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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 5, MAY 2005
I. INTRODUCTION
XZ
COMPARISON
OF
TABLE I
PIFA/IFA MODULE WITH DIFFERENT FEED/GROUND LOCATION (THE EFFICIENCY NUMBERS WERE COMPUTED
THE CENTER FREQUENCY OF EACH BAND)
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AT
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Fig. 4.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 5, MAY 2005
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
locations, the distance between the feed and the ground was
fixed at 6 mm for the PIFA, 2.5 mm for the IFA. Reasonable
bandwidth could be achieved for both antennas with such distances.
value
It was demonstrated in [16] that maintaining the
, where
is the bandwidth), the antenna ef(
ficiency will get higher as the antenna effective size gets larger.
was quite limited, so in order
For the PIFA, the achievable
to get a larger effective size, the feed and ground pins had to be
put on the top of the patch as shown in Fig. 1. Only in this way,
the ground plane could have been fully excited to achieve the
maximum antenna effective size. For the IFA, since the bandwidth requirement in the GPS band was not as critical, the location of the feed and ground pins was slightly more flexible. The
antenna efficiency is defined in [17] as
where
is the reflection efficiency,
is the conduction effiis the dielectric efficiency. In the dual-antenna
ciency and
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module, the isolation between the two antennas had to be included. Then the efficiency becomes
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 5, MAY 2005
Fig. 8. Isolation between the IFA and the PIFA in the PIFA/IFA combination.
Fig. 10.
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Fig. 11. SAR test positions. Officially, SAR will be tested with the handset at both positions, namely cheek position and tilted position. (a) Touching cheek
position, the handset will touch the head at two spots, one is at the cheek, the other is at the ear. (b) 15 tilt position, rotate 15 from cheek position.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 5, MAY 2005
TABLE II
SAR MEASUREMENT (REFERENCE TO THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PIFA ONLY CASE)
Fig. 12. Area scan of the SAR measurement at 800 MHz band (a) PIFA only,
(b) PIFA w/short IFA, (c) PIFA w/regular IFA, (d) PIFA w/long IFA.
Fig. 13. Area scan of the SAR measurement at 1900 MHz band (a) PIFA only,
(b) PIFA w/short IFA, (c) PIFA w/regular IFA, (d) PIFA w/long IFA.
short IFA was very close to the efficiency of the PIFA-only case.
In the GPS band, the efficiencies of both the long IFA and the
short IFA were lower than the efficiency of the regular IFA. The
major reason was the loss caused by the LC matching components. However, the long IFA efficiency was much closer to the
regular IFA because the isolation of the long IFA was much
). In the 1900 MHz band, the situation
higher (about
was more complicated. Since the transmitting band (18501910
MHz) of the PIFA with the short IFA fell into the notch, the
isolation was therefore much higher than the other two cases,
which resulted in improved efficiency. While the receiving band
(19301990 MHz) was impacted by the second resonance as
discussed above, the efficiency reduced very quickly. The PIFA
with the long IFA showed improved efficiency over the PIFA
with the regular IFA because the isolation is higher.
As a summary, depending on the design requirement, to optimize the PIFA at the 800 MHz band, the short IFA was preferred. To optimize the PIFA at the 1900 MHz band, the long
IFA was chosen. In the GPS band, the longer IFA showed improved isolation but the efficiency was impacted by the loss of
the matching circuits. Higher Q LC components with less resistance could have been used for matching to improve the GPS
efficiency but were not available.
V. CONCLUSION
A common challenge of optimally integrating multiple antennas in a handset arises rapidly in industry. This paper provides a full analysis of the antenna model of the PIFA/IFA combination. In this model, the efficiencies of both antennas are affected by the isolation between them. To optimize the design,
the feed/ground pins of both antennas have to be located carefully first to achieve better efficiency. At the same time, matched
polarization for the GPS IFA is also taken into account. Then by
tuning the IFA length, one could optimize the isolation between
the two antennas at the particular frequency band depending on
the design requirement. Finally, the effect on SAR value due to
the IFA length was also discussed. As long as the IFA is long
enough, it could lower the SAR by performing in a positive way
to alter the near field distribution of the PIFA at the 1900 MHz
band.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Dr. K. Li and Mr. R. Taylor for
their helpful comments.
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