1) What is Formal and Informal Communication?

Ans: Formal Communication refers to the communication that flows along a formal
organizational structure. This flow of communication is created along officially
recognized positions to ensure smooth, orderly and timely flow of information.
Informal communication is the communication that takes place outside the
formally prescribed network or channel of the organization, it is spontaneous and has
not set rules and regulations, it can take any direction and hence its also called a
grapevine.

2) What is vertical Communication?

Ans: The messages that flow within the organization between the superior and
subordinates is called as vertical communication. It may be downward
communication from higher authority to lower authority or upward from lower level
to high level.

3) What is lateral or horizontal communication?

Ans: Lateral or Horizontal communication refers to the communication that flows
between persons at the same hierarchical level. The purpose of lateral communication
is to exchange information, co ordination among various departments etc.

4) What is diagonal Communication?

Ans: The flow of information between the higher hierarchical positions of one
department to the lower hierarchical position of the other department is known as
diagonal communication. E.g., The flow of information between the manager of one
department and workforce of other department.

5) What is external communication?

Ans: The communication that flows between the organization and outside is known as
external communication, it may be inward or outward. Inward communication refers
to the communication received by the organization from its customers, other
organizations, government departments etc and outward communication refers to the
communication going out of the organization may be to its suppliers, customers,
government departments etc.

6) Enumerate and explain the objectives of communication?

Ans: The main objectives of the communication are as follows:
a) Information: The objective of communication is to provide and receive the
required information through spoken or written language or in any other manner.
Communication aims at sharing and understanding information.
b) Order: Order is the direction issued by the management to subordinates regarding
the do’s and don’ts. Communication aims at making the language of order
simpler, straight, clear and complete.
c) Persuasion: Persuading is the act of influencing the other person to change their
attitudes, beliefs, feelings or thoughts. Communication skills and ability is
essential for persuading effectively.
d) Suggestions: Upward communication is essential for creating and maintaining
good atmosphere in an organization. A well operated suggestion scheme is an
effective morale builder.
e) Counseling: Counseling is a form of advice with a professional touch by a man of
greater knowledge and skill. Counseling is required Counseling is required to
those individuals who have problems in domestic or at jobs and are consequently
disturbed. Communication for counseling is mostly oral and is a 2 way
communication.

7) Explain purpose of communication?

Ans: In business communication is often used to inform or to persuade.
Communication to inform: This is directed by the desire to expose, develop
and explain the subject; information is versatile to any business organization and
communication aims at sharing and understanding the information.
Communication to persuade: The communicator may seek to persuade the
receiver, in such a form of communication the focus is on the receiver and not on the
message. A persuasive communicator wants the receiver to understand the message
and to be influenced by it.

8) What is an annual report?

Ans: An annual report provides a detailed look at the financial results for the prior 12
months of operations. Reporting requirements may vary by country, but almost every
annual report will include:
- Chairman’s Statement
- Income Statement
- Cash flow statement
- Balance Sheet
- Auditors Report

9) What is memorandum of association?

Ans: Memorandum of association is an important and a fundamental document for
the registration and incorporation of a company. Memorandum of association of a
company is originally framed and is altered from time to time in pursuance of any
previous company’s law or company’s act 1956.

10) What is Articles of Association?

Ans: The article of association is the second most important document for the
incorporation of a company. The articles are compulsory for private companies,
limited by guarantee & unlimited companies. They are optional for public companies
limited by shares. The articles should be printed, divided into paragraphs, numbered
& filed with the registrar.
Articles of association are the rules, regulation & byelaws for the internal
management of the affairs of the company. They are framed with the object of
carrying out the aims and objects of the organization.

11) What is an interview?

Ans: An interview is a selection technique which enables the employers in selecting a
suitable candidate for a particular job. Interview is a purposeful exchange of ideas.
The interviews may be conducted in different ways:
1) Panel Interviews: The experts in different fields put questions to the candidate.
2) Group Interview: In a group discussion, the presentation and participation of each
candidate is assessed.

12) What does Body Language Include?

Ans: Body Language includes facial expressions, posture, gestures and other body
movements; it also includes general appearance, clothing, accessories worn or carried
in the hands, voice and so on.

13) What is a grapevine?

Ans: Grapevine refers to a form of communication that flows in any direction and has
not set rules and regulations. It is the communication that flows outside the prescribed
network or channels.

14) What is communication Barrier? Explain barriers to communication?

Ans: Any type of hurdle, blockage, stoppage or bottleneck in the way of effective
communication is called Barrier to Communication. These barriers make the
communication incomplete and ineffective.

The barriers can be divided into 4 groups as follows:

a) Semantic Barriers: The problems in the process of encoding and decoding the
message into words or other impressions are considered to be semantic barriers Poor
Grammar, Poor Vocabulary and Different Language are some of the examples of
Semantic Barriers.

b) Physical barriers: The obstacles that prevent a message from reaching the intended
recipient are known as physical barriers. Some of the main physical barriers are
Noise, Distance, and Overloaded Information etc.

c) Organizational Barriers: It includes the following barriers:

1) Rules and Regulations: Due to rigid rules and regulations relating to
communication, there is a delay of message and it is a discouragement to employee in
conveying their creative ideas and creativity.
2) Hierarchical Relationships: Hierarchical or the formal superior subordinate
relationship restricts the free flow of communication in an organization. Especially
Upward Communication is intentionally distorted.
3) Frequency of meetings: If organizations are not conducting staff meetings often, it
lacks free flow of communication and widens the communication gap between
persons.

d) Psychological Barriers: These barriers arise from emotions, motives, social values
etc.
E.g. Perceptions, Attitudes, Poor Listening, Egoism, Emotions etc.
15) What are circulars?
Ans: Circulars are business letters that are designed to be read by a large number of
people. The purpose of circular is to spread some important information among a
large number of people.

16) What is a Notice?

Ans: Notice is a legal concept describing a requirement that a party be aware of the
legal process affecting their rights, obligations or duties.