WCDMAIntroductionandOverview

WCDMAconceptandArchitecture
SpreadingandScrambling
CodesandChannels
Codetree
RakeReceiver
Soft,SofterandHardhandover
Powercontrolfastandslow

WCDMADrivetestOverview
usingTEMSInvestigation
TEMSParameterforWCDMA
OptimizationTipsforWCDMA
WCDMAToolsforDriveTest
3GVoiceCallTesting
3GPacketcall&Videocalltesting
3GDrivetestKPIoverview
3GOptimizationoverview

WCDMAIntroductionandOverview
WCDMAconceptandArchitecture
SpreadingandScrambling
CodesandChannels
Codetree
RakeReceiver

Soft,SofterandHardhandover
Powercontrolfastandslow

WCDMADrivetestOverview
usingTEMSInvestigation
TEMSParameterforWCDMA
OptimizationTipsforWCDMA
WCDMAToolsforDriveTest
3GVoiceCallTesting
3GPacketcall&Videocalltesting
3GDrivetestKPIoverview
3GOptimizationoverview

Interviewanddrivetesttips

WCDMAFrequencyandSpectrum
Uplink=1920MHz1980MHz
Downlink=2110MHz2170MHz
Bandwidth=60MHz
ActualB.Wassigntooperatoris5MHz
Andoutofthat3.84MHZisutilize.
InWCDMAfrequencyreusefactor=1becausetimeandfrequenc
yremainsconstant.

InWCDMAfirstfollowingprocessisdonebeforeReadingBCCHfreq
uency.
SlotSynchronization
FrameSynchronization
ScramblingCode
CPICHispilotwhichwillreadBCCHinformationAfterSynchronizatio
n.
InWCDMAfollowingChannelsuseforvariousfunctioninUL/DL.
Downlink:Uplink:
1.DLDPCH1.ULDPDCH
2.DLCCPH2.ULDPCCH
3.PCCPH3.ULCPCH
4.SCCPH4.ULPRACH
5.SCH5.HSDPCCH
6.PICH
7.CPICH(primaryandsecondary)
8.AICH

WCDMASpreadingprocess

Spreading
:ThisisusedtoincreasetheB.Wofthesignalbey
ond
thebandwidthnormallyrequiredtoaccommodatein
formation.

ForSpreading
OVSFcodeareusedwhichisknownasOrthogonal
variablespreadingfactorcode.

Spreadingfactor=chiprate/symbolrate.
Scrambling

Scramblingisusedontopofthespreadingso,itdo
es
notchangethesignalbandwidthbutonlymakesthe
signalfrom
differentsourceseparablefromeachother.
Processgain=10log(chiprate/bitrate)
Asbitrateincreaseprocessgaindecrease.
Cellbreathingissituationwherecellfootprintdecre
aseduetolarge
amountof
useraccessthenetworkbeyondthecapacityofthat
particularcell.


Eb/NO

=
Bitenergy/Noiseenergy
Ec/No=ChipEnergy/NoiseEnergy.
Ec/No=Eb/Noprocessgain
AsperEb/NoisfixedforeachserviceforEx:voice=
2andvideo=4
Ec/N0=210=8forvoice(forvoice8isgoodlimit)
Ec/N0=418=14forvideo(forvideo14isgoodlim
it)
Processgain(voice)=chiprate/bitrate=10dB
Processgain(video)=chiprate/bitrate=18dB

Chiprate=3.84MchipsinWCDMA.

WCDMAcodes

Codetree

RakeReceiver

SoftHandoff

PowerControltypes

ForSpeechdriveTest

MobileTXpower

Receivedsignal
strengthindicatio

Speechquality
SQIMOSAlgorithm
DownlinkDedicate

channelBLER%

ActiveSetCurrentlyservingCell
MeasuredneighborDefinedNeighbor
DetectedNeighborUndefinedstrongdetectedserver
UARFCNDLUMTSAbsoluteradiofrequencychannel
number

RangesforRadioParameter

1.CPICHEC/No
0to34dB
.
2.CPICHRSCP
15dBmto140dBmforeachrakefinger.
3.MsTXpower
44dBmto60dBm
4.UTRACarrierRSSI
20dBmto140dBmforeachrakefinger.
5.SQIMOS
1to5
6.SQI
20dBQto30dBQ
7.SIR
30t020db(signalinterfereratiomeasuredonDPCCH)
12.2Kbit/s:30dBQ

10.2Kbit/s:28dBQ
7.95kbit/s:28dBQ
7.40kbit/s:27dBQ
6.70kbit/s:27dBQ
5.90kbit/s:24dBQ
5.15kbit/s:21dBQ
4.75kbit/s:19dBQ
DriveTestKPI

Parameter
RSSIInBetween75to
85dbm
RSCPInBetween75to
85dbm
Ec/IoInBetween8to10db
FER1%or2%

MsTXPowerBetween5to
10
SoftHandoff35%oftotal
time
UsefullPlots

ServerPlotUsefultofindout
Swapor
Overshooting.
UEPlotToCheck
NeighbourRelation.
RSCPPlotCoveragewholes

Ec/NoforgoodThroughput
andremovingpilot
pollution.
4thbestServerEchnoshouldbe>
10db
5thbestServerEchnoshouldbe>
10db
ConditionforRadioEnvironment

PilotPollution

RSCP>=85dBm&Ec/Io=<
10dB

CoverageLimited
RSCP<=85dBm&Ec/Io=>
10dB

PoorRadioCondition

RSCP<=85dBm&Ec/Io=<
10dB

GoodCoverage
RSCP>=85dBm&Ec/Io=>10
dB
3Gvoicecalltesting

SCFTSingleCellFunctionalTest
Beforethesinglesiteverification,weshouldonlyensurethefo
llowing
conditionshavebeenmet.
AlarmCheck
CellStatusCheck
ParameterCheck

AlarmCheck/CellStatusCheck
Theproductsupportengineerwillberesponsibleforcheckingandreso
lvingallthe
alarms.Itisimportantfortheoptimizationengineerpriortoanyfieldtes
ttocheckwith
productsupportengineerregardinganyalarmsespeciallyintermittental
arms.

ParameterCheck
Theoptimizationengineerneedtoensuretheradiopartparameterscon
figurationlist
hasbeenachieved.Inthelisttheradiopartparametersincludes:thescra
mblingcode,
powersetting,neighborcelllist,handoverparameteretc.

3Gvoicecalltesting

SiteVerificationItems:
Installations:CPICHRSCP,CPICHEc/Io,
RxAntenna
SwapTest
Settings:Frequency&SC,Cellreselection
parameters,LAC/RAC,NeighborList.
Functions:LA/RAupdate,3G<>2GCellr
eselection,
SMS(MT&MO),Voice(MT&MO),VP(
MT&MO),

PSAttach&Detach,PSservice,Voice/VP/P
Ssoft
handover,Voice3G>2Ghandover
TestingOnCELLsite
Items:VoiceCall(MT&MO)
Purpose:Verifythevoicecallfunctionisnormalandthevoicecallqual
ityisgood
Method:Makethedialingtestof3Gvoiceservicebetweentwo3Gmob
iles,onefor
theterminatingcallandanotheronefortheoriginatingcall.Testthevoi
ce
communicationquality
Items:VoiceCall(MT&MO)
Purpose:Verifythevoicecallfunctionisnormalandthevoicecallqual
ityisgood
Method:Makethedialingtestof3Gvoiceservicebetweentwo3Gmob
iles,onefor
theterminatingcallandanotheronefortheoriginatingcall.Testthevoi
ce
communicationquality

FeederConnectionCheck
TestProcess
Items:Antennaswappingtest
Purpose:VerifytheRxfeederinstallationisright.
Method:Switchthetransmitterfromonefeedertoanot
her,
checktheRSCPchangedornot.Ifnochangehappened

,it
meansthatthefeederiscorrect.
Notes:ChecktheRSCPfromscanner

ProblemandSolution
Inthesiteverification,followingproblemshavebeenfound
ScramblingCodeSettingiswrong:Thescramblingcodefromscanner
andmobileis
differentfromtheplanning
Afterfeederswapped,theCPICHRSCPis20dBlowerthanbefore.

ScramblingCodeSettingiswrong
TheScramblingCodemaybewronginRNC,checkthedatash
eetinRNC.
IftheScramblingCodefromscanneristhesameasthatofano
thersectorin
samesiteplanned,maybetheTX/RXfeederiscrossedtothean
othersector.
Afterfeederswapped,theCPICHRSCPis20dBlowerthanbe
fore:

TheRXfeederiscrossedtotheantennaofanothersector.Int
hiscase,the
CPICHRSCPwillbehighinthecoverageareaoftheotherante
nna.Check
theconnectionbetweenthefeederandtheantenna.

TAdrive

Case2withhighthroughput
Inthiscase16QAM
isused100%and
Throughputishigh

DataDrive
Thereis3modulationtechniqueQPSK,16QAM,64QAM.
Forhighthroughput16QAMand64QAMshouldbeutilizedhighUtilizati
on
So,ifThereislessUtilizationofQPSKindownlinkthandatathroughputis
alsohigh
CQIislikeSQIinspeechwhichensuregoodchannelqualityfordatatransf
er.
RetransmissionofHSDSCH(
HighSpeedDownlinkShared
Channel)packetishighthan
alsothroughputisdecreases.
IncaseofstationaryDataTest2Mbitsspeedcanbeachieved
IncaseofmovingVehicle800kbitsto1.2Kbitsspeedcanbeachieved.
Applicationthroughputisalways85%ofphysicallayerdataratethroughpu
tbecauseat
applicationlevelIPinclusionandoverheadinformationwillbethere.

Latency
timeisroundtriptimefromserverandfor3Gitshouldbe150msfor32bit
data.

Themodulationschemeandcodingischangedonaper
userbasis
dependingonsignalqualityandcellusage.Theinitialschem
eis
Quadrature
phaseshiftkeying(QPSK),butingoodradioconditions16
QAM
and64
QAM
cansignificantlyincreasedatathroughputrates.With5
Codeallocation,QPSKtypicallyoffersupto1.8Mbit/speak
datarates,
while16QAMoffersupto3.6.Additionalcodes(e.g.10,15)
canalsobe
usedtoimprovethesedataratesorextendthenetworkcapaci
ty
throughputsignificantly.
DataThroughputwillbealsodependonMSclasswhichs
upport5,10and
15codesresp.

CQIChannelqualityinformationmayincludecarrierlevelr
eceivedsignal
strengthindication(RSSI)andbiterrorrate(BER).
I
Channelqualityindicatorsaremessagesthataresentonac
ommunication
system(suchasamobilecommunicationsystem)thatprovid
etheremote
connection(e.g.basestation)withchannelqualityinformatio
n

What is Frequency Hopping in GSM

Dec 22, 2012

Share

When using close frequency reuse technique, system interference is the

most important factor for frequency reuse ratio. Usually, power control and
discontinuous transmission technologies are adopted to lower system
interference. To prevent interference and improve system communication
quality under the same interference condition, frequency hopping technology
is used.

<img src="http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/D3pxOC3slgORv7M0N3ZlJUC9ySG6FULujiOfT4vJwbUCcLQrpz16pOR7hjL=-w628-h274" alt="hopping in

gsm">
Therefore, frequency hopping is a very important technology for reducing
GSM system interference and improving frequency reuse ratio. According to
GSM standard recommendations, slow frequency hopping can be used in

GSM communication system. Frequency hopping refers to the regular

hopping of carrier frequency within certain range.
The frequency hopping function of the channel group in each cell can be
enabled or disabled separately. Since BCCH is the broadcast channel, it does
not participate in frequency hopping while TCH and SDCCH channel can
utilize frequency hopping. There are two kinds of frequency hopping modes
used by BTS, I.e. base-band hopping and radio frequency hopping. The
mechanisms of implementation of them are not the same.
WHY DO WE NEED FREQUECY HOPPING ?
Frequency hopping serves three major purpose in GSM

1) FREQUECY RESUSE AND TO AVOID CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

2) INCREASES THE CHANNEL CAPACITY OF LIMITED GSM CHANNELS
3) DECREASES MULTIPATH INTERFERENCE OF RADIO SIGNAL.

" Frequency Hopping rule is simple, that our conversation must remain on the same physical channel and time slot
for the entire time we are on a particular site. If the network were able to move us from slot to slot, and from
frequency to frequency, then we could randomize the effects of interference "

Here below i would discuss how Frequecy hopping fights all the three major disadvantage specifed above.

As we know GSM uses physical channels, but each of those channels is divided into 8 time slots. One user
consumes one slot, thus allowing 8 users to be on a GSM channel simultaneously. Each GSM channel is 200 kHz
wide, thus giving a 30 MHz license-holder a grand total of 75 physicals channels within their spectrum allotment.

Obviously 75 channels isnt enough to spread evenly among the 200 some odd cell sites around the GTA, each of
which has 3 independent sectors. A sector is an area covering 120 degrees around the site. Thats a grand total of
600 sectors and only 75 channels. Obviously the idea is to reuse channels in multiple sites, and to keep those cochannels far enough apart that they dont interfere with one another.

Next The most common type of interference suffered by a dense GSM network is therefore co-channel inference.
This means that your phone call is interfered with by another site operating on the same physical channel and time
slot. Unlike analog, where co-channel interference would often result in you actually hearing the other conversation,
that never happens in GSM.

Another problem facing narrowband radio systems is multipath. This happens when large objects such as buildings
reflect your desired signal. The reflection can sometimes be just as strong as the direct signal, and the two can
interfere with one another.

Consider co-channel interference. Not all of the slots are in use on all of the physical channels on each site where
they are reused, so although slot 4 on channel 522 might be clobbered by another conversation, slot 7 on channel
530 probably isnt. So, if we can take each caller on a particular sector and jump them from slot to slot, and from
frequency to frequency, then each user runs a far lower risk of suffering from co-channel interference. And when such
interference does occur, chances are good that the error correction algorithms can take care of it.

You know that the number of frequencies for GSM is 124 and it is not much. The range is divided for some operators.
What happen when the sites configuration is high? They do not have enough frequencies. One way, they expand
their range to use CDS 1800. So, they have to spend more money.

There are two types of frequency hopping: Baseband and Syntherizer.

The main technique for frequency hopping is that 1 carrier atleast uses more than one predefined frequecy to serve
their purpose.

In Baseband hopping, the transmitter will change its frequency on frame basis.

All TRX can hop, but the list of frequencies is limited to the number of TRX in the cell. For instance, if you have 4
TRX, the amount of frequencies will be 4. It uses a round robin mechanism, for each TDMA frame, one of those four
frequencies are used in round robin pattern.

In syntherizer hopping, the transmitter will change its frequency on time slot basis. That is why they also said it is
fast hopping.

All TRX except BCCH TRX will hop over a list of frequencies (= frequency hopping sequence). You can put as many
frequencies as you want in the list (up to more than 30 usually).
Only the BCCH TRX requires a fixed frequency (bcch frequency that shouldn't be included in the FHS !).

The frequency hopping sequences are orthogonal inside one cell (i.e. no collisions occur between communications of
the same cell), and independent from one cell to an homologue cell (i.e. using the same set of RF channels, or cell
allocation).

The hopping sequence is derived by the mobile from parameters broadcast at the channel assignment, namely,

The mobile allocation (set of frequencies on which to hop),

MA: Mobile allocation of radio frequency channels, defines the set of radio frequency
used in the mobiles hopping sequence.

The index

channels

to

be

offset (to distinguish the different mobiles of the cell using the same mobile allocation).

MAIO: Mobile allocation index offset.(0 to N 1, 6 bits).

MAIO is applied to same timeslot of different TRX (belonging to a same cell). For instance,
timeslot #3 will have a different MAIO, because they're using the same HSN.

The

each

hopping sequence number of the cell (which allows different sequences on homologue cells)

HSN: Hopping sequence (generator) number (0 to 63, 6 bits).

HSN =0, means cyclic hopping (no hopping, generally BCCH carrier)

NOTE:

Only the 1st timeslot of the BCCH TRX cannot hop.

There is no real need for The broadcast channel (BCCH) to hop(Bcoz no tarffic is carried on this channel so
no error or interference).

Remaining 7 full rate channels or 14 half rate channels may use frequency hopping.

Everytime a timeslot uses the BCCH frequency, it cannot use downlink power control.

DR is used when a MS is performing a call setup in a cell which has no more available TCH
(= congestion case).
During the call setup, since the cell cannot grant a TCH to this MS, the MS is put in a queue.
The MS is still connected, on a SDCCH.
During this queueing time (T11):

- if a TCH is made available in the serving cell, then the MS will get it and resume the call
setup.
- if the BSC sees that the MS is experiencing "handover" needs ("emergency" or "better
conditions"), and if DR is enabled in the cell, then it will attempt a "normal directed retry" :
the MS will do a "SDCCH to TCH" handover, from the serving cell to the target cell.
- if the BSC detects the HO cause "forced directed retry" is fulfilled and the "FDR" is enabled
in the cell, then the MS performs a HO from SDCCH to TCH, from serving cell to target cell.
So there you are... that's the whole explanation :)

Radio Link Timeout

Value range: 4~64, the step size is 4
Unit: SACCH period (480ms)
Content: This parameter is used for MS to decide down-link disconnection in case of SACCH
decoding failures.
Recommendation: 20~56
Once assigned with a dedicated channel, MS will start counter S. From then on, S will decrease by 1 when a
SACCH message fails to be decoded, and will increase by 2 when decoded correctly. When S decreases
to 0, there will be a radio link failure. This allows either re-establishment or release of the connection. If
the value of this parameter is too small, the radio link will easily get failed which will result in call drops. If
it is too large, MS will not release for a long time which will lower the availability of resources (this
parameter functions for the downlink).
For area with little traffic (remote area), it is recommended to be between 52~62.
For area with light traffic and large coverage(suburb or countryside), it is recommended to be between
36~48.
For area with heavy traffic (urban), it is recommended to be between 20~32.
For the area with very heavy traffic (area covered by microcell), it is recommended to be between 4~16.
For the cell with obvious coverage hole or the area where the call drops is serious during movement, this
parameter can be increased appropriately in order to increase the possibility to resume the conversation.
Note: Radio link timeout is the parameter used to judge the downlink failure. Likewise, the uplink will be
monitored at BTS, either based on the uplink SACCH error or based on the receiving level and quality of
the uplink.

Application of Radio Link Timeout

If cell A and B are adjacent to each other, assume that one MS moves from point P to point Q during a
conversation, usually an outgoing cell handover will occur. If the value of parameter radio link timeout is
too small and the quality of signal at the edge of cells A and B is poor, it is likely that the radio link will be
timeout before the handover starts, thus resulting in call drops.
If it is too large, when MS stays near point P and makes a conversation, though the voice quality is
unacceptable, the network still has to wait for a long time before the related resources can be released,
thus the resources utilization rate is lowed.
Tuesday, April 24, 2012

Paging Group
The GSM system supports a maximum of 9%9=81 paging groups. the MS can be divided into 81
sub-groups at most from the opinion of the paging group. No matter what combination mode is
adopted, the number of blocks used for paging in every 51 multi-frame does not exceed 9. The
system enables the 51 multi-frame to cycle again , with a quantity of BS-PA-MFRAMS
(number of frames of the same paging) of 51 multi-frames as a period.
Suppose that the number of frames of the same paging is 7 and the number of paging blocks (9or3BS_AG_BLKS_RES: number of access granted reserved blocks) of each 51 multi-frame is 4. Then the
paging group number cycles between 0-27 (28 in total).

In GSM terms, the paging block in any 51 multiframe is called a paging supergroup. Therefore, the number of paging super-frames in the system is the
number of frames of the same paging. The number of paging groups in each
super-group is 9 or 3 number of access granted reserved blocks.
The number of paging blocks in each 51 multiframe is calculated according to the following formula:
If the CCCH and SDCCH are combined in one physical channel:
Number of paging groups per super-group=3number of access granted reserved blocks
in other cases, i.e. the CCCH is not combined with the SDCCH:
Number of paging groups per super-group =9 number of access granted reserved blocks
Both the above two parameters: BS_AG_BLKS_RES and the BS-PA-MFRAMS are broadcasted
in system information type 3

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Labels: GSM RNO basic

CCCH Grouping
The GSM system supports various kinds of channel combinations (GPRS not
taken into account), in which the main BCCH, extended BCCH, combined BCCH,
and the BCCH+CBCH combination contain the CCCH, i.e. all of the four
combinations support the MS access. The MS are distributed to different CCCH
groups based on this fact.
The number of CCCH supported by the system depends on the parameters of BS_CC_CHANS,
CCCH type and the number of channels. These message are broadcast in the control channel description
domain of system information type 3.

The GSM specifies that the CCCH can be mapped to timeslots 0, 2, 4 and 6
but the extended BCCH combination can only be mapped to timeslots 2, 4 and 6
because it does not contain FCCH and SCH. Therefore, all MS synchronize with
the base station at timeslot 0 and access the network via different CCCH.

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Configuration of Common Control Channel

The common control channel includes PCH, AGCH and RACH, in which AGCH and PCH are
downlink while RACH is uplink. Its purpose is to send the access granted (immediate assignment)
message, paging message and random access message. Based on the configuration of traffic channels
in the cell and the traffic model of the cell, the CCCH channel can be borne by one or more physical
channels. Moreover, the CCCH can share the same physical channel with the SDCCH channel. The
combination mode for the common channel in the cell depends on the configuration parameter of the
common channel.
As a way for load control, the MS may be distributed to several different sub-groups by operators for
access or other operation purposes. The CCCH grouping and paging grouping are two examples.

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Labels: GSM RNO basic

Structure of Logical Channel Combination Frame-TCH

Channel combination: TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F

TCH/F: Full-rate voice channel;
FACCH/F: Full-rate fast associated control channel;
SACCH/F: Fast TCH/F associated control channel.
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Structure of Logical Channel Combination Frame-Main

SDCCH

Channel combination: SDCCH/8+ SACCH/C8

SDCCH/8: Stand-alone dedicated control channel. Each TDMA multiframe with 102 frames has 8
SDCCH.
SACCH/C8: Slow SDCCH/8 associated control channel.

the benefit is that it is *simple* !

in effect, it means that there is one Routing Area per LAC, because a RA is defined by the
following ID:
MNC+MCC+LAC+RAC
So even though the RAC is the same everywhere, each Routing Area is individually identified
by its LAC.

So you just have to ensure that PS Paging is not congesting your PCH when having RAC =
LAC, otherwise you would need to have 2 RAC per LAC
Let me tell something about RAC and LAC.
LAC (Location Area Code) is a unique code which is used for calling of the gathering of the
tens or hundreds of Base Stations into a single BSC(Base Station Controller).
A subdivision of the LA is called RA(Routing Area) is used by the mobiles which are GPRS
attached and the RAC(Routing Area Code) is the code for the calling and differing of various
RAs.
There are no risks in keeping that configuration, rather it is the best and prefered
configuration.
One LAC may contain 2 to 6 RACs but that is not prefered since it may lead to unnecessary
RAC updates and thereby increasing the signalling load.
The moving GPRS traffic is usually low . If however, the GPRS signalling load increases then
one RAC can be splitted into two