Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010
Solution Key for Test-1

M.Kaliamoorthy

PART-A
1.

Principles of Electromechanical Energy Conversion

a)

To establish an expression for electromagnetic torque in terms of machine

variables.

b)

The derivation of Equivalent circuit representation of magnetically

coupled circuits.

c)

The concept of sinusoidally distributed winding.

d)

The concept of rotating air gap mmf.

e)

The derivation of winding inductances.

2.

Transducer converts energy from one form to another. Types of

Transducers are
(1) Transducers (for measurement and control)
These devices transform the signals of different forms. Examples are microphones,
pickups, and speakers.
(2) Force producing devices (linear motion devices)
These type of devices produce forces mostly for linear motion drives, such as
relays, Solenoids (linear actuators), and electromagnets.
(3) Continuous energy conversion equipment
These devices operate in rotating mode. A device would be known as a generator if
it converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, or as a motor if it does the
other way around (from electrical to mechanical).

3.

Torque produced in a machine because of self inductance of the

machine is called reluctance torque. Generally they are expressed as

1 L
T i 2 11
Where L11 is the self inductance of the coil
2

Solution for Internal test-1

4.

2009-2010

M.Kaliamoorthy

Increasine rgy
Energyiputfrom Mechani lEergy EnergyConvertdin
Storedinmagetic
E lectrialSources Outp toHea
F ield

5.
N2
N
Lm1 1 Lm 2 L21
N1
N2

6.

L12

7.

Leakage Flux: The part of the Total magnetic flux that has its
path wholly with in the magnetic circuit is called the useful magnetic flux. The
magnetic paths having paths partly in the magnetic circuit and partly in the air is
called the leakage flux.

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010

M.Kaliamoorthy

Fringing Flux: When the flux line crosses the air gaps they tend to bulge out across the
edges of the air gap. This effect is called Fringing. The effect of fringing makes the
effective gap area larger than that of the original air gap.

W f i , x d - - - Energy
0

8.

W f i, x di - - - Co - Energy
'

9.

1
Wf i, x 1 2 dL ( x)
W f i, x i 2 L( x) and F
i
2
x
2
dx

10.

1
Wf , 1 2 dL( )
W f , i 2 L( ) and F
i
2

2
d

'

'

PART-B
11.

Reluctance

at

the

air

2l
2 x 5 x10 -3

2.2104 x 106
-7
-4
0 A 4 x 6 x 6 x 10 x 10

Therefore Inductance of the coil =

N2
300 2

0.0407 H

2.2104 x 10 6

(a) Current in the coil due to 120 V DC source =

V 120

20 A
R
6

gap

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010

Therefore field energy stored = W fld

Lifting Force =

M.Kaliamoorthy

1 2 1
Li x 0.0407 x 20 2 8.143 Joules
2
2

W fld

x
1 N 2 x 0 A 2 1 300 2 x 4 x 10 -7 x 36 x 10 -4 2

i
i
2
2x
2
2x

1 300 2 x 4 x 10 -7 x 36 x 10 -4
0.0407
2

20
4
x
x

0.0407
0.0407
0.0407

1628.6 Nm
2

x
x
x
25 x 10-6

(b) For AC excitation the impedance of the coil is

Z R jL 6 j 2 x 50 x 0.0407 6 j15.34
120
I
7.29 A
2
6 15.34 2
1
Field Energy Stored x 0.0407 x 7.29 2 1.0814 Joules
2

W fld

x
1 N 2 x 0 A 2 1 300 2 x 4 x 10-7 x 36 x 10 -4 2

i
i
2
2x
2
2x

Lifting Force =
2
-7
-4
1 300 x 4 x 10 x 36 x 10
0.00540941
2

7.29
4
x
x

0.00540941
0.00540941 0.00540941

216.3 Nm

x
x
x2
25 x 10 -6

This is utmost one-eighth of the lifting force obtained with a dc supply voltage. Hence
Lifting magnets are normally operated from dc sources.
11. (b) (i)
The electromechanical energy conversion devices operate with electrical system on one
side and mechanical system on the other side. The behavior of the entire
electromechanical system must be satisfactorily under steady state as well as under the
electromechanically transients. In view of this, the operation of the entire system,

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010
M.Kaliamoorthy
comprising of electrical system conversion device and mechanical system, need to be
investigated in detail.

The voltage equation for the electrical system shown in the figure above is given by
Vt iR

d
(1)
dt

If the flux linkage can be expressed as L( x ).i, Therefore the above equation
becomes,
Vt iR L( x )

The term L

di
dL ( x ) dx
i
. ( 2)
dt
dx dt

di
of the above expression is the transformer voltage (of self inductance)
dt

term, because it involves the time derivative of current. The third term of equation (2) is
the speed or rotational voltage term, because of the presence of speed

dx
in it and it is
dt

this term which is responsible for the energy transfer between the external electric system
and the energy conversion means.
The mechanical portion of the above figure shows symbols for a spring (spring
constant K), a damper (damper constant B), a mass M and an external mechanical
excitation force Fi. The force and displacement x can be related as follows
Spring : FK K x x 0
Damper: FD B

dx
dt

d 2x
Mass: FM M 2
dt

Where X0 is the value of x with the spring in unstreched position. Force equilibrium thus
requires

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010

M.Kaliamoorthy

Fm FK FD FM Fi
K x - x 0 B

dx
d 2x
M 2 Fi (3)
dt
dt

Thus equations (2) and (3) describe the total behavior of a linear electromechanical
system.
11 (b) (ii)
Wfld Total Energy Stored
1
1
2
2
L1i1 L2i2 Mi1i2
2
2
1
1
11 3 cos 2 0.7 2 7 2 cos 2 0.8 2 11 cos 0.7 x 0.8
2
2
0.24511 3 cos 2 0.32 7 2 cos 2 0.5611 cos

2.695 0.735cos2 2.24 0.64cos2 6.16cos

W fld 4.935 1.375 cos 2 6.16 cos

Torque

W fld

1
1

- 0.7 2 x 6sin2 - 0.82 x 4sin2 - 0.56 x 11sin

2
2

1
1
0.7 2 x 6sin2 0.82 x 4sin2 0.56 x 11sin
2
2
1.47sin2 1.28sin2 6.16sin

T 2.75 sin 2 6.16 sin

Given that 50 0
T 2.75 x sin 2 x - 50 6.16 x sin(-50) 7.426 Nm

12 (a)
The general principle for force and torque calculation discussed above is equally
applicable to multi-excited systems. Consider a doubly excited rotating actuator shown
Schematically in the diagram below as an example. The differential energy and co energy
functions can be derived as following:

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010

A doubly excited actuator

M.Kaliamoorthy

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010

M.Kaliamoorthy

For magnetically linear systems, currents and flux linkages can be related by constant
inductances as following

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010

M.Kaliamoorthy

Where
The magnetic energy and co energy can then be expressed as

Respectively, and it can be shown that they are equal.

Therefore, the torque acting on the rotor can be calculated as

Because of the salient (not round) structure of the rotor, the self inductance of the stator is
a function of the rotor position and the first term on the right hand side of the above
torque expression is nonzero for that

dL11
0 . Similarly, the second term on the right
d

hand side of the above torque express is nonzero because of the salient structure of the
stator. Therefore, these two terms are known as the reluctance torque component. The last
term in the torque expression, however, is only related to the relative position of the stator
and rotor and is independent of the shape of the stator and rotor poles.
12 (b)
Consider a singly excited linear actuator as shown below. The winding resistance is R. At
a certain time instant t, we record that the terminal voltage applied to the excitation

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010
M.Kaliamoorthy
winding is v, the excitation winding current i, the position of the movable plunger x, and
the force acting on the plunger F with the reference direction chosen in the positive
direction of the x axis, as shown in the diagram. After a time interval dt, we notice that
the plunger has moved for a distance dx under the action of the force F. The mechanical
done by the force acting on the plunger during this time interval is thus

A singly excited linear actuator

The amount of electrical energy that has been transferred into the magnetic field and
converted into the mechanical work during this time interval can be calculated by
subtracting the power loss dissipated in the winding resistance from the total power fed
into the excitation winding as

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010
M.Kaliamoorthy
From the above equation, we know that the energy stored in the magnetic field is a
function of the flux linkage of the excitation winding and the position of the plunger.
Mathematically, we can also write

Therefore, by comparing the above two equations, we conclude

From the knowledge of electromagnetic, the energy stored in a magnetic field can be
expressed as

For a magnetically linear (with a constant permeability or a straight line magnetization

curve such that the inductance of the coil is independent of the excitation current) system,
the above expression becomes

and the force acting on the plunger is then

In the diagram below, it is shown that the magnetic energy is equivalent to the area above
the magnetization or -i curve. Mathematically, if we define the area underneath the
magnetization curve as the co energy (which does not exist physically), i.e.

we can obtain

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010

M.Kaliamoorthy

Therefore

From the above diagram, the co energy or the area underneath the magnetization curve
can be calculated by

For a magnetically linear system, the above expression becomes

and the force acting on the plunger is then

12 (b) (ii)
Since it is the case of current excitations, the expression of co energy will be used

Solution for Internal test-1

2009-2010

1
1
2
2
L11i1 L12i1i2 L22i2
2
2
1
1
1

2
( 200) 1
x 100
x 50
2x
2x
2x

25
450
x

W f i1 , i2 , x
'

(a)
Ff

W f
x

'

25
x2

Wm

F f dx

0 .5

25

dx 25 Joules

0 .5

(b)
We1

2 x 1

i d

1
1 x 0.5

M.Kaliamoorthy

i1 1 x 1 2 x 0.5

1 L11i1 L12i2
1
1
5

2
( 10) 40
x 20
2x
2x
x

1 x 0.5 50, 2 x 1 45

We1 20 45 50 100 Joules

similarly We 2 i2 1 x 1 2 x 0.5

2 L12i1 L22i2
1
1
5

(20) 1
( 10) 10
2x
2x
x

2 x 0.5 0, 2 x 1 5

We 2 ( 10)(5) 50 joules
Net electrical Energy input We We1 We 2
100 50 50 Joules