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SUPER STRUCTURE
Content
2.1 Beam and Slab
2.2 Column
2.3 Wall
2.4 Staircase
2.5 Roof
Introduction
Superstructure
Introduction
Definition
Introduction
Mass
Structure
Bearing
Wall
Structure
Framed
Structure
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Introduction
Single storey to 4 storey
Wood frames structure
Reinforced concrete frames
Tall building
Reinforced concrete frames
Steel frames
Introduction
Framed Structure-Steel
Beam
Beam is a horizontal structure element that is capable to
Beam
Beams are characterized by
profile (the shape of their cross-section),
length, and
material.
In contemporary construction, beams are
Beam
Beams are also described by how
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Concrete Beam
There are two type method of concrete beam in manufacture. One
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Concrete Beam
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Beams Shapes
cross sections, but the most efficient cross section for a simply
supported beam is an I or H section.
Other shapes, like L (angles), C (channels) or tubes, are also used
in construction when there are special requirements.
Beam Types
There are 5 type of beam according to its function:
1) Main Beam- Main beam are the beam that stretch over from column
to column where it is main beam to transfer the whole upper load to
column that consist inside the building structural.
2) Secondary Beam: This type of beam is stretches over the main
beam. This beam is also transmitted to the load of the main beam.
The function is reduce a length that support the structure or catch
the load of structure
3) Tertiary Beam : Its the beam across between the columns and the
main beam and its function is distribute the load from the beam to
column
4) Tie Beam: Beam that stretches over a columns and its purpose to
binding are both of the columns. This is to support stability of
structure.
5) Edge Beam: Function as binding beam to stretches between the
16 external columns
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Beam Construction
Beam Construction
Timber beam
Slab
Also known as floor
evacuate
Resistance to passage of heat.
Resistance to the passage of sound
regulations
Slabs/Floors
NonSuspended
Slab
Suspended
Slab
Non-Suspended Slab
Normally located on the ground (ground slab).
Commonly used on hard and stable ground condition.
provides a level surface that capable to support all live or
death load.
Transfer load directly to the ground soil below it.
Moisture related problems is the critical condition, therefore
this slab required for water proofing.
Suitability of this method depends on moisture content of the
soil.
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Non-Suspended Slab
(Construction Process)
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Suspended Slab
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column
Construction process
conventional or traditional
method (cast in-situ)
modern or industrialized method
(precast, system formwork)
Typical method of construction
from first floor up to roof beam
Provide a level surface that is
capable of supporting all the live and
dead loads imposed
Provide area under need for M&E
services
Suspended Slab
Main functions:
To prepare a plane
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surface
To support loads
Operate as a sound, fire
and heat insulator or
resistance
As a ceiling to the
beneath floor
The space between the
floor and ceiling can be
used to place building
equipment and materials.
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Suspended Slab
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Disadvantages
Time constrain
Setting out
Normally using system formwork (beam & slab)
Install rebar for beam & slab at fabrication yard
Cast slab or beam at fabrication yard (pre-stress
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structure)
Install beam or slab
Install ducting or conduit for M&E
Construct any required opening
Make sure location of drop
Joint inspection (surveyor, engineer, architect, M&E)
Concreting (topping up)
industrialized method:
Fast track project
Economy for high cost
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project
Sectional slab and beam redesign by f/w consultant or
design by consultant at
early stage
Easy to construct and
maintain cleanliness
Systematic
Reduce +/- 50% of concrete
volume (hollow section)
Reduce +/- 25% of
reinforcement weight
Reduce +/- 10% of
foundation size
Disadvantage of modern or
industrialized method:
Required skill workers
Cannot simply cut for
opening
Take time to study and plan
for the system
Not every contractor can
afford cost and ability to
construct
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QUIZ 2
Give two (2) differences between the end bearing piles and
the friction piles. (4 marks)
2) List four (4) factors to be consider when selecting the type
of foundation for building construction. (4 marks)
3) Define the following:
1)
i.
ii.
Duration: 20 minutes
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Column
Superstructure
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Column
Definition: The vertical support which is free from all sides
taking the load of beam slab etc. and transfers the load to
the earth independently.
Column is constructed with the help of steel bars and cement
concrete.
In case of multi storey and frame structure building
constructions, the entire load is born by columns and the
floor area/ internal space of building is freely adjusted
according to the requirement.
The size, cement concrete ratio and numbers of steel bars
with their diameter are available in structural drawings which
are designed according to the load born by the column and
factor of safety.
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Column
Construction for column starts from the footings. Starter
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Column
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Column
plan by considering the recycle concept, save time and cost saving.
Vertical bars must be installed with sufficient number of link and check
for:
Lap length (bottom and top)
Shape of link
Spacer block
formwork
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Column
Column arch
tilted column
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Column Formwork
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Wall
Superstructure
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Wall
Is a continuous, usually
Wall Types
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Wall Types
Solid.
A solid wall (sometimes called a
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Wall Types
Framed
A frame wall is constructed from a
Wall
Strength
and
stability
Fire
safety
Aesthetics
Resistance
to passage
of heat
Functional
Requirements
Resistance
to airbone
and impact
sound
Durability
and freedom
from
maintenance
Resistance
to weather
and ground
moisture
Security
Internal Wall
There are two basic
Wall
Load Bearing Wall
Walls that must support the dead load of their own weight and the
weight of subsequent bearing structural members placed upon them.
In addition, load bearing walls must be capable to carry the load of
"live" loads that are anticipated to be placed upon the system without
deflection that can degrade or negatively impact structural integrity.
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Wall-load bearing
Common type of material to construct a load bearing wall are
Wall-load bearing
Strength
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gravity loads from the building, hence does not bear any
weight besides its own.
Both, load bearing and non-load bearing walls may see lateral
loading such as wind loads and seismic loads.
Also, both load bearing and non-load bearing walls can serve
as shear walls to brace the building in lateral and/or
longitudinal directions.
Non load bearing walls are walls that the weight of the roof
is not supported on.
Any wall that runs parallel will roof joists will be non load
bearing.
Non-load bearing wall can be removed as it will not effect
the structure integrity of a building.
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Party Wall
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Party Wall
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resisting system.
They are typically wood frame stud walls covered with a
structural sheathing material like plywood.
When the sheathing is properly fastened to the stud wall
framing, the shear wall can resist forces directed along the
length of the wall.
When shear walls are designed and constructed properly,
they will have the strength and stiffness to resist the
horizontal forces.
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Shear
Wall
Shear walls must provide the
necessary lateral strength to
resist horizontal earthquake
forces.
When shear walls are strong
enough, they will transfer
these horizontal forces to
the next element in the load
Shear walls also provide lateral stiffness
path below them.
These other components in to prevent the roof or floor above from
the load path may be other excessive side-sway.
When shear walls are stiff enough, they
shear walls, floors,
will prevent floor and roof framing
foundation walls, slabs or
members from moving off their supports.
footings.
Also, buildings that are sufficiently stiff
will usually suffer less nonstructural
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damage
Wood
Studs with
plywood
Reinforced
2 Wythe
brick wall
Metal
Studs with
plywood
Types of
Shear
Wall
Unreinforced
brick wall
Reinforced
Concrete
Wall
Reinforced
CMU Wall
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Staircase
Superstructure
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Staircase
A stair is a series of steps, each
STAIRCASE COMPONENTS
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Staircase-Primary Functions
Provide an access from one floor to another.
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Staircase Terminology
Stairwell: the space in
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Staircase
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Staircase
Purpose
Provide access between various level with in building
Also use for escape in case of fire (designer have to comply with
regulation or act regarding materials, position, size and safety)
types of staircase construction
In-situ Single straight stairway (simply support, landing to landing)
In-situ Staircase with landing between bottom and upper floor
Inclined slab
String beam
Cranked or continuous
cantilever
Spiral staircase (in-situ or pre-cast)
Pre-cast concrete staircase
Single straight
Cranked
Open riser
Metal staircase
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Stairs-Functional Requirements
STRENGHT
Able to support for movement between floors, including dead
and imposed load.
SAFETY IN USE
Comply with the Building Regulation in determining the rise,
thread, headroom and dimensions of the handrails and
guarding.
Should be constructed of materials that are capable of
maintaining strength and stability for a period of time
sufficient to escape to the outside.
FIRE SAFETY
The steps and the width should be adequate for the safe
escape to the outside.
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Staircase
Single straight flight stairway
Simple design and construction
simply support
landing to landing
Space occupies
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STAIRCASE COMPONENTS
or Baluster
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STAIRCASE COMPONENTS
Nosing: the exposed edge of a tread, usually projecting with a
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Roof
Superstructure
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ROOF
Highest part of building structure.
Main functions:
- To protects the occupants -keep out from rain, wind, snow,
dust etc.
- To prevent excessive heat loss in winter, and to keep the
interior of the building cool in the summer.
- Provide ventilation system to the building.
- Act as moisture, heat and noise resistance.
- To accommodate all stress encountered (load bearing member)
- To accept movement due to changes in temperature and
moisture content
Types of Roof: Types- Flat roofs : 0 10o
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Steep/Pitched roofs
: > 10o
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ROOF
Type of
Building
Possible
future
modifications
Durability
Selection
Factors
Resistance to
Heat
Economic
Aesthetic
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Light
Protection
FLAT ROOF
Flat Roof
covers
Low heat transfer and resistance
Flat Roof are usually selected for
one or more of three reasons;
aesthetic design,
provision of a promenade roof /deck
and
ease of covering for structures of
complex plan.
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FLAT ROOF
Advantages
1) Design
the design of choice for smaller structures, such as garages and extensions.
represent the most efficient use of urban space, offer architectural freedom,
control of the down flow of water to the drainage system and energy savings.
2) Materials
Traditionally flat roofs have been constructed from asphalt or three-ply modified
bitumen (also known as felt flat roofing) with a thin layer of gravel to protect the roof
from the harmful effects of UV sunlight.
A more recent and increasingly popular design is Ethylene Propylene Diene
Monomer (EPDM), a 3mm thick rubber membrane which can be applied seamlessly
in one piece and offers a lifespan of more than 40 years (compared to the 20 years
for felt flat roofing).
3) Cost
Flat roofing is generally considered to be a more affordable option at the point of
construction and involves considerably less materials and labour than a pitched roof.
Full replacement of the roof, when the time comes, can usually be completed in a
single day.
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FLAT ROOF
Disadvantages
Maintenance
Lifespan for a felt flat roof of only 20 years.
Regular maintenance is needed to check from cracking and
leakage to the roof.
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PITCHED ROOF
A slope of over 10 of the horizontal line.
Slopes depends on types of roof cover
Roof shapes depends on loading and span
Provide space for extra services, e.g.: water tank.
Found in many forms, among which are:
Gable Roof
Mansard Roof
Hip Roof
Shed Roof
Butterfly Roof
Gambrel Roof
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TYPES OF ROOF
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PITCHED ROOF
Advantages
lifespan than a flat roof, with materials that are more durable and weather resistant.
(3) Natural
Installing a pitched roof also means the building can be more effectively blended in
to either the rest of the property (in the case of an extension) or to neighbouring
buildings, while also helping to retain a sense of individuality and character.
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PITCHED ROOF
Disadvantages
Expensive
increased expense, as the more complex design, additional building materials
and extra man-hours cost significantly more than a flat roof.
Foundations
place a greater burden on the foundations of the building and this may
have implications for the depth of the footings.
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Install services
ROOF TRUSS
A truss is a framed or jointed structure.
Jointed together with the aid of galvanised
mild steel nail plate connectors.
The truss comprises rafters, struts, ties and
ceiling joist (often called a ceiling tie).
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ROOF TRUSS
Advantages:
Much faster and more economical to use
prefabricated trusses in place of rafters and joists.
It takes significantly less labour than stick framing.
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ROOF TRUSS
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RIDGE BOARDS
COMMON
RAFTERS
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Roofs Members
Ridge:
the spine of the roof;
the apex line of the sloping roof;
the apex of the angle formed by the termination of the inclined
surfaces at the top of a slope.
Common Rafters:
the main load bearing members of a roof;
the span is between a wall plate at eaves level and the ridge.
Hip:
it is the ridge formed by the intersection of two sloping surfaces.
Hipped End:
it is the sloped triangular surface formed at the end of a roof
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Roofs Members
Jack Rafters: these full fil the same functions as common
Roofs Members
Ceiling Joists: these fulfill the dual function of acting as ties to the
feet of pairs of the rafters and providing support for the ceiling
boards on the underside and any cisterns housed within the roof void.
Purlins: these are horizontal wooden or steel members, used to
support common rafters of a roof when span is large.
Struts: these are compression members which transfer the load of a
purlin to a suitable load bearing support within the span of the roof.
Collars: these are extra ties to give additional strength and are placed
at purlin level.
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Roofs Members
Eaves: the lowest edge which overhangs the wall thus giving the wall a degree
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Roofs Members
Verge: the edge of a gable, running between the eaves and
ridge.
Eaves board or fascia board: wooden board fixed to the
common rafters at the eaves.
Barge board: timber board used to hold common rafter
forming verge.
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