STEEL PRODUCTS MANUAL Stainless Steels March 1999 ‘A PUBLICATION OF THE IRON AND STEEL SOCIETYStainless Steels ; £2 oct Warrendale, PA March 1999Steel Products Manual: Stainless Steels Copyright ©1999 by the Iron & Steel Society ‘The data in tables based on ASTM standards (as indicated in chapters 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) are reprinted with permission. ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. ISBN: 1-886362-34-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-7551 Printed in the US.A. All rights reserved. The publication of the material contained in the Steel Products Manual is not intended as a represen- tation or warranty on the part of the Iron & Steel Society, or of any other person named herein, that this, information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability from such use. ‘The Iron & Steel Society 186 Thorn Hill Road Warrendale, PA 15086-7528 Tel: (724) 776-1535 Fax: (724) 776-0430 E-mail: custserv@issource.org Website: www.issource.org ISS Publications...Knowledge fulfillment with a commitment to the quality, integrity and timeliness of information transfer.FOREWORD Herewith is presented the section of the Steel Products Manual covering Stainless Steels It is the purpose of the Steel Products Manual to make available to purchasers, producers, and consum- ers information covering the major steel products. ‘The information contained in each section of the Steel Products Manual substantially represents the manufacturing practices and related scientific and technical information of steel producers. These prac- tices have evolved from the utilization of available raw materials and manufacturing methods to pro- duce steel products to meet the requirements of purchasers’ specifications and standards. ‘The various sections of the Steel Products Manual primarily concern the manufacturing and testing of steel products, product properties and applications, commodity descriptions, dimensional tolerances, weight tolerances, inspection, sampling, chemical analysis and standards and specifications prepared by others which are pertinent to the identified steel products. The sections are revised from time to time and other sections may be issued. It is hoped that the Steel Products Manual will be of service to consumers and producers of steel products, to professors of engineering and their students and to the general public. Comments, sugges- tions and criticism from any source are welcome and may be addressed to the Iron & Steel Society, 186 Thorn Hill Road, Warrendale, PA 15086-7528, iiACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many persons have contributed suggestions and constructive criticism during the preparation of this edition of the Stainless Steel Manual. I am especially indebted to the following individuals for their contributions and review of various sections of the manual: Dr. Ralph M. Davison, Technical Marketing Resources, Inc. Dr. James D. Redmond, Technical Marketing Resources, Ine. Dominic A. Sorace, Allegheny Ludlum Corporation Iam also indebted to George F. Vander Voort of Buehler, Ltd. for supplying the photomicrographs which appear in the “Overview of Stainless Steels.” —Harold M. Cobb EditorINTRODUCTION The demand for stainless steels has increased dramatically in recent years as more and more compa- nies specify these materials for their products. Industries which utilize stainless steels extensively include chemical and power, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and transportation. Other major uses are in architecture, domestic appliances, household utensils and small electrical and electronic appliances. Stainless steels owe their widespread use to a combination of unique properties that have advantages over those of other steels and nonferrous metals for many applications. The principal outstanding characteristics are their resistance to corrosion in many environments, their good mechanical proper- ties over an extremely wide range of temperatures, and their superior resistance to oxidation and sealing at very high temperatures. ‘These unique properties are achieved through substantial additions of chromium to iron and carbon, with or without the addition of other elements such as nickel, manganese, molybdenum, and nitrogen. Chromium, however, is the key ingredient since a dramatic increase in corrosion resistance occurs when a level of about 10.5% chromium is reached. Steels with at least 10.5% chromium have tradition- ally been designated as stainless steels. ‘These steels attain their stainless characteristics by virtue of their ability to form an invisible, adher- ent, chromium-rich oxide film which strongly resists attack by the atmosphere and many indust gases and chemicals. The chemical compositions of 225 alloys are listed in this manual, in addition to detailed information on 130 grades of steel which includes a general description of each alloy, its physical properties, its specified mechanical properties, and typical applications. Many of the recently developed duplex (aus- tenitic-ferritic) and superaustenitic stainless steels are described as well as many modified versions of long-established grades, This edition of the manual also includes a comprehensive stainless steel alloy index, a complete list of pertinent ASTM standards and specifications, an extensive guide to trade names and their origins, a cross index of national designations for similar stainless steels, a stainless steel products buyer's guide, and a list of typical applications.‘voneioiog ats unr orp jars Arpad 2 yo uoRe® Teas See a 9 papuewe pus eeu WON roars 5 yo Bune ayy s9p1eM ue seUu0 1103s edig . 4 pue sanz popiam ~=—D — | men 7 a wn ws oe aus - anit |e ag [= C4 FOOT - ST x Se. a snonusiuod wosna nes o “Thickness: adr 9/16 in (4.76 rm) “Tekness: under 076 in (6.76 mm? eth: 24 in (610 min) and wider Wath: under 24 (610 rm “Product 0.005 in. (0.13 mim) and under ie comment rte toa fi *Wieths less than 378 in. (9.53 mn) and thickness less than 3/16 1. (@.76 mr) are generally described as Hal wire Fig.1. - Schematic representation of common classitication of product by siz cold finished strip. , shape, condition and finish: plates, sheets, andHOT FINISHED BARS* Fiat Round Square Hexagon ‘ctagon Wialh % (636 mn) fo 101n, Diameter: 7°82 n. (5.55 mm) Size’ 1/4 in (635mm) — Sze: in, (6S mm) Size: A in. (6.95 mm) (254.0 myn) inc, and over 2nd over" ands over" ang over" Thekness! 1:8 A. (2.48 mm} and over “ot fished fats, squares, hexagons and octagon ate produced with rounded corners “Measured across fal, or dslance between paral sides COLD FINISHED BARS f OG & Fiat Rouna ‘square Hexagon octagon Wisth: 38 in. 53.) Biametor 1232 la, (0.78 mm) Sizo: 122in. (079 me) Size: 1132 n. (0.79) Sze! 132 ia. (0.78 mm) and over: and over and over and over fend over" Thickness: 18 in (3.18 mm) end over Awiihs less than 38 i. (8.53 mm) and thicknesses less than 3/16 mn. (4.76 mm) are generally deserbed as Nat wie Thicknesses 1 i, (6.18 mm) to uncer 3/16 in. (4,78 mm) ean be cold rolled sip as wal as bar Hale Meacuted across fas, oF Sstencs between paral sides Fig. 2. - Schernatic representation of common classification of product by size, shape, condition and finish: hat finished bars, cold finishad bars.10 HOT ROLLED RODS" Roune ‘square Hexagon Octagon Demeter 14 1034 in ‘Sae: 1/4 1034 n. Size: 1410 948i Size: 141 34 in (635 to 19.05 mm) (35 to 19.05 may (635 10 1905 mp (6:35 10 1905 map NOTE: Hot rlled or hot rolled annealed and plead rods ate produced in cos for subsequent cold eawing or cold roling ‘Square, hexagon and octagon hot rolled rods are produced with rounded corners "Measured across fats, or distance between parallol sides COLD FINISHED WIRE AE EGE Flat Found Square Hexagon Wen 198 to under 9 in. Diametor: 1/2. Sen Bb.(1270mm) See Hei (i270mm) Sie: V2 {1270 mm) (1.59 %9 under 9.53 men) (12.70 men) and under and under and under: and under® Thoeknaes: D010 to uncer S/16 in. (0.25 to undor 4.76 mm) ‘Measured across fat 2 distance between paral sides Fig.2. - Schematic representation of common classification of product by size, shape, condition and finish: hot rlled rods, cold finished wire, SECTIONS [eee A \p Angie Cannot Teo zee ‘Stretual Sections: One dmansion of he cross section, such as A, iS Sn. (76.2 mm) or grestor Bar Siza Sections: Greatest sectonel dimension, such as A, is loss than Qin. (76.2 mm) Fig.4 - Schematic representation of common classification of product by size. shape, condition and finish: structural sections, bar size sectionsW SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS Bloom Binet Slab 4m, (902 mm) squere orfarger* 4 in. (102 mm) square or larger Cross-sectional area 18 nF (10,328 rom and larger {Ne invariable guide prevais for dtinguishing between the tems “bloom?” and “bile” and they are frequently used interchangeably Fig.5. - Schematic representation of common classification of product by size, shape, condition and finish: blooms, billets, slabs Fig.6.- Schematic representation of common classification of product (these products are nat classified by size, shape. ‘condition and finish): pipe, tubing12 Courter unk and Analytical Procedures The ranges and limits for the respective chemical elements shown in Table 2-1, based on cast or heat (formerly ladle) analysis, are the limits to which standard types of stainless steels are produced under normal manufacturing con- ditions. Residual Elements. Residual elements are the unspecified elements present in small amounts as they occur naturally, or are added in minor quantities to assist in deoxidation, workability, ete. In either case, they may not be completely eliminated during’ the melting pro- cess Surface Contaminants. These contami- nants, such as lead, zine, copper, mercury, fer- rous metals, carbonaceous materials, etc., are recognized to be potentially undesirable. All reasonable care is exerted by the producers to control all materials and operations that would he possible sources of contamination. ‘This term applies to the chemical analysi representative of a heat of steel as reported to the purchaser. Heat analysis is determined by analyzing a test sample obtained during the pouring of the steel for such elements as have been specified. When this sample from the liquid steel is unobtain- able or when it is evident that the sample does not truly represent the analysis of the melt, samples may be obtained from the solid steel. An analysis based on these representative samples may be used. It is common practice in most melting opera- tions to obtain more than one test sample from each heat; often three or more are taken repre- senting the first, middle and last portion of the heat. These samples are used for a survey of uni- are) Table 1-3 formity and for control purposes. ‘When specified, the percentage of manganese, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tita~ nium, columbium plus tantalum, alaminum, trogen, cobalt: and selenium is reported to two decimals; carbon up to 0.030 inclusive, phospho- rus and sulfur up to 0.060 inclusive to three decimals; and higher values of carbon, phospho- rus and sulfur to two decimals. Rounding off is in accordanee with ASTM E29. GXItmk scaler nee ue: Product Analysis. A product analysis is a chemical analysis on the semifinished or f ‘hed steel to determine conformance to the specification requirements. The range of the specified chemical composition is normally ex- panded to take into account deviations associ- ated with analytical reproducibility and the heterogeneity of the steel. The permissible de- viations or expanded limits should be stated in the product specification. When no product specification is cited, the limits are determined through reference to recognized compilations of standard steel grades. If several determina- tions of any element in the cast of heat are made, they may not vary both above and below the specified range Standard Methods for Sampling for Prod- uct Analysis. Sampling methods and sample preparation are as covered in ASTM ES9, Stan- dard Method of Sampling Steel, Cast fron, Open- Hearth Iron and Wrought Iron. ‘Analytical Procedures. Methods of analy- sis commonly used are in accordance with methods of chemical analysis of metals, pub- lished by the American Society for Testing and Materials, or the methods approved by the National Institute of Standards and Technol- ogy (NIST), or methods of equivalent accuraey. Such methods include use of reagents in solu- tions, combustion methods, spectroscopic and X-ray analysis. PRODUCT ANALYSIS TOLERANCES* STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEELS {ASTM A480) Elements Limit or Maximum of ‘Tolerance Over the Elements Limit or Maximum of Tolerance Over the ‘Specified Range, % Maximum Limit ‘Specified Range, " Maximum Limit ‘or Under the ‘or Under the Minimum Limit Minimum Limit Carbon 00.016, incl, 0.002 Titanium to 1.00, incl 0.05 over 0.010 to 0.030, incl. 0.005 over 1.00 to 3.00, inel 007 over 0.030 to 0.20, incl. 0.01 over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.02 Cobalt over 0.05 to 0.50, inel oor" over 0.60 to 1.20, incl 0.08 over 0.50 to 2.00, ine 0.02 over 2.00 to 5.00, inel. 0.05,Table 1-3 (continued) 13 PRODUCT ANALYSIS TOLERANCES* STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEELS {ASTM A 480) Elements, Specified Range, % Minimam Limit Limit or Maximum of Tolerance Over the Elements Limit or Maximum of ‘Specified Range, % Tolerance Over the Maximum Limit ‘or Under the Minimum Limit Manganese — to 1.00, incl 0.03 over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.04 cover 8.00 to 6.00, incl 0.05 over 6.00 to 10.00, inel. 0.06 over 10,00 to 15.00, incl. 0.10 over 15.00 to 20.00, incl. 0.15 Phosphorus to 0.049, incl 0.005, cover 0.040 10 0.20, inel. 0.010 Sulfur to 0.049, incl 0.0085 over 0.040 to 0.20, incl. 0.010 over 0.20 tn 0.50, incl 0.020 Silicon to 1.00, incl. 0.05 over 1.00 to'3.00, incl. 0.10 over 3.00 to 6.00, incl. 0.15 Chromium — over 4.00 to 10.00, inel, 0.10 over 10.00 to 15.00, incl. 0.15, over 15.00 to 20.00, incl. 0.20 over 20.00 to 30.00, incl. 0.25, Nickel to 1.00, inel 0.03 over 1.00 to 5.00, incl 0.07 over 5.00 to 10.00, in 0.10 over 10.00 to 20.00, incl. 0.15, over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.20 Molybdenum. over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.03 over 0.60 to 2.00, incl 0.05 over 2.00 to 7.00, incl 0.10 Columbium| plus tantalum to 1.50, incl 0. Tantalum to 0.10, inel, 0.02 Copper to 0.50, inal. 0.03 over 0.50 to 1.00, inel. 0.05 over 1.00 to 3.00, inel. 0.10 over 3.00 to 5.00, inel. 0.15 ‘over 5.00 to 10.00, incl. 0.20 Aluminum to 0.15, incl -0,005,+0.01 over 0.15 to 0.05 over 0.50 to 0.10 ‘to 0.02, inel 0.005 over 0.02 to 0.19, inel. 0.01 over 0.19 to 0.25, inel. 0.02 over 0.25 to 0.85, inel. 0.03 over 0.35 to 0.45, inel. 0.04 ‘Tungsten to 1.00, inel. 9.03 over 1.00 to 2.00, inel. 0.05 Vanadium to 0.50, inel, 0.03 over 0.50 to 1.50, inel. 0.05 Selenium all 0.03 "This able does "Product analysis ‘those limits. apply t heat analysis. Stainless steels are available which are ca- pable of meeting certain special quality tests or special requirements. The production of such steels normally re- quires exacting steelmaking practices, exten- sive testing prior to shipment. or both. ‘The se- lection of heats or portions of heats, as well as additional discard, may be necessary. The processing methods used to meet those tests and requirements may vary among the producers. Magnetic Particle Inspection Quality. This quality designation, sometimes described as “Aircraft Quality,” applies to steels for highly mits for cobalt under 0.05% have not been established, and the manufacturer should be consulted far stressed parts of aircraft and for other similar or corresponding purposes requiring steel of special quality. A typical procedure for the magnetic particle method of inspection is described in ASTM E45. Recommended Practice for Determining Inclu- sion Content of Steel. It consists in suitably magnetizing the steel and applying a prepared magnetic powder which adheres to it along lines of flux leakage. On properly magnetized steel, flux leakage develops along surface or subsur- face nonuniformities. This method of inspection is applicable to most type numbers of the 4xx and 5xx series. It is not appropriate for use with the free machin- ing types since those steels contain nonmetal- lic sulfide or selenide inclusions in large num- bers, Steels of the 2xx and 3x series do not re-