DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL............................................................................................. i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN............................................................................... ii
HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN............................................................................ iii
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................ iv
DAFTAR ISI.......................................................................................................... v
DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................................................. x
DAFTAR TABEL............................................................................................... xiii
BAB I

PENDAHULUAN.................................................................................. 1

BAB II KARAKTERISTIK RESERVOIR......................................................... 3

2.1. Syarat Umum Terbentuknya Reservoir Panasbumi....................... 3
2.1.1 Sistem Recharge dan Discharge...................................... 5
2.1.2 Sumber Panas................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Batuan Reservoir.............................................................. 7
2.1.4 Batuan Tudung (Cap Rock).............................................. 8
2.2. Karakteristik Batuan Reservoir...................................................... 8
2.2.1. Jenis Batuan Reservoir .................................................... 8
2.2.1.1 Batuan Beku..................................................... 8
2.2.1.2 Batuan Sedimen...............................................14
2.2.1.3 Batuan Metamorf.............................................15
2.2.2. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Reservoir.................................16
2.2.2.1.Komposisi Batuan Berdasarkan Komposisi Warna
17
2.2.2.2.Komposisi Unsur Silika.......................................17
2.2.3. Sifat-sifat Fisik Batuan Reservoir Panasbumi..................18
2.2.3.1. Porositas............................................................18
2.2.3.2. Permeabilitas.....................................................19
2.2.3.3. Densitas.............................................................21
2.2.3.4. Tekanan Kapiler................................................21
2.2.3.5. Saturasi.............................................................25
2.2.3.6. Kompresibilitas.................................................25
2.2.4 Sifat-sifat Termodinamika Batuan...................................26
2.2.4.1. Panas Spesifik Batuan......................................26
2.2.4.2. Konduktivitas Batuan.......................................27
2.3. Karakteristik Fluida Reservoir.......................................................27
2.3.1. Komposisi Kimia Fluida Reservoir..................................27

DAFTAR ISI
v

(Lanjutan)
2.3.1.1 Air.....................................................................27
2.2.1.2 Uap...................................................................30
2.2.1.3 Gas....................................................................31
2.3.2. Sifat-sifat Fisik Fluida Reservoir.....................................32
2.3.2.1. Densitas.............................................................32
2.3.2.2. Volume spesifik................................................34
2.3.2.3. Viskositas..........................................................34
2.3.2.4. Tegangan Permukaan........................................37
2.3.2.5. Variasi Temperatur Titik Didih Terhadap Tekanan
..........................................................................38
2.3.3. Sifat-sifat Termodinamika Fluida Reservoir....................39
2.3.3.1. Kapasitas Panas Fluida.....................................39
2.3.3.2. Energi Dalam dan Entalpi.................................41
2.3.3.3. Entropi..............................................................41
2.3.3.4. Flowing Entalpi................................................43
2.3.3.5. Konduktivitas Panas Fluida..............................43
2.4. Kondisi Reservoir...........................................................................44
2.4.1. Tekanan Reservoir............................................................44
2.4.2. Temperatur Reservoir.......................................................46
2.5. Klasifikasi Reservoir Panasbumi...................................................47
2.5.1 Berdasarkan Sumber Panas................................................48
2.5.1.1. Sistem Hidrotermal...........................................48
2.5.1.1.1 Cyclic System....................................48
2.5.1.1.1 Storage System..................................48
2.5.1.2. Sistem Geopressure..........................................49
2.5.1.3. Sistem Magmatik..............................................50
2.5.1.4. Sistem Hot Dry Rock .......................................50
2.5.2 Berdasarkan Fasa Fluida....................................................51
2.5.2.1 Reservoir Satu Fasa...........................................51
2.5.2.1.1 Hot Water..........................................51
2.5.2.1.2 Warm Water......................................51
2.5.2.1.3 Superheated Steam............................51
2.5.2.2 Reservoir Dua Fasa...........................................52
2.5.2.2.1 Liquid Dominated Steam..................52
2.5.2.2.2 Vapor Dominated Steam...................53
2.5.3 Berdasarkan Enthalpi.........................................................53
2.5.3.1 Enthalpi Rendah................................................54
2.5.3.2 Enthalpi Menengah...........................................55
2.5.4 Berdasarkan Temperatur....................................................55
2.5.4.1 Semi Thermal Field..............................................55
2.5.4.2 Hyperthermal Field..............................................56
DAFTAR ISI

vi

(Lanjutan)

2.6

2.5.4.2.1 Wet Hyperthermal Field.....................56

2.5.4.2.2 Dry Hyperthermal Field.....................56
2.5.5 Berdasarkan Fluida............................................................57
2.5.5.1 Chloride Water..................................................57
2.5.5.2 Carbonate Water...............................................58
2.5.5.3 Sulphate Water..................................................58
Potensi Reservoir...........................................................................58
2.6.1 Potensi Statik.....................................................................59
2.6.2 Potensi Dinamik................................................................59
2.6.3 Cadangan Reservoir...........................................................60
2.6.3.1 Kandungan Panas Batuan dan Fluida Reservoir
...........................................................................60
2.6.4 Potensi Uap Terhadap Energi Listrik.................................64

BAB III METODE UJI PRODUKSI..................................................................66

3.1

Uji Injektivitas.............................................................................66
3.1.1 Water loss Test..................................................................67
3.1.1.1 Penentuan Lokasi Pusat-Pusat Rekahan.............68
4.1.1.2 Penentuan Produktivitas Pusat-Pusat Rekahan. .73
3.1.2. Gross Permeability Test...................................................75
3.2 Uji Pemanasan ............................................................................79
3.3 Uji Produksi Panasbumi ............................................................82
3.3.1 Metode Kalorimeter.........................................................82
3.3.1.1 Prosedur Pengujian........................................83
3.3.1.2 Metode Perhitungan.......................................84
3.3.2 Metode Lip Pressure........................................................85
3.3.2.1 Rangkaian Pipa Uji........................................85
3.3.2.2 Prosedur Pengujian............................................85
3.3.2.3 Metode Uji Tegak..........................................86
3.3.2.4
Uji Datar........................................................88
3.3.3 Metode Separator.............................................................90
3.3.3.1 Rangkaian Pipa Uji........................................91
3.3.3.2 Prosedur Pengujian........................................91
3.3.3.3 Metode Perhitungan.......................................92
3.3.3.4 Pengukuran Laju Alir Uap dan Air dengan
Orifice Meter.................................................94
3.3.3.4.1 Rangkaian Pipa Uji...................................94
3.3.3.4.2 Prosedur Pengujian..................................95
3.3.3.4.3 Metode Perhitungan.................................96
DAFTAR ISI
vii

(Lanjutan)

3.3.3.5

Pengukuran Laju Alir Uap dengan Orifice Meter

dan Air dengan Weir......................................97
3.3.3.6 Pengukuran Laju Alir Uap dengan Flowmeter
dan Air dengan Gas Purge Manometer.........97
3.4 Peralatan Tambahan.................................................................... 99
3.4.1 Weir Box..........................................................................99
3.4.2 Orifice Meter....................................................................101
BAB IV PERENCANAAN PERALATAN PRODUKSI...................................103
4.1 Fasilitas Produksi di Permukaan................................................103
4.1.1 Wellhead...........................................................................103
4.1.1.1 Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pemilihan
Wellhead
..........................................................................104
4.1.1.2 Bagian-Bagian Wellhead...................................104
4.1.1.2.1 Casing Head...............................................105
4.1.1.2.2 Valve Wellhead...........................................106
4.1.1.2.3 Ecpansion Spool.........................................107
4.1.1.2.4 Choke..........................................................107
4.1.1.3 Perencanaan Wellhead......................................109
4.1.1.3.1 Perencanaan Tekanan Wellhead.................109
4.1.1.3.2 Penentuan Ukuran Diameter Choke...........109
4.1.1.3.3 Output Curve..............................................110
4.1.1.3.4 Kecepatan Fluida di Kepala Sumur............111
4.1.2 Pipa Transmisi..................................................................112
4.1.2.1 Pipa Alir Satu Fasa............................................112
4.1.2.1.1 Perencanaan Panjang dan Diameter Pipa...113
4.1.2.1.2 Perhitungan Kehilangan Tekanan...............115
4.1.2.1.3 Kehilangan Tekanan Pada Pipa Vertikal.....115
4.1.2.1.4 Kehilangan Tekanan Pada Pipa Horizontal 116
4.1.2.1.5 Kehilangan Tekanan Pada Pipa Miring......120
4.1.2.1.6 Kehilangan Tekanan Pada Fitting...............122
4.1.2.1.7 Perhitungan Kehilangan Temperatur..........124
4.1.2.1.7.1 Kehilangan Temperatur Pipa Alir. . .124
4.1.2.1.7.2 Kehilangan Temperatur Isolasi.......128
4.1.2.2 Pipa Alir Dua Fasa............................................128
4.1.2.2.1 Perencanaan Panjang dan Diameter Pipa...129
4.1.2.2.2 Perhitungan Kehilangan Tekanan...............130
4.1.2.2.3 Perhitungan Kehilangan Panas...................152
4.1.2.2.4 Perpindahan Panas Pada Pipa Vertikal.......155
4.1.3 Isolasi Pada Pipa..............................................................160
4.1.3.1 Perencanaan Sistem Isolasi ..............................160
DAFTAR ISI

viii

(Lanjutan)

4.1.3.2 Ketebalan Optimum Isolasi...............................160

4.1.3.3 Bahan-Bahan Isolasi.........................................162
4.1.4 Catchpot ...........................................................................164
4.1.4.1 Perencanaan Diameter dan Tinggi Catchpot.....165
4.1.4.2 Perhitungan Laju Alir Massa Kondensat..........165
4.1.5 Manifold dan Header.......................................................168
4.1.5.1 Manifold............................................................168
4.1.5.2 Header...............................................................168
4.1.5.2.1 Perencanaan Diameter Header...................169
4.1.5.2.2 Kehilangan Tekanan pada Header..............170
4.1.6 Separator..........................................................................172
4.1.6.1 Jenis Separator..................................................173
4.1.6.2 Pertimbangan Perencanaan Separator...............174
4.1.6.2.1 Proses Pemisahan.......................................174
4.1.6.2.2 Efisiensi Separator......................................175
4.1.6.2.3 Kehilangan Tekanan pada Separator..........178
4.1.6.2.4 Penempatan Separator................................178
4.1.7 Silencer ...........................................................................179
4.1.8 Weirbox ...........................................................................181
4.1.8.1 Cara Kerja Weirbox..........................................181
4.1.8.2 Macam-Macam Weirbox...................................181
4.1.8.3 Perencanaan Weirbox........................................184
4.1.9 Turbin ...........................................................................185
4.1.9.1 Turbin Uap........................................................186
4.1.10 Generator..........................................................................196
4.1.11 Kondensor........................................................................198
4.1.12 Cooling Tower..................................................................199
BAB V PEMBAHASAN

...........................................................................202

BAB VI KESIMPULAN.....................................................................................206
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN

DAFTAR GAMBAR
ix

Gambar 2.1
Gambar 2.2
Gambar 2.3

Gambar 2.4

Gambar 2.5
Gambar 2.6

Gambar 2.7
Gambar 2.8

Gambar 2.9

Gambar 2.10
Gambar 2.11
Gambar 2.12
Gambar 2.13
Gambar 2.14

Susunan
lapisan
bumi12)
............................................................................................
3
Bowens
Reaction
Series10)
............................................................................................
9
Hubungan Krl dan Krv Dengan Saturasi Cairan (Edward,
L.M,
1998)12)
............................................................................................
21
Grafik Hubungan Densitas Air dan Uap Terhadap
Tekanan1
............................................................................................
22
Tekanan
dalam
Pipa
Kapiler8)
............................................................................................
23
Penampang Skematik Dasar Dan Struktur Geokimia dari
Sistem
Panasbumi
type
silicic7)
............................................................................................
29
Segitiga
Gigenbach7)
............................................................................................
30
Penampang Distribusi Berbagai Jenis Fluida dalam
Gunung Api Strato Andesitik sebagai Lingkungan Sistem
Panasbumi
(Giggenbach
&
Soto,
1992)7)
............................................................................................
30
Hubungan Densitas Air dan Uap Sebagai Fungsi Dari
Tekanan Terhadap Tekanan
Pada Kurva Saturasi1
............................................................................................
33
Viskositas
Air
dan
Uap
vs
Temperatur1
............................................................................................
35
Hubungan Temperatur Saturasi Terhadap Tekanan 1
............................................................................................
39
5)
Tekanan
vs
Enthalpi
dari
air
............................................................................................
42
1)
Flowing
Enthalpi
vs
Saturasi
Uap
............................................................................................
44
Kondisi Air pada Tekanan dan Temperatur Reservoir 5)

Gambar 2.15
Gambar 2.16
Gambar 2.17

Gambar 2.18
Gambar 2.19

Gambar 2.20
Gambar 3.1

Gambar 3.2
Gambar 3.3
Gambar 3.4
Gambar 3.5

Gambar 3.6

Gambar 3.7

............................................................................................
45
5)
Skema
Sistem
Hot
Dry
Rock
............................................................................................
50
Diagram Tekanan dan Temperatur Untuk Air Murni 7)
............................................................................................
52
Kondisi Tekanan dan Temperatur Reservoir Liquid
12
Dominated
............................................................................................
53
Skema Sistem Reservoir Vapour Dominated 9
............................................................................................
54
Kondisi Tekanan dan Temperatur Reservoir Vapour
12)
Dominated
............................................................................................
54
Segitiga
Giggenbach7)
............................................................................................
57
Perbandingan Landaian Tekanan di Dalam Sumur dan
Formasi
............................................................................................
69
Landaian
Temperatur
di
Dalam
Sumur
............................................................................................
70
Landaian
Temperatur
di
Sumur
East
Mesa
............................................................................................
70
Landaian Temperatur di Sumur KA-17 Kawerau
............................................................................................
71
Landaian Temperatur di Sumur yang Menembus
Permeabilitas
Tinggi
............................................................................................
72
Landaian Temperatur di Sumur yang Menembus
Permeabilitas
Rendah
............................................................................................
73
Profil Laju Injeksi dan Temperatur pada Upper Zone dan
Lower
Zone
............................................................................................
74

xi

Gambar 3.8
Gambar 3.9

Hubungan Antara Rate Injeksi Dengan Tekanan Didalam

Sumur
75
Hubungan Antara Laju Injektivitas Dengan Laju Alir
Maksimum
............................................................................................
76
DAFTAR GAMBAR
(lanjutan)

Gambar 3.10

Tekanan Transien yang Dapat Dianalisa Pada Setiap

Perubahan Laju Alir Selama Penginjeksian Air Dingin
............................................................................................
77
Gambar 3.11 Tekanan Transien yang Tidak Dapat Dianalisa Pada
Setiap Perubahan Laju Alir Selama Penginjeksian
............................................................................................
78
Gambar 3.12 Landaian Tekanan Waktu Uji Panas Pada Sumur BR28
............................................................................................
80
Gambar 3.13. Landaian Temperatur Waktu Uji Panas Pada Sumur NG7
............................................................................................
81
Gambar 3.14. Perkiraan Ukuran Kalorimeter dan Separator Yang
Dibutuhkan
Untuk
Uji
Produksi
............................................................................................
84
Gambar 3.15 Metode
Sembur
Tegak
............................................................................................
86
Gambar 3.16 Skema
Uji
Datar
............................................................................................
88
Gambar 3.17 Rangkaian
Uji
Separator
............................................................................................
94
Gambar 3.18 Rangkaian
Uji
Orifice
Meter
............................................................................................
98
Gambar 3.19 Rectangular
Weir
............................................................................................
99
Gambar 3.20 Supressed
Weir
............................................................................................
100

xii

Gambar 3.21
Gambar 3.22

Gambar 3.23
Gambar 3.24
Gambar 3.25
Gambar 3.26
Gambar 3.27
Gambar.3.28
Gambar 3.29

Gambar 3.30

Gambar 3.31

Gambar 3.32

Gambar 3.33

90o
V
Noches
............................................................................................
100
Skema Refleksi dan Refraksi Gelombang Pada Suatu
Bidang
............................................................................................
123
Skema
Boyles
Law
Porosimeter.5)
............................................................................................
129
Metoda Saturasi Untuk Menentukan Volume Pori-Pori .5)
............................................................................................
130
Skema Penentuan Permeabilitas Dengan Manometer.5)
............................................................................................
131
Grafik
kg
vs
1/Pm.9)
............................................................................................
132
Pengukuran Temperatur Selama Pemboran Berlangsung.9)
............................................................................................
134
Contoh
Hasil
Survei
FMS.13)
............................................................................................
135
Perbandingan Landaian Tekanan di Dalam Sumur dan di
Formasi
............................................................................................
139
(a) Landaian Temperatur di dalam Sumur, (b) Profil
Aliran Pada Waktu Injeksi Air Dingin 12)
............................................................................................
139
(a) Landaian Temperatur di Sumur East Mesa, (b)
Landaian Temperatur di Sumur BR14, Broadland 12)
............................................................................................
140
............................................................................................
Grafik Landaian Temperatur di Sumur KA-17 Kawerau,
12)
New
Zealand
............................................................................................
141
Contoh Landaian Temperatur di Dalam Sumur Yang
Menembus Formasi Dengan Permeabilitas Tinggi 12)
............................................................................................
142

xiii

Gambar 3.34

Gambar 3.35

Gambar 3.36

Gambar 3.37

Gambar 3.38

Contoh Landaian Temperatur di Dalam Sumur Yang

Menembus Formasi Dengan Permeabilitas Rendah 12)
............................................................................................
142
Profil Laju Injeksi dan Temperatur Pada Upper Zone dan
12)
Lower
Zone
............................................................................................
143
Hubungan Antara Rate Injeksi Dengan Tekanan di Dalam
12)
Sumur
Dekat
Pusat
Rekahan
Utama
............................................................................................
145
Hubungan Antara Injektivitas Dengan Laju Alir
12)
Maksimum
............................................................................................
145
Tekanan Transien Yang Dapat Dianalisa Pada Setiap
Perubahan Laju Alir Selama Penginjeksian Air Dingin 12)
............................................................................................
147
DAFTAR GAMBAR
(Lanjutan)

Gambar 3.39

Gambar 3.40
Gambar 3.41

Gambar 4.1
Gambar 4.2
Gambar 4.3
Gambar 4.4

Tekanan Transien Yang Tidak Dapat Dianalisa Setiap

Perubahan Laju Alir Selama Penginjeksian Air Dingin 12)
............................................................................................
147
Landaian Tekanan Waktu Uji Panas di Sumur BR28 12)
............................................................................................
150
(a) Landaian Temperatur Waktu Uji Panas di Sumur NG7,
(b) Landaian Temperatur Waktu Uji Panas di Sumur OK15)
5
............................................................................................
151
Rectangular
Weir12)
157
Suppressed
Weir12)
............................................................................................
158
900
V
Notches12)
158
Grafik
Mollier12)
160

xiv

Gambar 4.5
Gambar 4.6
Gambar 4.7
Gambar 4.8
Gambar 4.9
Gambar 4.10
Gambar 4.11
Gambar 4.12

Perkiraan ukuran Kalorimeter dan separator yang

dibutuhkan
untuk
uji
produksi12)
161
Metode
semburan
tegak9)
164
9)
Skema
Uji
datar
166
Rangkaian
Uji
Separator16)
............................................................................................
172
Rangkaian
Uji
Orifice
Meter16)
............................................................................................
177
Hubungan
Antara
p2
dan
qsc(22)
178
Diagram Tekanan Dan Laju Alir Dari Isochronal Test
181
Diagram Tekanan Dan Laju Alir Dari Modified Isochronal
Test
181

DAFTAR TABEL

xv

Tabel 2.1 Klasifikasi

Silika10)
....................................................................................................
18
Tabel 2.2 Komposisi Dari Tipe-Tipe Air pada Sistem Panasbumi11)
....................................................................................................
31
Tabel 2.3 Harga densitas pada beberapa harga tekanan dan temperatur 12)
....................................................................................................
33
Tabel 2.4 Harga Spesifik Volume pada Beberapa Harga Tekanan dan
Temperatur8)
....................................................................................................
34
Tabel 2.5. Harga Viskositas Dinamis Pada Temperatur Saturasi 1)
....................................................................................................
35
Tabel 2.6 Densitas Air dan Uap pada Tekanan dan Temperatur Saturasi
....................................................................................................
37
Tabel 2.7 Distribusi
Tekanan
dan
Temperatur
Saturasi1)
....................................................................................................
39
Tabel 2.8 Harga Enthalpi pada Tekanan Saturasi 1)
41
Tabel 3.1 Steaming
Ground
(Elder,
1966)12)
....................................................................................................
71
Tabel 3.2 Beberapa Tipe Produk Alterasi Penggantian 4)
....................................................................................................
83
Tabel 3.3 Penggantian Mineral Utama Pada Beberapa Sistem 4)
....................................................................................................
84
Tabel 3.4 Sifat Elemen Oksida Selama Proses Alterasi Hidrotermal 4)
....................................................................................................
85
Tabel 3.5 Persamaan-persamaan yang digunakan dalam metode
geothermometer7)
....................................................................................................
97
Tabel 3.6 Kerentanan Magnetik Pada Berbagai Jenis Batuan 14)
....................................................................................................
110
Tabel 3.7 Kerentanan Magnetik Pada Berbagai Jenis Mineral 14)
....................................................................................................
111

xvi

xvii