CHP 3 PDF

MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr.
Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
ENVE 301
Environmental Engineering Unit Operations
CHAPTER: 3
Types of reactors
Assist. Prof. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi

Marmara University
Department of Environmental Engineering
Istanbul, Turkey
1
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
REACTOR MODELS
REACTOR:
Containers vessels or tanks in which chemical or biological reactions are carried out.
5 principal reactor models:
1. Batch reactor
2. Complete-mix reactor(continuousflow stirred tank reactor),(CFSTR)
3. Plug-flow reactor (PFR) (tubular-flow reactor)
4. Cascade of complete mix reactor (complete mix reactors in series)
5. Packed- bed reactor
2
BATCH REACTORS
The simplest reactor type
Flow is neither entering nor leaving the reactor
The liquid contents are mixed completely and uniformly
Ref: http://www.water-msc.org/e-learning/file.php/40/moddata/scorm/203/Lesson%204_04.htm
Applications:
Used to model very shallow lake where there is at most no flow
Used to estimate reaction coefficients
BOD test
3
COMPLETE-MIX REACTORS
(CFSTR=Continuous-Flow Stirred Tank Reactor)
Fluid particles that enter the reactor are
instantaneously dispersed throughout the reactor
volume
Q, C
Q, C o
.C
Fluid particles leave the reactor in proportion to their

statistical population
conc of any material leaving = conc. at any point in the reactor (after steady-state conditions are reached)
dc
= QC o QC rV
dt
No conc. gradient within the system.
Material entering is uniformly dispersed throughout the reactor
PLUG FLOW REACTOR-(PFR)

Fluid particles pass through the reactor and are
discharged in the same sequence in which they entered
the reactor.
Each fluid particle remains in the reactor for a time

period equal to the theoretical detention time.
This type of flow is approximated in

long tanks with a high length/width ratio
in which longitudinal dispersion is minimal or absent.
Ref: Tchobanoglous and Scroeder, 1985, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
Application:
Used to study river systems
CASCADE of COMPLETE MIX REACTORS

(Complete Mix Reactor in Series)
n-1
n+1
is used to model the flow regime that exists between the hydraulic flow patterns
corresponding to the complete and plug flow reactors.
If the series is composed of one reactor
complete mix regime prevails
If the series consists of an infinite number

of reactors in series
plug-low regime prevails
Application:
In modeling rivers within small increments (segments)
PACKED BED REACTORS

These reactors are filled with some type of packing
medium ( e.g.rock, slag, ceramic or plastic)
With respect to flow,

completely filled (anaerobic filter)
intermittently dosed (trickling filter)
When the pore volume of the medium

is filled with a liquid
When the pore volume is partially filled
flow is said to be SATURATED
flow is said to be UNSATURATED

7
PACKED BED REACTORS (continue)

Application:
Used to study the movement of water and contaminants in groundwater systems.

FLUIDIZED-BED reactors
Packed bed reactors in which the packing medium is expanded by the

upward movement of fluid (air or water) through the bed.
Example: Filter backwashing
8
CONTINOUS FLOW STIRRED TANK (CFSTR) REACTOR

MODELS
Q ,C o
Q ,C
conservative (non-reactive)
Material input may be

non-conservative (reactive)
C,
NOTE
For conservative (non-reactive) material input having Co conc., eff. conc. is initially C (not Co)
due to unsteady state condition.
When steady-state is reached effluent conc. (C) = Co
9
Response of CFSTR to Conservative (non-reactive) Tracer Input

A conservative (non-reactive) material is injected into the input flow of CFSTR on a
continuous basis, beginning at t=0 and resulting in a constant input tracer conc. Determine
the reactor output conc. as a function of time and plot the tracer-output response curve.
Un-steady-state condition
C Co (although the material is non-reactive)
After steady -state condition is reached
C = Co
Accumulation = Inflow Outflow + Generation
Q ,C o
Q ,C
dc
= QC o - QC + r
dt
C,
dc
= Q (C o -C)
dt
since the tracer

is non-reactive
C dC
Q t
=
dt
Co C
C=0
t=0
1
Ln C 0 C
1
C
C=0
1
1
dx = ln ax + b
ax + b
a
Q
t
Ln C 0 C Ln C 0 0 =
Ln (C 0 C )+ LnC 0 =
Q
t
Ln (C 0 C ) LnC 0 =
Ln
Q
t
Q
t
C 0 C
Q
= .t
C0
C 0 - C = C 0 e - (Q )t
C
1= e - (Q )t
C0
(Divide both sides to Co)

C
(Q
=1e
C0
)t
11
Q m 3 / sec 1
1
=
=
=
sec tR
m3
C
= 1 e (Q ).t
C0
Hydraulic retention time

(HRT)
1,2
1212 Q t

C
C0
C/Co
0,8
t=0, C=0
0,5
1 e 0,5
=0,393
1 e 1
=0,632
1 e2
=0,865
1 e3
=0,952
1 e4
=0,982
1 e5
=0,99
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0
Qt/V
After this time, C/C0

does not change
12
Response of CFSTR to Non-Conservative (Reactant)

Tracer Input
A reaction A
B , known to be first order, is to be carried
out in a CFSTR. Water is run through the reactor at a flow rate
Q , C Q (m3/sec ) and t=0 the reactant A is added to the input
stream on a continuous basis.
Q ,C o
C ,
Determine the output concentration of A as a function of

time and plot reactor-output response curves for reactant A.
Materials balance for the system:

dc
= QC 0 QC + generation First-order rxn r=-kC
generation term =r = -kC
dt
dc
= QC 0 QC k.C.
dt
(Divide both sides to )

13
dc Q
= .(C 0 C ) k.C
dt
Q
1
=
(
)
tR
dc 1
= .(C 0 C ) k.C
dt tR
dc C 0 C k.C.tR
=
dt
tR
dc C 0 C(1 + k.tR )
=
dt
tR
dc C 0 C(1 + k.tR )
=
dt tR
tR
1
dc C 0
=
- C.
+ k
dt
tR
tR
1
dc
C
+ c ( + k) = 0
tR
dt
tR
dy
+ P(x)y = Q (x)
dx
Integration factor= e P(x ).dx

Multiply both sides w/integration
factor
d[ ye
P ( x (/dx
]
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Left hand side =

Q(x)
1
+k =
tR
e .dt = e .t
1
dc
C
+ c ( + k) = 0
tR
dt
tR
Multiply both sides with integration factor.

e .t .
dc
1
+ e t .C. = .C o .e .t
dt
tR
d C.e t 1
= .C o .e .t
dt
tR
Ct
t 1
t
.C 0 .e t .dt
d C.e =
t
C0
t=0 R
C.e.t
Ct
C0
t
1
1 ax
ax
.C 0 . .e t
e dx = e
tR
t = 0
1
15
t=0 e t=1
C e
C e
C e
C e
C =
0
1
1 t 1
1
C
e C
tR 0
tR 0
1
1 t 1
1
C
e C
tR 0
tR 0
1
1 t 1
1
=C +
C
e C
0
tR 0
tR 0
C =
C0
1
1 1
1 1
+
C
C
e t tR 0 tR 0 e t
C =
C0
C0
1
+
(
1
)
e t tR
et
C =C e
t
C0
t
(1 e )
tR
(Divide both sides to e t )
where
1
+k
tR
16
CFSTR, UNSTEADY-STATE FOR NON-CONSERVATIVE REACTANT HAVING 1ST ORDER REACTION RATE
Q ,C o
Q ,C
C,
As t approaches infinity ( )
C t = C 0 .e .t +
Ct
C0
=
tR .
steady-state solution is approached e .t = 0
C0
.(1 e .t )
tR .
C0
1
tR +k
tR
C0
Ct =
1 +k.tR
CFSTR, steady-state, nonconservative (reactive) reactant

having 1st order reaction rate.
17
For steady-state condition (1st order reaction):

dc
= QC 0 - QC - kC
dt
dc Q
Q
= C 0 - C - kC
dt
At steady-state
kC =
dc
=0
dt
1
(C 0 -C)
tR
kCt R = (C 0 -C)
kCt R + C = C 0
C=
C0
1 + k.tR
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CASCADE OF COMPLETE MIX REACTORS

(CFSTR in series)
dc
1 = QC 0 - QC 1 + r 1
dt
At steady-state:
1st reactor
dc Q
Q
= C 0 - C1 + r
dt 1
1
. . . .
1
0=
2
For 1st order

reaction:
1 +kt R1
1
0=
C 0 - C1
t R1
t R1
0=
1
t R1
C0 -
1
t R1
C1 kC1
C1 =
0=
1
1
C 0 - C1 + r
t R1
t R1
1
1
C 0 - C 1 ( + k)
tR1
tR1
C0
1 + kt R1
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dc
2 = QC 1 - QC 2 + r 2
dt
2nd reactor
dc Q
Q
= C1 - C2 + r
dt 2
2
. . . .
1
0=
1
1
C1 - C2 + r
t R2
t R2
For 1st order

reaction:
0=
0=
1
tR2
1+kt R2
1
C1 - C2
t R2
t R2
C1 -
1
tR2
C 2 kC 2
C2 =
C1
1 + kt R2
0=
1
1
C 1 - C 2 ( + k)
t R2
t R2
C1 =
C0
1 +kt R
C2 =
1
C0
(1 +kt R1 )(. 1+kt R2 )
20
dc
3 = QC 2 - QC 3 + r 3
dt
3rd reactor
dc Q
Q
= C2 - C3 + r
dt 3
3
. . . .
1
For 1st order

reaction:
0=
1
1
C2 - C3 + r
tR 3
tR 3
0=
0=
1
tR3
C2 -
1
tR3
C 3 kC 3
1
1
C 2 - C 3 ( + k)
tR3
tR 3
0=
1+kt R3
1
C2 - C3
t R3
tR 3
C2 =
C3 =
C2
1 +kt R3
C3 =
C0
(1 + kt R 1 )(1 + kt R 2 )
C0
(1 +kt R1 )(1 + kt R2 )(1 +kt R3 )
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n th reactor
C1 =
C0
1 + kt R1
C2 =
C0
(1 +kt R1 )(. 1+kt R2 )
C3 =
C0
(1 +kt R1 )(1 + kt R2 )(1 +kt R3 )
Cn =
C0
(1+kt R1 )(1+kt R2 )...(1+kt Rn )
CFSTR in series under steady states and

for 1st order rxn.
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V1=8.68 x 10 ^5 m3
V2=25.9x 10 ^5 m3
V3=17.28 x 10 ^5 m3
v4=8.64 x 10 ^5 m3
V5=25.92x 10 ^5 m3

EXAMPLE 1:
The river reach shown has been divided into 5 segments based on measured velocities and
depths. An industrial facility is planned just upstream of the 1st segment and it is necessary
to estimate effect of ww discharge. A series of dye experiments have been run and each of
the segments was found to behave as an approximate CFSTR. The pollutant is expected to
disappear according to 1st order reaction. For the data given determine the steady-state
pollutant con. in each segment.
Q river = 5m 3 / sec
k = 0 ,2day 1
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C 0 = 30 g / m 3
PLUG FLOW REACTORS (PFR)
Are ideally mixed in lateral direction and unmixed longitudinally

Unrealistic assumption for most real-world systems but can be approximated closely
The mean HRT time = true HRT time
An effluent tracer (conservative) signal is exactly the same as the input , expect that is
transposed in time by tR.
24
Tracers (dyes, electrolytes, radioactive isotopes) are used to characterize the degree
of mixing.
must be conservative
does not participate in any reaction
it is not adsorbed or absorbed by reactor or its contents
are assumed to be moved about in the same manner as the water molecules
their flow pattern will mimic have liquid flow pattern.
PF conditions are achieved by

designing long and narrow reactors,
placing baffles in a reactor
25
In a PF situation the mass balance must be taken over an incremental volume because a
longitudinal concentration gradient exists (since there is no longitudinal mixing.
Materials Balance:
Accumulation = Inflow - Outflow + Generation
c
= (QC 0 )x - (QC )x + x + r
t
(Divide both sides to )
c Q
=
(C x -C x + x )+ r
t
c Q
=
(C x -C x + x )+ r
t Ax
c Q C x C x + x
=
+r
x
t A
c Q c
= +r
t A x
Qc
c
=
+r
t
PFR
Unsteady-state conditions
26
c
Qc
=
+r
t
@ steady-state conditions
c
=0
t
r=
Q c c
=
t R
c
=0
t
PFR
steady-state conditions
27
EXAMPLE 2:
A plug flow reactor (PFR) is to be used to carry out the reaction
A
B
The reaction is first order and the rate is characterized as ra=-kCA
Determine the steady-state eff. conc. as a function of tR .
28
EXAMPLE 3:
Determine the volume of a CFSTR required to give a treatment efficiency of 95% for a
substance that decay according to half order kinetics with a rate constant of
0.05 (mg/L)1/2 .
The flow rate is steady at 300L/hr and the influent concentration is 150mg/L.
EXAMPLE 4:
Determine the volumes of two identical CFSTR reactors in series to provide the same
degree of treatment for the conditions given in Example 1.
EXAMPLE 5:
Determine the volume of a PFR to provide same degree of treatment for the conditions
29
given Example 1.
Volume Comparison For Examples 3-5
Example 1
CFSTR
( m 3 )
312
Example 2
2 CFSTR in series
180
Example 3
PFR
114
When the same reaction model (except for zero-order rxns) applies, regardless of the
mixing regime a PF system is always the most efficient (less volume requirement)
30

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MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr.

Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi

Assist. Prof. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi

5 principal reactor models:

Fluid particles leave the reactor in proportion to their

PLUG FLOW REACTOR-(PFR)

Each fluid particle remains in the reactor for a time

This type of flow is approximated in

Ref: Tchobanoglous and Scroeder, 1985, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

CASCADE of COMPLETE MIX REACTORS

If the series is composed of one reactor

complete mix regime prevails

If the series consists of an infinite number

plug-low regime prevails

PACKED BED REACTORS

With respect to flow,

When the pore volume of the medium

When the pore volume is partially filled

flow is said to be SATURATED

flow is said to be UNSATURATED

PACKED BED REACTORS (continue)

Used to study the movement of water and contaminants in groundwater systems.

Packed bed reactors in which the packing medium is expanded by the

CONTINOUS FLOW STIRRED TANK (CFSTR) REACTOR

Material input may be

Response of CFSTR to Conservative (non-reactive) Tracer Input

since the tracer

(Divide both sides to Co)

Hydraulic retention time

After this time, C/C0

Response of CFSTR to Non-Conservative (Reactant)

Determine the output concentration of A as a function of

Materials balance for the system:

(Divide both sides to )

Integration factor= e P(x ).dx

Left hand side =

Multiply both sides with integration factor.

(Divide both sides to e t )

steady-state solution is approached e .t = 0

CFSTR, steady-state, nonconservative (reactive) reactant

For steady-state condition (1st order reaction):

CASCADE OF COMPLETE MIX REACTORS

For 1st order

For 1st order

For 1st order

CFSTR in series under steady states and

Ref: Tchobanoglous and Scroeder, 1985, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

PLUG FLOW REACTORS (PFR)

Ref: Tchobanoglous and Scroeder, 1985, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Are ideally mixed in lateral direction and unmixed longitudinally

PF conditions are achieved by

(Divide both sides to )

Ref: Tchobanoglous and Scroeder, 1985, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Volume Comparison For Examples 3-5

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