)2 vi AS
Lm chm qu trnh ng rn ca XMP
Do SiO2 hot tnh tham gia tng tc vi vi to CSH cng XMP puzzoland tng dn
vt cng XMP (ko c p/gia hot tnh).
Do SiO2 hot tnh tng tc vi Ca(OH)2 to s/phm kh ha tan lng CaO t do gim
rt nhu, hn na s/phm n phng bt cc l xp trong kt cu XMP puzzoland c bn
nc, bn sunfat cao hn XMP.
Lng nc cn cho XMP puzzoland cao hn XMP
Puzzoland c khong AS, trong mt cht in ly mnh, VD do Ca(OH)2 phly
to mt in ly mnh, c th xy ra p hp th vi gia Ca(OH)2 vi AS
hay SiO2 hot tnh, to cc khong bn sunfat (CxSHn, CxAyHm), cng
cho XM.
Trong g u, cng ca XMP c puzzoland < XMP thng, nhng sau
1 thi gian, cng XMP puzzolan XMP: do SiO2 hot tnh thgia tng
tc to khong vi vi to CSH, gip cng XM , lng CaO t do
nhiu, sp n phng bt cc l xp gp phn lm bn nc, bn sunfat
cao.
c thm:
& khi lng th tch ca XMP puzlan < XMP
Lng H2O cn cho XMP puzlan > XMP, nhit ta ra < hn, co ngt &
trng n u .
Gi thnh XMP puzlan thng < XMP: do chi ph nghin PG < nghin
clinker rt nhiu.

12

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

XXII. X l cao l g? K tn cc loi x? Cho bit cc ng dng ca x trong sx CKD.

X l cao:
-

L ph thi ca CN luyn kim, ch yu t cc l nu gang thp; l hn hp pha lng & cc

oxit ko p ht, ch yu l phn thu hi y l, phn ni trn b mt KL nu chy.
- C nhiu khong c tnh kt dnh: canxi silicat, alumo silicat & pha thy tinh c hot tnh
cao
trong CN CKD, x l cao to dng CKD x ring. X c tnh thy lc.
- Khi lm PG cho XM: X c lm ngui nhanh (to pha tt hot tnh)
nghin mn (hn XM): c t/d nhit thy ha, cng cho XM.
Cc loi x:
-

X - XMP
X - vi
X - sunfat
ng dng:

Khi lm PG cho XM: X c lm ngui nhanh (to pha thy tinh hot tnh) nghin mn
(hn XM): c t/dng gim nhit thy ha, tng cng cho XM.

XXIII. Khi c s dng cc ph gia puzzoland, x l cao th tnh cht ca h va v xi

mng thay i ntn?
XXIV.

Lm chm q/trnh ng rn ca XM do PG lm gim hm lng XMP, lm

long dd ng rn.
Tng lng H2O tiu chun (do Sbm ring ln: Puzzoland), gim lng H2O
s dng (x l cao)
Lng nhit ta ra thp hn, co ngt & trng n tng.
Khi lng ring & khi lng th tch gim
Tng cng cho XM, tng bn ha
Gim lng CaO t do
Cho bit thnh phn pha, tnh cht, ng dng ca cc loi xi mng Alumin? Nguyn
liu v pp sx XM alumin?

XMA: cn gi l CKD thy lc ng rng nhanh, hay XM chu la

Tp pha/khong: CA (qtrng v chim nhiu I), C2S, C2AS, pha thy tinh

T/c:
bn chng sunfat, axit cacbonic & nc gp hng trm ln XMP
VLCL t XMA c bn axit t0 cao.
13

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

Ko bn trong mt kim
Cc oxit kim trong XMA lm gim bn XMA

ng dng:
XMA thng dng trong cc cng trnh cn a nhanh vo s dng, lm BT k bng gi,
cc cng trnh bn sunfat, cng trnh bin, XM chu nhit, XM dn n ,

XXV. Qu trnh ng rn v cng ca XMA.

Q/trnh ng rn: p thy phn aluminat canxi CA l p c bn khi ng rn XMA

t0 = 20 250C:
2CA + 11H2O = 2C.A.8H + Al(OH)3
0
0
t > 20 25 C:
3CA + 9H2O = 3C.A.6H + 2Al(OH)3
Khong ban u thy ha CAH10 c cng rt cao, sau chuyn thnh CAH8
Khong CAH6 lm gim cng XM.
bn c sp t0 cao gim ng k.
XMA ng rn nhanh, thi gian ninh kt ko nhanh. Sau ninh kt, p vi H2O vn xy ra
nhanh, ta nhit mnh, cng nhanh lm t0 xut hin CAH6 cho cng km, to
s nhit c th gy nt v cu kin BT. T/c ny c tn dng lm beton nhit thp.

XXVI. Hy k tn cc loi CKD (dung trong xy dng) khc khng phi l XMP m anh ch
bit? Trnh by ngn gn v thnh phn nguyn liu, phng php sn xut v c
ch ng rn ca nhng loi CKD ny?
Thch cao xy dng, Vi, Thy tinh nc, Cc loi XM c bit, XM sol gel, Vi thy v
XM La M, Manhezi kim tnh, Dolomit kim tnh
(Xem chng 12 Gp cu ny th chu, di lm =.=)
Bi tp tnh phi liu 3 cu t c ln tro xem sch [1] trang 57 (Bi ton 2) Lu : Tt c
thnh thnh phn ho hc nguyn liu phi tnh v trng thi nung trn c s tnh trn
100%.
XXVII.
Cc loi CKD trong xy dng khc XMP? Tp ngliu, ppsx & c ch
ng rn?
Thch cao:
Tp ngliu:
- T nhin: CaSO4.2H2O; CaSO4
- Sp ph ca CN khc: CNSX mui bin, CNSX axit photphoric
Tinh th thch cao c dng tm, mu trng.
PPSX CKD:
Thch cao (nhp) kim tra la chn th cng p hp trong thit
b autolave lm ngui nghin mn + PG Kim tra cht lng
L CKD: v thch cao khan c kn thy ha thun nghch, ng rn
nhanh to vl xp c kh nng gi H2O bi lc mao qun
PPSX thch cao (c qua cho bit, l c hi :d):
14

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

o PP kh:
Thch cao cc nh nung (kh nc) trong tb autoclave 120 1300C
sy nghin
o PP t:
Bt thch cao (v thch cao cn ti sinh) (+ H2O, p hi nc, mt pH x,
cc cht to mm) huyn ph quay ly tm (lc nng chn ko) ra b
tp cht sy (120 1300C)
Qt ng rn: Gm 2 g chnh:
o Ha tan hemihydrat (CaSO4.0,5H2O) trong nc to (CaSO4.nH2O; n
> 2)
o Kt tinh v pht trin tinh th dihydrat (CaSO4.0,5H2O)
- Lk gia cc tinh th (CaSO4.0,5H2O) quyt nh bn ca sp
Thy tinh nc (lng):
Tp ngliu: TT nc l sp ca s ha tan tt silicat kim Na v K trong
nc to dd keo ca silicat kim, ph bin l tt nc Na
Ngliu: Ct, soa v xt
T l phn mol (modul n) Na2O : SiO2 = 1 : (2.0 3.3)
Khi bay hi, modul bin i, t 3 cn 2 (2Na2O : SiO2) sau l 1 (Na2O : SiO2),
vi SiO2 kt ta
PPSX CKD:
o PP kh:
- Soa (Na2CO3) + ct nu trong l b, t0 = 14000C Khi tt nc ltc chy
khi b nu c frit ha v chy thng vo khun c nh = KL.
- tt silicat kim vi nhng module nhau c kh nng ha tan mnh
nhng chm trong H2O (3060%) ha tan mi gi l tt nc.
o PP t:
- Nu ct + xt (NaOH) trong ni p sut autoclave 120 1250C.
- Cng nghip: Xt + ct nu trong l ni gin on = thp kn quay vi
v chm (23 v/ph), p trong ni 1MPa.
- La chy pha ngoi ni thp, truyn nhit qua thnh l.
- Sp ra l theo tng m l tt nc cn ln ct cha tan ht lng lc
li = my p lc khung bn.
- K thut thch hp vi nhng nh my c ngun ngliu xt.
L CKD: V qt ng rn tt nc b hydrat ha c to mch polymer c
tnh kt dnh (H2SiO3; H2Si2O5)
Qu trnh ng rn: l do qt mt nc to mng li lk cc hydrogel
silicat
C ch (3 loi):
a. Nc bay hi. Cht tng cng qt ng rn thng dng l cc Flourit.
b. P vi CO2 & hi nc trong kk pp dng trong cc hh g rn trog ha
hc (CKD k thut)
15

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

c. P ca tt nc vi PG: VD SiO2, betonite, C2S Bn cht t/d l dehydrat

ha tt nc, sau hn hp t ng rn
Vi
Ngliu: cha nhiu CaCO3 nh vi, phn, dolomite
Vi c 2 dng: Vi kh (tp chnh: CaO); vi ti (tp chnh l Ca(OH)2)
PPSX CKD:
Nung ngliu nhit cao ( 800 900oC), CaCO3 phn hy theo p:
CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 ; CaO nhn c gi l vi sng.
L nung vi: cc loi l y th cng; l quay; l ng (thng dng I) c kh
ha, t ng ha
T0 nung: 1000 1200oC tc p & m bo phn hy ht nhng cc
ngliu ln
Nhin liu: Than: antraxit, than cc, cc loi than cho ngn la ngn, t tro
trn cng ngliu
L CKD trong kk, cng thp, thng c nh gi qua tphh & tnh
do
Qt ng rn: Gm 2 g:
1. Bay hi nc ln c hc trong tinh th Ca(OH)2 khi dd nc bo ha
2. Cacbonat ha Ca(OH)2 do hp th kh CO2 t kk, to CaCO3:
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 + nH2O = CaCO3 + (n + 1)H2O
- Qt xy ra vi s bin i V ln (phi dng cng 2 4 phn ct). Ct to b
khung ngn qt bin i V, to vt nt.
- Lp mng CaCO3 to thnh trn b mt ngn cn qt thm nhp CO2 vo
su pha trong.
- Qt ng rn vi rt chm.
Vi thy & XM La M
Vi thy:
Ngliu: vi, t st, cc loi ngliu khc cha cc oxit cn
Module thy ha ln (4.5 9), l CKD thy lc (cc silicat, aluminat &
ferit canxi) nhng cng c t/c ca CKD kk (Ca(OH)2 & CaO)
PPSX Vi thy:
- Phi liu dng bt nung ti (c v ko) nghin silo cha.
- T0n thng 900 1000oC. Hm lng t st t0n
- L nung: Kiu l ng, l quay
XM La M:
Ngliu: tng t XMP ( vi, t st, cc loi ngliu khc cha cc
oxit cn)
PG: Thch cao (5%), cc PG hot tnh (15%)
L CKD thy lc, mudule thy ha nh (1.7 4.5) so vi vi thy:
XM LM ch t vi hn & tp to khong thy lc nhiu hn
t0n 1000 1100oC. Nu ngliu ln MgO: t0n 800 900oC.
16

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

Do t0n thp, cc khong to thnh c s lng & cht lng thp.

Qt ng rn:
Khi ng rn, xy ra qt thy ha cc khong silicat, aluminat & ferit ca
canxi v MgO nu c. Cc sp thy ha dng gel t rn chc, 1 phn kt tinh
lm cng XM.

17

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

III 2 S OCO
NG NGHESA
N XUA
T XMP PHNG PHA
P
T
AVO
I

A
T SE
T

(Nomn)

(mu
c, xu
c)

o
to

QUA
NG SA
T
(FeS2)

Ba
ng ta
i, bm

a
p nghie
n

H2O

Beb
a bu
n

Silo ch
a
Ca
n

Kho ch
a

Bech
a
Ca
n, bm

Ca
n

Ca
t

MA
Y NGHIE
N BI
T

Bech
a
-ie
u ch
nh
-to
n tr

Nhie
n lie
u
-Than mn,
-Da
u

Sa
y
Bm

LO
QUAY
(1450 0C)

Clinker
12500C

Xua
t
clinker

La
m nguo
i nhanh
-Thie
t bha
nh tinh
-Thie
t bkie
u ghi

Clinker, 1000C
Nghie
n s bo

Phugia
-Thach cao

Silo
(u

-a
t, anu
i l
a

MA
Y NGHIE
N MN
(nghie
n bi, nghie
n
ng)

Xima
ng

Silo
ch
a

18

o
ng bao
Tie
u thu

Hunh Hu Phc

Si07

II 3 S OCO
NG NGHESA
N XUA
T XMP PHNG PHA
P KHO
:
AVO
I

A
T SE
T

PHUGIA
FeS2

Nomn,
khoan

Nghie
n truc

a
p nghie
n

Kho ch
a

a
p , nghie
n

Kho ch
a

ca
n

Kho ch
a
ca
n

ca
n

SA
Y NGHIE
N
LIE
N HP

ca
n

CA
T

Ne
u ca
n bosung

SILO CH
A
(o
ng nha
t ho
a pho
i lie
u)

Nhie
n lie
u

LONUNG
(14500C)

clinker
MA
Y LA
M
NGUO
I

Thach cao

a
p, nghie
n
Nghie
n s bo

Phu gia
Silo uclinker
Ca
n

Xua
t clinker

a
p nghie
n
Ca
n

NGHIE
N MN

o
ng bao
Tie
u thu

19