CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
SVC is power electronics based FACTS devices used to enhance the transmission capability
near thermal limit without affecting the stability. The purpose of SVC with fuzzy controller to
change the natural electrical characteristics of transmission line to make it more compatible
with prevailing load demand Static var compensators (SVCs) are very adjustable and have
many characteristics in power systems.SVC basically comprises of a Thyristor controlled
reactor (TCR) with fixed capacitors available in shunt. The connection of fixed capacitors are
usually done in ungrounded wye along with a inductor in series that implements a filter. The
reactive power delivered in filter by the inductor is relatively small compared to the filter
rating (approximately 1 to 2 percent). There are frequent several filter stages tuned to different
harmonics. In the system the variation in reactive power delivered is allowed continuously by
the controls in the TCR, thus the reactive power is increased during heavy loading periods
while during light loading the reactive power is reduced. At rapidly varying loads control of
fluctuations in voltage can be made very effective with SVC. Unfortunately, for such
flexibility price is high. Nevertheless, In case of a weak power system they are the only costeffective solution for many remote areas located loads. In TCR power electronics contributes
to much of the cost. Sometimes by using a number of capacitor steps this can be reduced. The
TCR then only needed is large enough for covering the gap of reactive power between the
capacitor stages. Most of a.c. appliance have induction motor as their main drive which works
at lagging power factor and the mostly contribute for lagging power factor of system. Fixed
capacitor of FC-TCR provides capacitive VAR which helps to improve the power factor and
compensate reactive power demand. The main objective of using static var compensator with
supplementary controller is to improve the power factor in distribution system during normal
as well as abnormal condition and also to improve the voltage stability of system during fault
condition so that to meet continuity of supply. The ultimate objective of compensation is to
increase transmittable power. This may required to improve the KW capacity of transformer
and alternators, to improve the regulation of line and to decrease overall cost per units.

1.1. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

Electrical devices, such as transformers, motors or converters, need magnetizing power or
current to work properly. This power is not transformed to heat but oscillates between the load
and the source and it is called reactive power. The power factor (PF) cos is defined as a ratio
between active power P and apparent power S as follows:
cos= P/S
(1)
If cos = 1 it is named unity PF and no reactive power flows in the line. If reactive power is
positive the PF is leading and, on the other hand, if reactive power is negative the PF is
lagging. In general, it is required that the loads connected to the public networks should
operate at PF close to unity. The value of 0.95 and leading PF is a minimum. Any deviations
from this value mean additional fees for the customer. In order to remain the PF within
permissible limits, some countermeasures must be adopted. This means power factor
correction.
Basically, there are two major types of PF correction - series and shunt compensation. Series
compensation is used due to voltage drops at the end of long power transmission lines.
Simply, there is capacitor banks connected in series with the line. It raises the voltage at the
end of the line and also short-circuit power is increased additionally. Shunt compensation is
done by a shunt-connected compensating device. The required reactive power is generated by
a shunt-connected capacitor or inductor. Thus, no or just little reactive power is drawn from
the main source. Fig. 1 shows the basic principle of PF correction using a shunt-connected
compensating device K. It is brought to the main bus, from which the load M (motor) is fed.
Both the main source and the compensating device K (Qcom) cover the load reactive power
demand (Q) altogether. Generally, the reactive power drawn from the main source has been
decreased and the low PF of the load is corrected.

Fig.1.1 Shunt power factor correction

1.2. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR

Static var compensator belongs to shunt-connected FACTS controllers. The primary function
of SVC is shunt power factor correction and reactive power compensation. SVC injects
reactive current into the system at the point of connection. It supplies or consumes variable
reactive power in order to control bus voltage and to maintain the desired power factor value.
1.2.1Thyristor controlled reactor
The fundamental component of a SVC is a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). TCR is
thyristor controlled inductor, in which through partial conduction control of valve in thyristor
its effective reactance can be continuously varied. It contains a thyristor valve and an inductor
connected in series. The current within the coil can be continuously controlled by the thyristor
firing angle (Fig. 1.2). It is the time delay between supply voltage peak value and firing
pulse when a thyristor is triggered on. When = 0, thyristor valve is switched on completely
and the current reaches the highest value. When = 90, thyristor valve is switched off and no
current flows. According to this assumption, the inductive reactive current can be easily
controlled by changing the value of . is the conduction interval. It is the time period when
the thyristor is in the conductive state.
3

Fig.1.2. firing delay angle

As the name implies, the FC -TCR type VAR generator is composed of a fixed capacitor in
parallel with a TCR. It is common knowledge that ac systems are usually composed of
inductive loads that create a n undesired non-unity power factor. The fixed capacitor in the
FC-TCR is used for power factor correction, as it is shunted near the inductive load in order to
supply reactive power. However, loads are almost never fixed, so the ability to absorb
reactive power in addition to supplying it is very important. This is why the FC-TCR includes
the parallel TCR branch. The parallel TCR allows a controllable amount of VAR to be
absorbed from the system. The combination of the fixed capacitor in parallel with the TCR
allows for more adjustability and better system reactive power control

Fig. 1.3 Single-phase FC-TCR SVC

1.3 FC-TCR
FC-TCR is used as a shunt compensated device for controlling the power factor of the system.
The current in the FC-TCR is varies by firing angle control of thyristor ,there are so many
method for controlling the firing angle of thyristor like Boolean algebra but it require tough
mathematical model and give slow response on the other hand Fuzzy logic controller give the
accurate and fast result and not require mathematical model. Fuzzy logic is a branch of
engineering that deal with the development of computer program based on the study of human
intelligence and nature of human thinking. It is argued that human thinking does not always
follows crispi yes or no logic (0,1 in Boolean logic) but it often vague uncertain indecisive or
fuzzy.
1.3.1 Fixed Capacitor
The capacitor is switched with the load where there is no change in the load or where, such as
the load side of a preferably suited for correction of power factor in applications like of motor
contactor. For locations using induction motors these are suitable, like food processing plants,
or where reactive power compensation is required by small multiple loads. The design of each
Fixed Capacitor Bank is done for having high reliability and long life. These products are
designed for implementation in which harmonic generating VC are not accommodated and
through modulation of amplitude voltage active power oscillations can be mitigated.
5

1.4 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

Fuzzy logic is a branch of engineering that deal with the development of computer program
based on the study of human intelligence and nature of human thinking. It is argued that
human thinking does not always follows crispy yes or no logic (0,1 in Boolean logic) but it
often vague uncertain indecisive or fuzzy.
Fuzzy logic has recently been applied in process control modeling estimation identification
diagnostic stock market prediction, agriculture, military service etc.
In fuzzy set based on fuzzy logic a particular object a degree of membership in a given set that
may be anywhere in the range of 0 to 1
Fuzzy logic control is one of the control algorithm based on a linguistic control strategy,
which is being derived from expert knowledge into an automatic control strategy. Fuzzy logic
control doesn't need any kind of difficult mathematical calculation like the others control
system. While the others type of control system use difficult mathematical calculation to
provide a model of the controlled plant, fuzzy uses only simple mathematical calculation to
simulate the expert knowledge. Although it doesn't need any difficult mathematical
calculation, but it give good performance in a control system. Thus, it can be one of the best
available answers today for a broad class of challenging controls problems.
Principal components of Fuzzy logic controller:
1. Fuzzification block or fuzzifier
2. Knowledge base
3. Decision making block
4. Defuzzification block or defuzzifier.

Fig.1.4 Fuzzy block diagram

1.5 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURE

6

As seen the susceptance of the fixed capacitor type thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) can
be controlled by controlling the firing angle of the TCR branch. So this can be implemented to
improve the power factor of the system. The power factor of the load goes down due to the
increase of reactive power absorption or increase of the reactive power injection. In first case
power factor goes down in the lagging mode and power factor goes down in leading mode in
the later case. It is seen that susceptance is capacitive when the firing angle is near to 90 and
susceptance is inductive when the power factor is near to 180. On the basis of this knowledge
a fuzzy control system is proposed which can be used to increase the load power factor.
Implementation of the proposed system can be made by the suitable microprocessor
programming. The algorithm that illustrates the proposed control system is shown by the
block diagram of figure 1.5 as seen from the block diagram voltage measurement and current
measurement is being done then they are fed to a block which measures the power factor of
the load.

Fig 1.5 Block diagram of voltage measurement and current measurement

1.6 OBJECTIVE

In this project transmission line is segments by keeping the sending end voltage constant. The
receiving end voltage fluctuations were observed for different loads. In order to maintain the
receiving end voltage constant, shunt inductor and capacitor is added for different loading
conditions. SVC is simulated by means of fixed capacitor and thyristor controlled reactor (FCTCR) which is placed at the receiving end. The firing angle control circuit is designed and the
firing angles are varied for various loading conditions to make the receiving end voltage equal
to sending end voltage.
And the firing angle of FC-TCR is controlled by supplementary controller. In this project
fuzzy logic controller is used to control firing angle of thyristor.

1.7 THESIS LAYOUT

The present thesis embodies detailed investigations on different techniques of power quality
improvement at ac mains in ac-dc converter with R-L load. The contents of the thesis have
been divided into six chapters. A brief overview of each chapter is given as follows.
Chapter-1: Deals with an introduction about the passive shunt filter.
Also focus towards the motivation and objectives of the work.
Chapter-2: Literature survey
In this chapter mainly survey was done based on research work of the system purposed. It
also include comprehensive literature review of
Chapter-3: Problem Identification
This chapter discusses about the drawbacks and shortcomings of conventional control
methods.
Chapter-4: Methodology
This chapter deals with comparative analysis for Static Var Compensator was explained. TCR
and TSC configuration is compared with passive shunt filter results.
Chapter-5: Results and Discussions
8

This chapter the details of the different subsystem used in are as follows and also presents
the obtained simulated and experimental results

Chapter-6: Conclusion and scope of further work

This chapter deals with conclusion and future scope of the work. It includes important
reference for this project work

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
S E Haque, et al [2] describes a fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) type of
power factor compensator with thyristor-controlled series R-L load is analyzed using an
approximate and also a more exact circuit. The variation of power and power factor before
and after compensation is examined for both cases. It is shown that considerable 'power factor
improvement can be achieved in the circuit for low values of load thyristor firing angle.
However, for higher values of firing-angle, any improvement is obtained at the expense of
additional power losses.
R.R.Padiyar, et al [1] proposes application of damping torque technique to examine the
efficacy of various control signals for reactive power modulation of a midpoint located Static
Var System (SVS) in enhancing the power transfer capability of long transmission lines. A
new auxiliary signal designated Computed Internal Frequency (CIF) is proposed which
synthesizes internal voltage frequency of the remote generator from electrical measurements
at the SVS bus. It is demonstrated that this signal is far superior than other conventional
9

auxiliary control signals in that it allows full utilization of the network transmission capacity.
The damping torque results are correlated with those obtained from eigen value analysis.
Deepank Agnihotri, et al [5] Fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor can be used for
power factor correction, flicker reduction, and steady-state voltage control, and also have the
benefit of being able to filter out harmonics from the system. By changing firing angle of
thyristor we can improve voltage profile up to required level.
Juan Dixon, et al [3] presented an overview of the state of the art in reactive power
compensation technologies. The principles of operation, design characteristics and application
examples of VAR compensators implemented with thyristors and self-commutated converters
are presented. Static VAR Generators are used to improve voltage regulation, stability, and
power factor in ac transmission and distribution systems. Examples obtained from relevant
applications describing the use of reactive power compensators implemented with new static
VAR technologies are also described.
Y. Hoseynpoor, et al [4] presents The Static Var Compensator (SVC) has been designed to
compensate reactive power, increase voltage stability and to reduce voltage oscillation. The
application of control algorithms based on fuzzy sets theory, proposed by Zadeh, has grown in
recent years. This control method can be regarded as an adaptive control based on a linguistic
process which is in turn based on the prior experience and heuristic rules used by human
operators. The TSK (Takagi-Sugeno-Kang) and mamdani type fuzzy controllers is two types
of fuzzy controllers. This paper compares these fuzzy controller types for reactive power
compensation and power factor correction with SVC. Input signals for the FLC are chosen as
load reactive power and initial firing angle of thyristors. The control signal is thyristors firing
angles. Effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by simulation studies on a
single machine infinite bus system. Results obtained show improvement in the overall system
characteristics using the proposed adaptive fuzzy logic SVC controller.
Musthafa.P, et al [6] proposes Reactive power required by inductive loads increases the
amount of apparent power (measured in kVA) in the distribution system. This is important
10

because a low power factor can waste energy, result in inefficient use of electrical power, and
often result in higher energy bills. But mechanical switching of capacitors is too slow to cope
with the rapid and frequent changes in reactive power. In addition, the switching mechanism
generates high transient currents that can disrupt micro-processor-based equipment and
processes.To overcome the above problem we are using Static Var Compensator (SVC) and
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) along with Microcontroller. Power factor and reactive
power of the load is calculated using micro controller. Based on the high reactive load and
frequency of the system the triggering angle of TCR is calculated The SVC regulates voltage
at its terminal by controlling the amount of reactive power injected into or absorbed from the
power system. When system voltage is low, the SVC generates reactive power (SVC
capacitive). When system voltage is high, it absorbs reactive power (SVC inductive). The
variation of reactive power is performed by switching three-phase capacitor banks and
inductor banks. Each capacitor bank is switched on and off by three thyristor switches.
Mohammad Karimi, et al [7] describes impact of Static VAr Compensator (SVC) on power
flow control is studied by statistical indices. For this purpose, several conventional branches
of SVC are introduced and their impacts are discuses on active and reactive powers flow
control on power systems. Peak and least values used as decision criteria. To compare and
discuss the capability of compared SVCs, two statistical indices are used; i.e. Absolute
Percentage Error (APE) and Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). These
indices help to result in analysis and extract novel aspect of behavior of SVCs. Simulations
have been carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. In this study, first a general
review on lectures about SVC has been done which has four parts; i.e. design, placement,
application and modeling, respectively.
T.Vijayakumar, et al [9] presents the simulation of fixed capacitor Thyristor switched
Reactor Thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TSR-TCR) system. The FC-TSR-TCR system is
simulated using MATLAB and the simulation results are presented. The power and control
circuits are simulated. The current drawn by the FCTSR-TCR varies with the variation in the
firing angle. Stepped variation of current can be obtained using thyristor switched reactor. The
simulation results are compared with the theoretical results.
11

Yazeed A. Al-Sbou, et al [10] describes the Static Var Compensator (SVC) with Thyristor
Controlled Reactor (TCR) is widely used as a continuously variable reactive power
compensator in electric power systems. Recently, unexpected sudden jumps of conduction
angle were reported depending on the change of firing angle in TCR. This anomalous
phenomenon named the switching time bifurcation is due to the nonlinearity caused by
switching operation. Authors have studied the switching time bifurcations in a TCRSVC
circuit experimentally, numerically and theoretically, and clarified that the occurrence of
bifurcations depends on the resonant frequencies and damping parameters of the circuit. In
addition, they showed the possibility of sub harmonic oscillations accompanied with the
switching time bifurcation in experiments and simulations. The detailed analysis leads the
onset of subharmonic oscillation subject to the initial conditions of state values at the instant
of firing. This implies uncoordinated firing angle control might happen to generate sub
harmonic oscillations, and the coordinated firing angle operation is necessary to avoid sub
harmonic oscillations. Then, this paper proposes the firing angle regulation scheme so as
to keep the initial conditions out from the domain of sub harmonic oscillation.
M.Sreerama, et al [11] discusses Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) is a technology,
which is based on power electronic devices, used to enhance the existing transmission
capabilities in order to make the transmission system flexible and independent operation. The
FACTS technology is a promising technology to achieve complete deregulation of Power
System i.e. Generation, Transmission and Distribution as complete individual units. The
loading capability of transmission system can also be enhanced nearer to the thermal limits
without affecting the stability. Complete close-loop smooth control of reactive power can be
achieved using shunt connected FACTS devices. Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is one of the
shunt connected FACTS device, which can be utilized for the purpose of reactive power
compensation. Intelligent FACTS devices make them adaptable and hence it is emerging in
the present state of art. This paper attempts to design and simulate the Fuzzy logic control of
firing angle for SVC in order to achieve better, smooth and adaptive control of reactive power.
The design, modeling and simulations are carried out for /8 Transmission line and the
compensation is placed at the receiving end (load end).
12

Ayetul Gelen, et al, [8] In this paper, prototypes of two shunt flexible AC transmission
system (FACTS) devices, a thyristor switched reactor (TSR)-based static VAr compensator
(SVC) and a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR)-based static VAr compensator- have been
developed. The design and testing of both a TSR-based SVC and a TCR based SVC are
accomplished in the Power Systems Research Laboratory of Nigde University. The TSRbased SVC and TCR-based SVC devices are studied in three-bus and single machine infinite
bus systems for three phase static load conditions. The effects of TSR-based SVC and TCRbased SVC devices on load voltages are also analyzed. Experimental results show that
significant improvement in reactive power compensation and voltage regulation is achieved
by using TSR-based SVC and TCR-based SVC.

CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
There are many problems facing large industrial manufacturing facilities in todays business
environment; not the least of which are energy costs due to consumption of electricity and
power distribution reliability. Thousands of facilities across the nation from small electric
utilities to chemical plants, steel mills and waste management facilities, attempt to generate
power by reclaiming unused or wasted process energy to offset their electricity costs.
The primary problem plaguing the mills power system is poor voltage profile and power
factor. The implementation of an SVC would be extremely beneficial in the short-term, while
providing long term benefits ranging from increased power generation to reduced downtime.
Additionally, the ability to monitor line phase angles when specific equipment is put on line or
taken off line will allow the mill to understand the effect they are having on their power factor
and voltage profile. Thus, the mills operators will be able to make better decisions that will
drive efficiency improvements.
Since, the mill has poor quality conductors connecting many of its buses, synchro phasor
technology will aid in the real time calculations of line ratings. It is known that power lines

13

have different characteristics in different weather conditions. It would be a beneficial to know

when power lines are being overloaded or are in need of immediate maintenance.
3.1 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
While power factor fines are not the industry norm, their impact on industry is increasing. The
cost of generating power is ever-increasing with the rising cost of fossil fuels and the
environmental constraints placed upon them.
In addition to hard costs, such as fines or fuel, there are many soft costs that must be taken
into account. The ability to better control power flow and voltage profile will benefit the life
span and reliability of network devices, reduce maintenance and help improve down time
To transmit or distribute fixed amount of power at fixed voltage, the conductor have to carry
more current at low power factor. This necessities a large conductor size. The large current at
low power factor cause more copper loss in power system as well as increase kva rating of
equipments. This low power factor also cause poor voltage regulation and reduce power
handling capacity of power system. All these problems can be removed by static var
compensator (SVC). Fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor can be used for power factor
correction, flicker reduction, and steady-state voltage control, and also have the benefit of
being able to filter out harmonics from the system. In this paper FC-TCR with fuzzy logic
controller is simulated using MATLAB simulink.

14

CHAPTER 4
METHEDOLOGY
The SVC is basically a variable VAR generator connected in shunt and it is capable of
exchanging inductive or capacitive current to the system by adjusting its output. One of the
SVC configurations most widely is the FC- TCR type in which a Thyristor Controlled Reactor
(TCR) and fixed capacitor (FC) are connected in parallel. The conventional static VAR
compensator is not able to provide an efficient voltage regulation due to the fact that, the line
voltage fluctuations are very much random and imprecise. So for efficient line voltage
regulation some tool is required, which can precisely handle the random line voltage
fluctuations. The best tool for handling imprecise situations is Fuzzy logic. Hence
conventional static VAR compensator along with fuzzy is the best fitted combination for
achieving an efficient line voltage regulation.
4.1 DESIGN OF STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
Among various techniques of controlling the reactive power, static VAR compensators comes
out to be the most reliable ones, since high flexibility is introduced in methodology of design
and responses are reasonable amongst fast varying environments. Depending upon the type of
compensation provided Static VAR compensators may be broadly classified as shunt type or
series type. Series type compensation deals with moderation of ac system transmission
parameters while the load equivalent impedance is decided by shunt type compensation. For
15

the purpose of correction of power factor in ac power systems, the reactive power is controlled
by both series & parallel type of compensation. For the purpose of power correction we may
use manually switched inductors or capacitors & Synchronous condensers, but static VAR
compensators utilizing thyristor controlled reactors and thyristor switched- capacitors are far
superior, as they are specified by high flexibility in design and fast response. Now a day, most
widely used power factor correction compensators are fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled
reactor (FC-TCR) compensators as capability for continuous control over reactive power is
offered by them. In order to consume the generated reactive power by the fixed capacitor the
TCR operates at its full range. In addition harmonic current components are drawn in large
amount which results in enlarging the transmission losses and also network voltage profile of
power system is disturbed. In generation mode of reactive power stepping response is offered
by SVC using switched capacitor banks and their reactive power demands are proportional to
their losses. FC-TCR and SVC having switched capacitor banks are usually treated as
conventional static VAR compensators which are characterized basically by the enlisting of
naturally commutated solid-state switching devices having high current and voltage ratings.
On Implementing this thyristor the capability of absorbing or generating reactive power with
fast time response is achieved. With recent advancements in this technology flexibility of
higher order is established in design of static VAR compensators for correction of power
factor and purpose of voltage control. Voltage is regulated at its terminals by the Static VAR
Compensator through the control of the amount of reactive power delivered into or consumed
from the power system. Reactive power (SVC capacitive) is generated by the SVC for low
voltage system and for high system voltage , reactive power (SVC inductive) is absorbed.
Here in Fig 1 TCR Based SVC is used to supply a varying amount of lagging or leading VAR
to the leading or lagging system. Using gate control through varying firing angle the current
flow through the reactor is varied. Hence the lagging conduction current, thereby minimize
the distance of phase angle between the apparent power and real power. The shunt power
capacitor functions as to provide leading (capacitive) kVARs to an electrical system when and
where needed.
4.2 OPERATION OF SVC
The control concept of SVC is based on controlling of shunt susceptance (B) which can be
controlled by changing the firing angle of thyristor Fig. 1 illustrates a TCR SVC, including the
16

operational concept. The control objective of the SVC is to maintain a desired voltage at the
high voltage bus. In the steady-state, the SVC will provide some steady-state control of the
voltage to maintain it the high-voltage bus at a pre-defined level. If sudden load is increased
the high-voltage bus begins to fall below its set point, in such a condition the SVC will inject
reactive power (Qnet) into thereby increasing the bus voltage back to its net desired voltage
level. If load is falls suddenly, then bus voltage increases, the SVC will (thyristor controlled
reactor) will absorb reactive power, and the result will be to achieve the desired bus voltage.
From Fig. 4.1, +Qcap is a fixed capacitance value, Therefore the magnitude of reactive power
injected into the system, Qnet, is controlled by the magnitude of Qind reactive power
absorbed by the TCR

Fig. 4.1 Block Diagram of FC-TCR SVC

The SVC behaves like a shunt-connected variable reactance, which either generates or absorbs
reactive power in order to regulate the PCC voltage magnitude. In its simplest form, the SVC
consists of a TCR in parallel with a bank of capacitors
The SVC regulates voltage at its terminals by controlling the amount of reactive power
injected into or absorbed from the power system. When system voltage is low, the SVC
generates reactive power (SVC capacitive). When system voltage is high, it absorbs reactive
power (SVC inductive). SVC principle is supplying a varying amount of leading or lagging
17

VAR to the lagging or leading system. By phase angle control of thyristor, the flow of current
through the reactor is varied. Hence by varying the firing angle alpha from 90 0 to 1800 the
conduction interval is reduced from maximum to zero. In terms of suseptance,
ISVC = j BSVCV
Where: BSVC = BTCR +Bc
Bsvc = BL((-2-sin)/) + B c
Where, B c = 1/ Xc
BL = 1/XL
In terms of reactance, XSVC = (X C XTCR)/( XC +XTCR )
Where, XTCR = XL/( - Sin )
X c ( sin ) X L

XSVC =
X cX L

Where, =2(-)
XSVC =

X cX L
X c [2 ( ) +sin 2 ] X L

XTCR =

V 2 Bus
Q SVC

V 2 Bus 2

XSVC =
X cX L
Generally by changing the firing angle the fundamental reactance X L of the reactor
is changed
V
XL = I FL

4.3 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF FC TCR

FC-TCR is basically a shunt controller, The shunt Controllers may be variable impedance
such as capacitor, reactor or power electronic based variable source, which is shunt connected
to the line in order to inject variable current. As long as the injected current is in phase
quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt Controllers only supplies or consumes variable
reactive power.
An SVC can improve power system transmission and distribution performance in a number of
ways. Simple FC-TCR type SVC configuration is shown in Figure 4.2. In FC-TCR, a
capacitor is placed in parallel with a Thyristor controlled reactor. Is, Ir and Ic are system
current, reactor current and capacitor current respectively which flows through the FC-TCR
18

circuit. Fixed capacitor- Thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) can provide continuous
lagging and leading VARS to the system. Circulating current through the reactor (Ir) is
controlled by controlling the firing angle of back-back thyristor valves connected in series
with the reactor. Leading var to the system is supplied by the capacitor. For supplying lagging
vars to the system, TCR is generally rated larger than the capacitor

Fig. 4.2 SVC (FC-TCR) System

Fig. 4.3 shows the V-I characteristics, the operating area of FC-TCR is define as the maximum
attainable capacitive and inductive admittance and by the voltage and current rating of major
power component.

Fig. 4.3 V-I Characteristics of the FC-TCR

4.3.1 Voltage regulation of ac lines using fuzzified static var compensator

19

The Static Var Compensator (SVC) is basically a shunt type device of the Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS) family using power electronics for the control of power flow
and improvement of transient stability on the power grids. The voltage is regulated by SVC at
its terminals with the control of amount of reactive power absorbed from or injected into the
power system. When condition of low system voltage arises, reactive power (SVC capacitive)
is generated by SVC. When condition of high system voltage arises, reactive power (SVC
inductive) is absorbed by it. The switching three-phase inductor banks and capacitor banks
that are connected on the coupling transformer secondary side performs the variation of
reactive power. Each capacitor bank is either switched on or off by three thyristor switches
(Thyristor Switched Capacitor or TSC). Reactors are also switched on and off (Thyristor
Switched Reactor or TSR) or phase-controlled (Thyristor Controlled Reactor or TCR). Figure
4.3 shows a single-line diagram of a static VAR compensator and a simplified block diagram
of its control system. The control system consists of
1. A measurement system that measures the positive-sequence voltage which is
required to be controlled. A measurement system basedc on Fourier using a onecycle running average is used.
2. A voltage regulator that utilizes the voltage error (difference between the
measured voltage Vm and the reference voltage Vref ) to determine the SVC
3.

susceptance B needed for maintaining the constant system voltage.

A distribution unit through which the TSCs are determined (and eventually
TSRs) that must be either switched in-out, and computation of the firing angle

of TCRs are done.

4. A synchronizing system utilizing a phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronized on the
secondary voltages and a pulse generator for sending appropriate pulses to the
thyristors.

20

Fig. 4.4 Single-line diagram of an SVC and its control system block diagram

The model shown in fig. 4.3can be used in three-phase power systems together with
synchronous generators, motors, and dynamic loads to perform transient stability studies and
observe impact of the SVC on electromechanical oscillations and transmission capacity. The
most important problem with this conventional regulator using SVC is with the distribution
unit, this unit accepts BSVC as a input and calculates firing angle without any prior
knowledge. This project basically deals with the modification of distribution unit with
Fuzzified distribution unit. The methodology of the project work is shown in the fig.4.4 with
the help of block diagram representation.
4.4 FUZZY LOGIC INFERENCE SYSTEM
4.4.1 Description
The concept of Fuzzy Logic (FL) was conceived by Lotfi Zadeh, a professor at the University
of California at Berkley, and presented not as a control methodology, but as a way of
processing data by allowing partial set membership rather than crisp set membership or nonmembership. This approach to set theory was not applied to control systems until the 70's due
to insufficient small-computer capability prior to that time. Professor Zadeh reasoned that
people do not require precise, numerical information input, and yet they are capable of highly
21

adaptive control. In this context, FL is a problem-solving control system methodology that

lends itself to implementation in systems ranging from simple, small, embedded microcontrollers to large, networked, multi-channel PC or workstation-based data acquisition and
control systems. It can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both. FL
provides a simple way to arrive at a definite conclusion based upon vague, ambiguous,
imprecise, noisy, or missing input information. FL's approach to control problems mimics how
a person would make decisions, only much faster. FL incorporates a simple, rule-based IF X
AND Y THEN Z approach to a solving control problem rather than attempting to model a
system mathematically. The FL model is empirically based, relying on an operator's
experience rather than their technical understanding of the system. These terms are imprecise
and yet very descriptive of what must actually happen. Considering the case of the shower: if
the temperature is too cold: water will be made comfortable very quickly with little trouble.
FL is capable of mimicking this type of behavior but at very high rate.
Working of Fuzzy Logic
FL requires some numerical parameters in order to operate such as what is considered
significant error and significant rate-of-change-of-error, but exact values of these numbers are
usually not critical unless very responsive performance is required in which case empirical
tuning would determine them. These values don't have to be symmetrical and can be modified
once the system is operating in order to optimize performance. Generally, FL is so forgiving
that the system will probably work the first time without any change. FL was conceived as a
better method for sorting and handling data but has proven to be an excellent choice for many
control system applications since it mimics human control logic. It can be built into anything
from small, hand-held products to large computerized process control systems. It uses an
imprecise but very descriptive language to deal with input data more like a human operator. It
is very robust and forgiving of operator and data input and often works when first
implemented with little or no tuning.

Unique Features of FL
22

FL offers several unique features that make it a particularly good choice for many control
problems.
1) It is inherently robust since it does not require precise, noise-free inputs and can be
programmed to fail safely if any of the inputs is destroyed. The output control is a smooth
control function despite a wide range of input variations.
2) Since the FL controller processes user-defined rules governing the target control system, it
can be modified and changed easily to improve or drastically alter system performance. New
inputs can easily be incorporated into the system simply by generating appropriate governing
rules.
3) FL is not limited to a few feedback inputs and one or two control outputs, nor is it
necessary to measure or compute rate-of-change parameters in order for it to be implemented.
Any sensor data that provides some indication of a system's actions and reactions is sufficient.
This allows the sensors to be inexpensive and imprecise thus keeping the overall system cost
and complexity low.
4) Because of the rule-based operation, any reasonable number of inputs can be processed and
numerous outputs generated, although defining the rule base quickly becomes complex if too
many inputs and outputs are chosen for a single implementation since rules defining their
interrelations must also be defined. It would be better to break the control system into smaller
chunks and use several smaller FL controllers distributed on the system, each with more
limited responsibilities.
5) Fuzzy Logic can control nonlinear systems that would be difficult or impossible to model
mathematically. This opens doors for control systems that would normally be deemed
unfeasible for automation.
The major problem of Boolean logic is that we live in an analog, not in a discrete
environment, and usually our problems do not have only two states. Unlike the Boolean logic
that assumes only the states "zero or "one ", fuzzy logic can take values between zero and
"one". When fuzzy sets are considered, elements can partially belong to these sets, so each
23

element is associated to a pertinence value, which indicates how much it belongs to the set.
Consequently, one can infer rules and obtain conclusions about a problem by combining the
pertinence values of the facts in the rule conditions. In order to do so, usually a transformation
from analog quantities to fuzzy sets, i.e. fuzzyfication, has to be done to allow the appropriate
analysis of the problem (process of inference). Afterwards, in the end the output suffers a
defuzzyfication process

[18]

. There are two factors in the fuzzy logic that stand out. The first

factor is the usage of linguistic variables, so that variables can be defined according to
humans natural language (high, low, possible, etc.). The second factor is that fuzzy rules are
also structured as "if-then". These features make fuzzy logic tolerant to inaccuracies and
uncertainties. To have a comprehensive look over the major components of a fuzzy logic
inference system, a simplified block diagram is shown in figure: 4.2.

Fig. 4.5 Fuzzy logic inference system simplified block diagram.

This block diagram contains fuzzification block, inference engine and defuzzification block.
The function of each block is as follows:
Fuzzification: In a fuzzy logic system the numerical values have no significance and so these
values are not used. Hence in a FIS crisp inputs are converted into fuzzy variables for further
processing. The crisp values of the input variable entering a fuzzy logic system are called
fuzzy singletons. Thus the process of converting a fuzzy singleton into a membership grade in
one or many fuzzy sets is termed as fuzzification.
Inference Engine: Inference engine mainly consists of two blocks, namely fuzzy rule base
and fuzzy implication. The inputs, which are now fuzzified, are fed to the inference engine
and the rule base is then applied. The output fuzzy sets are then identified using fuzzy
implication method.

24

Rule Base or Fuzzy Proposition: The rule base consists of a set of fuzzy propositions and is
derived from the existing knowledge of the system. A fuzzy proposition or a statement
establishes a relationship between different input fuzzy sets and output fuzzy sets.
Defuzzification: After fuzzy implication, output fuzzy region is located. The extraction of the
numerical value corresponding to the output from the output fuzzy region is termed as
defuzzification. A few important and commonly employed defuzzification methods are:
Centre of gravity method, Height method, Center of sums method, First of maxima method,
Last of maxima method, Middle of maxima method. In this project, Centre of gravity method
is used to build the controller. In this method of defuzzification, the crispy output is taken as
the geometric centre of the output fuzzy area obtained after aggregation. In Sugeno method,
Centre of gravity becomes Weighted Average for the calculation of crispy output.

4.5. PRINCIPLE OF FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

As we know that reactive power injected into the system, is controlled by magnitude of
reactive power absorbed by TCR and the generation and absorption of reactive power is
control by controlling the delay angle of thyristor.
FC-TCR with fuzzy controller is able to maintain the power factor always constant at
receiving end under normal condition as well as at large inductive load and does not effected
with load variations.
The importance of fuzzy logic derives from the fact that most modes of human reasoning and
especially common sense reasoning are approximate in nature. In doing so, the fuzzy logic
approach allows the designer to handle efficiently very complex closed-loop control problems.
There are many artificial intelligence techniques that have been employed in modern power
systems, but fuzzy logic has emerged as the powerful tool for solving challenging problems

Fig. 4.6 Structure of fuzzy logic controller

25

Mamdani based fuzzy logic interfacing rule is chosen for power factor correction. From
power measuring block we take complex power, in which the power angle is feeded as input
of fuzzy controller. In accordance to power angle fuzzy logic provides control output (firing
angle). For larger values of power angle, firing angle is also large. Controlled output is given
to variable delay circuit and it is supplied to thyristor. In accordance to the output of variable
time delay circuit, variation of thyristor firing angle is done. For very smaller values of power
angle, firing angle is also very small. Likewise in case of medium power angle, firing angle is
also medium.
The control concept of svc is based on controlling of shunt susceptance (B) which can be
controlled by changing the firing angle of thyristor. In the steady-state, the SVC will provide
some steady-state control of the voltage to maintain it the high-voltage bus at a predefined
level. If sudden load is increased the high-voltage bus begins to fall below its set point, in
such a condition the SVC will inject reactive power (Qnet) into thereby increasing the bus
voltage back to its net desired voltage level. If load is falls suddenly, then bus voltage
increases, the SVC will (thyristor controlled reactor) will absorb reactive power, and the result
will be to achieve the desired bus voltage. Therefore the magnitude of reactive power injected
into the system, Qnet, is controlled by the magnitude of Qind reactive power absorbed by the
TCR.
FC-TCR with fuzzy controller is able to maintain the power factor always constant at
receiving end under normal condition as well as at large inductive load and does not effected
with load variations. It is cost effective solution to maintain constant voltage and constant
power for highly inductive load.
4.5.1. Development of fuzzified distribution unit
The conventional distribution unit deals with the calculation of firing angle with the help of
look up table based on the equation
BTCR = 2(--sin2)/
. (3)
This method of calculation of firing angle lacking with the handling of imprecise fluctuations
in line voltage and hence not able to provide efficient voltage regulation. Hence for handling
of such fluctuations fuzzy logic has been used.

26

Fig. 4.7 Development of fuzzified distribution unit

CHAPTER -5
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

27

5.1 Introduction
For measurement of instantaneous current flowing in the transmission line, Current
measurement block is used. For measurement of source voltage, voltage measurement block is
used. Scope displays the signals generated during a simulation. Scope is used to view the line
current and line voltage. The real power and reactive power in the load is measured using the
Active & Reactive Power measurement block. Here we keep the inductor value constant and
try to vary the reactive Power with different values of the reactive power.
5.2 Description of FC-TCR without and with Fuzzy Logic Controller

Fig.5.1 Simulation block of system with out fuzzy logic controller and FC-TCR

Fig.5.1 shows the MATLAB simulink model of the system without Fuzzy Logic Controller
and FC-TCR. In which the input power factor and load or output power factor is calculated
with R-L load at switching time of 0.2 second.

5.2.1 Power factor measurement block

28

Subsystem of power measuring block is shown in fig.5.2 which is used to measure power
factor as well as power factor angle

Fig.5.2 Subsystem power measurement block

5.2.2 3-phase Instantaneous Active & Reactive Power block

This block computes the 3-phase Instantaneous real power & Reactive Power using following
equation
1. P = Va Ia + Vb Ib + Vc Ic

3
V I +V I +V I)
2. Q=
a a
b b
c c

29

Fig.5.3 Simulink block diagram of 3-phase Instantaneous Active & Reactive Power

5.2.3 firing pulse generator block

Variable time delay circuit is shown in fig.5.3 in which the output of fuzzy controller works as
input for it. And output of variable time delay is used for firing angle control of thyristor.

Fig. 5.4 Variable time delay circuits

5.2.4 FC-TCR simulation block

The power unit is represented by three identical single phase FC-TCR branches in delta
connection (Fig. 5.5).

30

Fig. 5.5 Power unit in Simulink: three-phase delta connection of FC-TCRs

5.2.5 Fuzzy logic controller simulink block

Fig.5.6 Simulink block diagram of Fuzzy Logic Controller

31

5.2.6 Simulation block diagram of FC-TCR with Fuzzy Logic Controller

Here we used FC-TCR as a compensation device as shown in Figure 5.7 in it excess amount
of reactive power is absorb by reactor and controlling of reactor is done by firing angle
control of thyristor.

Fig.5.7 Simulation block with Fuzzy Logic Controller

32

Fig.5.8 Simulation block of FC-TCR

When load applied to system then the characteristics of system get changed. When inductive
load is applied the power factor of system decrease, due to which power quality of system (i.e.
voltage, current, frequency parameter) decrease. Due to decrease in power factor kva rating of
the equipment increase and active and reactive power balance in the system get unbalanced.
Thus for increasing power quality, power factor of the system is much closed to unity. Hence
for getting unity power factor compensation should be used. Here we used FC-TCR as a
compensation device as shown in fig.5.8 in it excess amount of reactive power is absorb by
reactor and controlling of reactor is done by firing angle control of thyristor.
Fixed capacitor is to provide reactive power in the system Due to fast response and high
accuracy fuzzy logic controller is used for controlling the firing angle of thyristor. Thus power
factor of the system increase simultaneously power qualities of the system improve. When
load applied to system then the characteristics of system get changed. When inductive load is

33

applied the power factor of system decrease, due to which power quality of system (i.e.
voltage, current, frequency parameter) decrease.
Due to decrease in power factor KVA rating of the equipment increase and active and reactive
power balance in the system get unbalanced. Thus for increasing power quality, power factor
of the system is much closed to unity. Hence for getting unity power factor compensation
should be used.

5.3 SIMULATION RESULTS

5.3.1 Simulation results for power factor using with and without FC-TCR
i)
Simulation results for power factor without compensation

Fig. 5.9 Power factor improvement without controller

In Fig.5.9 in this vertical axes shows in power factor while horizontal axes shows time offset.
At starting i.e. on load the power factor of the system is unity. After 0.2 second certain
inductive load is injected into system, due to inductive load power factor get decreases up to
0.76.

34

Fig.5.10 Power factor improvement using FC-TCR

In Fig.5.10 shows the result obtain, in this vertical axes shows input power factor while
horizontal axes shows time offset. At starting i.e. on load the power factor of the system is
unity. After 0.2 second certain inductive load is injected into system, due to inductive load
power factor get decrease regularly but after 0.5 sec FC-TCR is connected to the system and
due to this the power factor is controlled and come to near unity whereas on the other hand its
value without compensation is 0.76.

35

Fig. 5.11 Output Power factor improvement using FC-TCR

In Fig.5.11 shows the result obtain ,in this vertical axes shows output power factor while
horizontal axes shows time offset. After 0.2 second certain inductive load is injected into
system, due to inductive load power factor get decrease regularly but after 0.75 sec FC-TCR is
connected to the system and due to this the power factor is controlled and come to 0.77
5.3.2 Simulation results for input and output Active and reactive power
i) Active and reactive power without compensation

Fig.5.12 Active and reactive power without compensation

Fig.5.12 show the three phase active and reactive power without compensation. At starting i.e.
on load the active and reactive power of the system is zero. After 0.2 second certain inductive
load is injected into system, due to inductive load active and reactive power get increased to
nearly about to 4.63 kW and 3.89 kVAr.
ii)

Active and reactive power with compensation

36

Fig.5.13 Active and reactive power at source side with compensation

Fig.5.13 show the three phase active and reactive power at source side with compensation. At
starting i.e. on load the active and reactive power of the system is zero. After 0.2 second
certain inductive load is injected into system, due to inductive load active and reactive power
get increased to nearly about to 4.63kW and 3.89 kVAr but after 0.5 sec FC-TCR is connected
to the system and due to this the active and reactive power get increased to nearly about to
5.7kW and -1.9 kVAr

37

Fig.5
.14 Active and reactive power at load side with compensation

Fig.5.14 show the three phase active and reactive power. At starting i.e. on load the active and
reactive power of the system is zero. After 0.2 second certain inductive load is injected into
system, due to inductive load active and reactive power get increased to nearly about to
4.63kW and 3.89 kVAr but after 0.5 sec FC-TCR is connected to the system and due to this
the active and reactive power get increased to nearly about to 6.01 kW and 4.87 kVAr.
5.3.3 Simulation results for input and output power factor angle

38

Fig.5.15 Output power factor angle

In Fig.5.15 shows the result obtain ,in this vertical axes shows output power factor angle
while horizontal axes shows time offset. At starting i.e. on load the power factor of the system
is zero. After 0.2 second certain inductive load is injected into system, due to inductive load
power factor get increased to 400 but after 0.5 sec FC-TCR is connected to the system and due
to this the power factor is controlled and come to 400.

Fig.5.16 Input power factor angle

In Fig.5.16 shows the result obtain ,in this vertical axes shows input power factor angle while
horizontal axes shows time offset. At starting i.e. on load the power factor of the system is
zero. After 0.2 second certain inductive load is injected into system, due to inductive load
power factor get increased to 400 but after 0.5 sec FC-TCR is connected to the system and due
to this the power factor is controlled and come to 200.

5.3.4 Simulation results for three phase input and output current

39

Fig.5.17 Three phase input current

In Fig.5.17 shows the result obtain ,in this vertical axes shows three phase current while
horizontal axes shows time offset. At starting i.e. on load the three phase currents are zero.
After 0.2 second certain inductive load is injected into system, due to inductive load three
phase current get increased to 12A but after 0.5 sec FC-TCR is connected to the system and
due to this the three phase current is come near to 13A.

Fig.5.18 Waveform of Three phase current at load side

In Fig.5.18 shows the result obtain ,in this vertical axes shows three phase current while
horizontal axes shows time offset. At starting i.e. on load the three phase currents are zero.
40

After 0.2 second certain inductive load is injected into system, due to inductive load three
phase current get increased to 13A but after 0.5 sec FC-TCR is connected to the system and
due to this the three phase current is come near to 15A.

Fig.5.19 Waveform of three phase current flowing through capacitor

In Fig.5.19 at starting i.e. on load the three phase current of the system is zero. After 0.2
second certain inductive load is injected into system, due to inductive load three phase current
get increased to 40A but after 0.5 sec FC-TCR is connected to the system and due to this the
three phase current is come near to 22A.

5.3.5 Simulation results for three phase voltage at source and load end side

41

Fig.5.20 Three phase voltage at source side

In Fig.5.20 shows the result obtain ,in this vertical axes shows three phase voltage while
horizontal axes shows time offset. At starting i.e. on load the three phase voltage of the system
is 375V. After 0.2 second certain inductive load is injected into system, due to inductive load
three phase voltage get decrease regularly to 350V but after 0.5 sec FC-TCR is connected to
the system and due to this the three phase voltage is controlled and come to near 380V.

Fig.5.21 Three phase voltage at load side

In Fig.5.21 shows the result obtain ,in this vertical axes shows three phase voltage while
horizontal axes shows time offset. At starting i.e. on load the three phase voltage of the system
42

is 375V. After 0.2 second certain inductive load is injected into system, due to inductive load
three phase voltage get decrease regularly to 350V but after 0.5 sec FC-TCR is connected to
the system and due to this the three phase voltage is controlled and come to near 380V.
5.4 Comparison of different parameters without and with compensation
Table 5.1 shows the detail comparison between different parameters like input and output
active Power, input and output reactive power and input and output power factor is done.
Table 5.1 Comparison of different parameters

Without

Source

Input

Voltage
Vs(V)

Active
Power

Input
Reactive
Power

Output
Active
Power

(P) in

(Q) in

KW

kVAr

440

4.637

3.891

KW
4.637

440

5.701

-1.955

6.016

(P) in

Output
Reactive

Input

Output

Power

Power

Factor

Factor

3.891

0.7661

0.7661

4.872

0.9459

0.7772

Power
(Q) in
kVAr

compensatio
n
With
compensatio
n

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION & SCOPE OF FURTHER WORK

43

From above result it conclude that svc with fuzzy controller play an important role to maintain
power factor constant at receiving end under normal as well as overloading condition. It is
cost effective solution to maintain constant voltage and constant power for highly inductive
load. . The use of fuzzy logic has facilitated the closed loop control of system, by designing a
set of rules, which decides the firing angle given to SVC to attain the required voltage and
power factor. With MATLAB simulations it is observed that SVC (FC-TCR) provides an
effective reactive power control irrespective of load variation and also provide voltage
stability.
6.1 CONCLUSION
With increasingly volatile energy and commodity prices becoming a reality, it has become
more apparent that industrial facilities need to reduce energy consumption and drive
efficiency. A major source for improved efficiency is in power factor correction. A number of
correction methods have been explored and static var control were the primary focus of this
thesis, it is not always the most economically sound or optimal decision. Hopefully, awareness
of power factor correction as a method to improve power system efficiency, stability and
longevity will continue to be examined as industry strives to improve the bottom line.
From the above result we concluded that the use of fuzzy controlled SVC (FC-TCR)
compensating device the firing angle control is continuous, effective and it is a simplest way
of controlling the reactive power of transmission line. It is observed that SVC device is able to
compensate both over and under voltages. The use of fuzzy logic has facilitated the closed
loop control of system, by designing a set of rules, which decides the firing angle given to
SVC to attain the required voltage. With MATLAB simulations it is observed that SVC (FCTCR) provides an effective reactive power control irrespective of load variation and also
provide voltage stability during fault conditions.
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
FUTURE SCOPE
Here in this project we just try to show that in todays world we need continuous energy so for
that FACTS device has more importance. So we have derived many results from over
Simulink model. If anybody wants to work more in this area than here some suggestions are
given by us.

44

1. Here FC-TCR is considered; try to show more effective results with other FACTS
devices.
2. Here MATLAB/Simulink is used try to get results.
3. Try to Compliance with implement with industrial problems.
The variable shunt compensation using SVC can be extended to the large rating machines and
Large Interconnected Power Systems. The SVC can also be fabricated by using IGBTs and
testing can also be performed using DSP.
In the future, the created model can be extended by various improvements and utilities and it
can be used for demonstration of the basic operation principle of FACTS controllers, power
factor correction or for science and educational purposes.

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47