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Tourism Economy
Course
Bibliography.
Learning objectives:
In 1886 E.Guyer Fleuler in his studyContribution to the statistics of Tourism defines tourism
as a phenomenon of modern times, based on increased need to restore health, growing sense of
responsiveness to the beauty of nature ,a result of the development of trade, industry and
improving the transport.Ed.Picard ,a Belgian scholar defines the tourism as an ensemble of
bodies and their functions considered from the point of view of that which moves,and those who
profit from expenses incurred by it.From the Marcs point of view,today tourism si an exchange
of an economic value for a cultural,aesthetic and recreational value.
E.Hunzinker defines tourism as a set of relationships and phenomena resulting from the
movement and stay of the individuals,outside their home as long as the stay and movement are
not motivated by some permanent establishing or a lucrative activity.
Other definitions created later, say that tourism is one side of the tertiary sector, where
the performed work have to organize and conduct leisure trips, recreation or the movement of
people to various congresses and includes all activities necessary to satisfy consumer needs and
tourists services.
In WTOs vision,the tourism activity is a form of cultural, educational and recreational
events of modern society.So, the tourism phenomenon involves the movement of people from
place of residence to the attractions, places of recreation and leisure located outside their home
for a certain period of time.
There are several main forms of tourism:
domestic tourism- the residents of a given country traveling only within the country.
Inbound tourism- non-residents traveling in the given country.
Outbound tourism-the residents of the country but traveling in other countries.
Later ,the United Nations have proposed a classification of travelers included in tourism
statistics and not included.Those included in tourism statistics are called visitors,which also
includes two categories:tourists and excursionists or same-day visitors.
Tourists are temporarily visitors staying in a country no less than 24 hours and their traveling
reasons are:pleasure,health,sports,religion,studies and business.
Excursionists are that are temporarily visitors for reason of pleasure and their stay is less than 24
hours in the visited country.But those not included in tourism statistics are:border workers,transit
passengers,nomads,refugees,armed forces,immigrants,diplomats.
Other authors have proposed also the notion of vacantier who makes a journey of at least 4 days
to make a distinction between weekend tourism and a vacation.
In order to distinguish the visitors from other travelers are created three essential conditions:
1. Geographical condition-the voyage should be performed in a place situated outside the
usual environment;
2. Time condition-the stay should be no longer than 12 months,otherwise the person
becomes statistically a resident;
3. Money condition-the main reason of the stay should be other than a remunerated activity.
Leisure and recreation-that includes: visiting cities, participation in cultural and sporting
events, shopping, beach(heliotherapy), cruises, leisure, wedding trips.
Visits to relatives and friends-visiting parents,attending at funerals.
Business and professional reasons- the installation of equipment, inspections, conferences
and congresses, studies, language training, government missions.
Medical treatments- spas, fitness, thalassotherapy ,cures and treatments.
Religion/pilgrimages-participation at different religious events,pilgrimages to holy
places.
Other reasons-transit.
During their trips ,the tourists consume a number of goods and services produced by other
sectors of the economy usually more or less related to tourism.On the fact ,there is no industry of
tourism but we have a definition for it.
The tourist industryis a branch of Economics,placed between two sectors of the economy,that
of industry and that of services;it is made out of a sum of activities whose common function is to
meet the needs of tourists.
Sectors in the tourist industry are:
Housing and nutrition- hotels, motels, restaurants, cafes, bars, farms, guest houses, cruise
ships.
Transport-the trade sector represented by airlines, naval races, railways, buses, car rental
companies, yachts.
Travel organizers- travel agencies and tour operators.
Leisure attractions- natural elements (gardens, landscape, parks, lakes), and built
elements (cathedrals, museums, castles, theaters, sports facilities, cultural and artistic
events).
Organizers / administrators of destinations-local,regional or national tourist offices.
Conclusion:The tourist industry has a strong economic contribution to other areas of the
economy, because it does not only offers its services but also consumer products that are taken
from other economic sectors.
Key words:
Tourism,tourist,tourist industry,TSA,WTO,an economic phenomenon.
Learning objectives:
countries, an important branch of Economics. Tourism is an interference branch and has links
with other parts of the economy.For example:for performing the tourist activity ,there are
required ,inputs from other branches: as agriculture, food industry, construction industry and
indirect construction materials, tourism also maintains direct links with transport,
telecommunications, culture and art. In turn, by the products offered, tourism contributes
directly to ensuring consumer consumption, sharing this burden with education and learning,
health, trade and others. All this illustrates the importance of tourism position in the structure of
the economic mechanism and its active role in the development and modernization of the
economy and society.
[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[1]:pp.22].
To identify the direct and indirect effects of tourism, WTO, WITC and Eurostat proposed the
development and use of "Tourism Satellite Account. TSA aims to determine the effects of
tourism on GDP, labor, balance of payments, taking into account that any tourist activity involves
consumption of resources and production of goods and services that train, in their development,
a number of other branches of economy such as agriculture, construction, transport, commerce.
In correlation with the national economy, tourism acts as a stimulating factor of the global
economic system.
The development of tourism is getting a significant production increase, domestic and
international tourism in 2002 was for almost 11% of the gross world product, totaling about
3,500 billion dollars. The contribution of tourism to GDP differs between regions and countries
of the world according to its level of development and the structure of the economies.
Thus, in Europe, the participation of tourism to GDP is 14%, America 11% and Asia Pacific 10%
and in Africa almost 9%. In the case of small areas,the participation rate is very high: 84% in
the Maldives, 50% in Malta, over 34% in Jamaica.
In the countries with a rich tourist activity and with a developed economy, the share of tourism in
achieving GDP is in Spain :of 11.4%; France 7.5%; Switzerland 7.7%;U.S. 5.5%; Canada 4 1%
and 4% for England.
In our country tourism contributes only 2-3% to GDP.
Tourism is an important contribution to the achieving of added value.
Tourism is also an important driving effect of stimulating production in other areas, due to the
occurrence as an interference branch. The activity of a branche is determined in large part by
tourism needs, for example in France, where tourism is more developed, the participation
proportions are higher and influence many sectors: 75% in hotels and restaurants, 39% for
sleeping wagons and 75% of air transport, 20% for taxi routes, 17% of road transport, 50% in
automobile construction, 33% of the seats in theaters, 50% of production cameras.
Tourism is manifested as a mean of diversification of its structure, eg requirements of tourists
favor the occurrence of specific industries: leisure industry, travel agencies, production or print
craft ;new dimensions of some of the existing sectors such as agriculture, food processing,
construction, transportation, etc.
Tourism is also a way of a better use of all types of resources and especially the natural ones.
Elements such as landscape beauty, healing qualities of thermal waters or minerals, climate
conditions, the monuments of art, find the best recovery.
Tourism is seen as a lever to mitigate inter-regional imbalances: a solution the prosperity of
disadvantaged areas and a remedy for de-industrialized towns.
Also tourism contributes to a balanced cash movement due to domestic and international
tourism.
Thus, in Europe the share of people employed in the tourism is 13.2% America 9.6% Asia and
Pacific 6.7%; 7.4% Africa and Middle East 6.1%.
In terms of professional training, some specialists believe that tourism requires a staff with a high
level of qualification and another segment of tourist experts say the activity does not require a
specialized training, so 40% of all tourism staff is unqualified; 42 % has general education , 8%
specialized studies and only 10% have graduated.
O5.To explain the link between international tourism and global trade.
International tourism is a sturcture part of the invisible trade/commerce,which is one of its main
components. Invisible trade is a form of international trade not as a commodity item, it includes
operations such as: services, international transport and communications, insurance, consulting,
public and private money transfers, global meetings, studies abroad.
Invisible trade plays the role of a factor of economic growth, enlargement and diversification of
international economic relations and the world values exchange.
Through membership in the invisible trade, international tourism has a significant contribution
to the growth and diversification of exports.
Tourism is an import or export, as the goods and services that the tourists consume during their
placement in the country can be treated as an export for the country visited, while the
expenditures that tourists make abroad are the country's imports.
Tourism also implies the balance of payments and trade balances.
Balance of payments reflects all claims and liabilities of relationship with foreign countries,
where tourism has a role to reduce or offset the balance of payments deficit.
12
Tourism is an important using mean of leisure time.It exerts influence on the environment
and its components, and on the socio-economic and political plan, tourism works towards the
diversification and strengthening relationships between nations.
13
Learning objectives:
O2.To present another classification of some representative factors that influence the
development of tourism.
Conclusion: Tourism development is influenced by factors that are directly related such as:
income and consumption, prices and services, and others as urbanization, technical progress that
participates to the increasing of tourist traffic and flows.These factors shoul be taken into
consideration when developing a strategy of tourism evolution.
Key words:
Tourism,domestic and international tourism.
Learning objectives:
O1.To mention important details about domestic and international tourism of RM.
O2.To present data on tourist flows to and from RM.
O3.To report about domestic tourist traffic of RM.
O1.To mention important details about domestic and international tourism of RM.
Domestic tourism is tourism involving residents of one country traveling only within that
country. Domestic tourism: movement of residents of the Republic of Moldova within the
country for different tourist purposes.
International tourism comprises inbound and outbound tourism. International Tourism refers to
travelling from one country to another for recreational or business purposes. It's an essential
activity to the countries being visited as it provides social, cultural, educational and economic
benefits. International tourism has being on the rise in the recent years in most countries
worldwide.
In the Republic of Moldova 139,542 people made use of travel agency and tour operator services
in 2009, that is by 1.8% less compared to the figure of the previous year.
Compared to 2008, incoming tourism increased by 5.5% concerning the number of tourists in
2009. During the year given a total of 9,189 of foreign tourists and visitors came to Moldova.
70.3% of them came for the purpose of having rest and relaxing, 25.1% came on business, 4.3%
- to get medical treatment, 0.3% - for other purposes.International tourism(incoming+outcoming)
was 73,4% in 2009.
Fig.1. The structure of Moldova tourism organized by travel agencies and tour operators,
by visiting purposes.
17
In 2009 the number of tourists who went abroad using the services of travel agencies and tour
operators increased by 9.6% and amounted to 93,294 people, with most of them (98.4%) going
with the purpose of rest, recreation and leisure activities. 1% of Moldova tourists went for the
purpose of medical treatment, 0.5% - went on business, 0.1% - for other purposes.
Fig.2. The structure of foreign tourists and visitors coming to Moldova.
Compared to the previous year, Moldova domestic tourism decreased by 23.3% in 2009. It was
registered that 37,159 Moldova residents travelled throughout the country during the year.
In 2009 the largest number of tourists and visitors (1,713 people) came to Moldova from the
Russian Federation. Then follow Turkey (1,002 people), Ukraine (979 people), Romania (765
people), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (744 people), and others.
18
In 2009 38.9% of Moldova tourists going abroad (36,260 people) went to Turkey. A considerable
number of tourists and visitors went to the following countries: Bulgaria (26,167 people),
Ukraine (12,192 people), Romania (9,301 people), the Czech Republic (1,181 people), and other
countries.
Source: IRUE "National center of marketing and price study".
http://export.by/en/?act=s_docs&mode=view&id=14017&doc=64
Year
Total
2004
26045
2005
25073
2006
14239
2007
14722
2008
8710
2009
9189
2010
8956
2011
10788
2012
12797
From the table above [http://www.statistica.md/],the number of foreign visitors to the Republic
of Moldova has decreased noticeably from 26045 tourist in 2004 to 8710 in 2008,further is
shown a slight increase by 2012 with 12797 tourists.
http://www.statistica.md/
19
Year
Total
2004
67846
2005
57231
2006
67826
2007
81790
2008
85085
2009
93294
2010
117204
2011
2012
136095 146791
From the table above [http://www.statistica.md/],the number of Moldovan visitors abroad has
increased dramatically from 67 846 tourists in 2004 to 146 791 tourists in 2012,because of the
socio-economic situation in RM and for other tourist purposes.
http://www.statistica.md/.
Conclusion: According to the recent data, domestic tourism of the Republic of Moldova is in a
weak decrease because of the lack of accommodation facilities and low income of population,
but outbound tourism has a visible increase to the countries without visa regime, for certain
economic or tourist purposes.
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Learning objectives:
21
Private tourism- practiced by people with high incomes on their own. It can be
performed in both treatment purposes as well as for rest and recreation. In general
they use the hotel services with a luxurious comfort that can offer personalized
services and is approved by senior officials or businessmen. Here we also can
include cruises and hunting.
Social tourism - is practiced mainly in low season (Coastal Program for all) and
is addressed in particular to social categories of low-income and very low, being
funded by unions or insurance programs. Are targeted specifically,pupils,
students, old people, veterans and people with disabilities.
Mass tourism - is addressed to average-wages population groups and below
average wages and is practiced in vacations, holidays or weekends throughout the
year in units with medium or low comfort.
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These three basic forms can be combined, resulting in three other derivative forms of
tourism:
The tourism activity,due to the complexity and the multiple approaches that it supports, it
can be classified and according to the following criteria:
marine/ship tourism,
air tourism.
By the frequency of manifestation:
continuous tourism,
seasonality tourism.
By seasonality:
summer tourism,
winter tourism ( hibernal tourism),
circumstance tourism ( occasionallytourism- hunting, fishing).
By the form of payment for the tourist product:
prepaid tourism,
paing during the trip tourism,
paid after travel tourism.
There are several forms of tourism that enjoys a special appreciation from the clients and
accordingly, the greatest attention from the organizers: cultural tourism, business tourism as
the main component of urban tourism, and rural tourism.
Business tourism is one of the most dynamic components of tourist activity. Is a form of tourism
with commercial, governmental or educational purposes, with the recreational purpose (leisure)
as a secondary motivation. Business tourism involves generally the movement to another
location at a distance greater than 50 km from the place of origin of the business tourist, where
the trip is strictly determined by a business, an event or an educational purpose. Tourism
business is conducted throughout the year, in special places, resulting in exposure of specific
services, trading, accommodation, security, aesthetic furnishings, telecommunications, video and
TV, copying, transfer, catering, media services, graphics.
Business tourism can be internal or external according to the direct beneficiary and the results.
They are focused on:
- company management seminars or meetings with employees (for knowledge, solving problems,
sharing experiences.)
- Training of staff and updating training
- travel reward (incentive).
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General business tourism-relates primarily to the activities of individuals who work for a
short period of time out their place of residence (such as journalists).
Meeting tourism-is determined by attending at an event such as meetings, conferences,
seminars, symposia, conferences and is considered to be one of the most common forms
of business tourism
Fairs and exhibitions-which are defined as "the supply of goods and services for a
public guest, in order to determine a sale or to inform the visitor ." As a form of tourism
they stimulate the trip of two people categories: exhibitors and visitors.
Urban tourism. Development and modernization of cities on the one hand as well as the variety
of their offers on the other hand led in time to the creation of a specific form of tourism urban
tourism. Urban tourism has its roots in antiquity, known as affluent to travelers attending the
Mediterranean realms and Aegean islands. In a very large sense, urban tourism is represented by
spending your free time in the city, based on the motivations of the most diverse,from visits at
the theater, visiting cultural sights, to the carrying shopping or visits to relatives and friends
meetings.
Rural tourism. From the whole global economy of tourism, rural tourism is defined as tourism
valorification of :
through branded products (dedicated) illustrative of regional identity, covering consumer needs
in terms of accommodation, food, leisure, entertainment and various services to local
development, sustainable and adequate response to the needs of recreation of modern society, as
a new social vision city-village. Rural tourism is a concept that includes tourism activities
organized and led by the local population and is based on a close relationship with the natural
and human environment.
Cultural tourism- means any form of tourism in a different place that involves experiencing by
the visitor ,of all aspects of "culture" of the place, contemporary lifestyles, food, topography,
environment, towns and villages and historic sites and cultural performances.Cultural tourism
represents the action of visiting a community, group, region or institution by foreign persons
motivated in whole or in part by interest in historical heritage, artistic, scientific, for lifestyle
found in that places "(Silbergs).
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Conclusion: There is a tremendous variety of forms of tourism, but the most practiced of
them ,today are those of business tourism, urban, rural, and cultural.
3.2. Measurement of tourist traffic and the difficulties of knowledge of the tourism
phenomenon.
Key words:
Tourist circulation measuring,recording methods of tourist circulation,measuring indicators.
Learning objectives:
These requirements are met in terms of concepts, most countries adopting statistical WTOs
recommendations in this regard.
Baseline studies in the field show that the base tools for tourism phenomenon research ,are
complete and direct observations, such as censuses, inventories, partial observations of the
survey nature, performed on samples with the behavior identical to that of the whole.
They are applied to the key areas of tourist activity, namely at border crossing points, in the
means of hosting tourists and with the opportunity to achieve financial transactions.
With these tools we obtain qualitative and quantitative information that enable the composition
of domestic and international tourism statistics. Of these, the most common, structured by place
or observation units are:
departures / arrivals of tourists. These determinations can evaluate mutations in the tourist
movement structure.
There are in the tourist practice also other indicators more or less relevant: the average number
of tourists in a given period, the annual distribution of tourist arrivals, the degree of customer
loyalty, etc.
[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus,[3]:pp.97-98].
Conclusion: To analyze the tourist circulation, and actions to improvements and progress there
have been created a system of indicators that helps to collect, structure and analyze the
information reported to the area of interest.
29
Learning objectives:
organizational structures;
forms of integration;
role of the state;
tourism product supply chain.
30
Tourism is a complex sector of activity, an aggregate of services and activities with multiple
implications in all branches of national life. It is obvious, then, that tourism as a socio-economic
sector, can not be limited solely to the work of a single department or governmental body.
Therefore, tourism, more than in other sectors of activity, should be strengthen a close
coordination between the various government departments and organizations that deal with
tourism activity. Consequently, outside the central coordination of tourism in the national
economy, there must be coordination between the representatives of tourism governmental
organizations ,at regional level and,respectively, locally.
Coordination function of the whole set of measures to promote tourism is done by national
tourism organizations.
Diversity of component activities of the tourism industry is reflected in the variety of those
involved in organizing and running the proper trips. They can be of public or private sectors
,companies or professional associations, bodies of local activity , national or international, etc.
As a result, at the organization of tourism activity can be identified:
Sector organizations specialized on links of the supply chain of tourism product, such
as: hotel businesses, food, transportation, travel agencies, tour operators, and training
centers, promotion offices etc.
Organizations by destination,also,by tourist resorts, geographical areas or administrativeterritorial; they aim to encourage cooperation between the various tour companies and
coordination of the activity in a certain area, and common actions of tourism promotion.
Tourism organizations viewed as a whole, national or global, with responsibilities in the
study and forecast the tourism phenomenon ,in developing strategies and policies in the
field.
Between these bodies is conducted cooperative relations and subordination; their area of activity
intersects.There is a system of organization of tourism activity, structured in three stages:
1. central body, the coordinator;
2. the local body;
3. sector organizations.
Central bodies, called the national administration according to some authors, take one of the
forms:
Whatever the administrative form, these bodies represent the state and have the role of:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Tourism bodies that function as intermediaries between economic companies involved in the
tourism industry or performing their territorial coordination role in tourism activity developed
by these companies can be classified horizontally and vertically in the following way:
2.Vertical organizations:
2.1. National organizations:
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In the international tourism practice ,there are found a variety of forms of integration:
o
o
o
reference is extremely wide, they are found in transport, hostelling, food, leisure, marketing of
holiday packages,etc. Among the most representative associations can be mentioned:
National Association of Travel Agencies;
National Association of Chefs and Confectioners of Tourism;
National Association for Rural, Ecological and Cultural Tourism,etc.
Horizontal mergers/concentrations occur between firms operating in the same stage of the
production process or in the same stage of the supply chain: trade, transport, hostelling etc.
Enterprises grouped in this formula is an integrated chain, controlled by a unique decision, they
offer a homogeneous product, marketed under the same brand, they have a common
development strategy. Horizontal merger is best represented in the hostelling field, where
integrated chains hold over 25% of the total accommodation capacity. Horizontal concentration
developed in steps, in the sense of setting up:
hotel groups comprising several chains;
independent chains, unique.
From the category of integrated hotel chains are to be mentioned the following : the Holiday InnUS ,Sheraton-US,US RamadaInns, ACCORD-France, Hilton-USA, etc.
Vertical concentration brings together businesses that act in various stages of tourist
production or on various stages of supply chain and which typically are in a complementary
relationship; it is done upstream, when a hotel chain creates its own network of travel agencies
or own transport company, downstream, when a transport company shall provide
accommodation services through the acquisition of a hotel chain in both directions.
Conglomerate is a form of custom concentration ,through the trend of diversification of the
activity of a firm,by entering into an area more effectively in the future. Conglomerate is
achieved through the merger of companies whose activity is not complementary or related.
Among the best known examples is situated ITT (International Telegraph & Telephone), which
took over the Sheraton hotel chain and the car locations company Avis.
35
Conclusion: As demonstrated, the state still has a role to play in organizing and conducting
tourism activity ,to grow the experience of economic agents ,to increase their size, and thus, the
financial power ,as a result of the assertion of integrated forms of organization that have
manifested lately, the trend of disengagement of the state and diminishing its role.
Key words:
Tourism bodies,tourism cooperation.
Learning objectives:
Depending on the territorial scope of activity, international bodies are grouped into:
After the content of the activity and topics discussed,there are distinguished:
general bodies (with the universal vocation), which deals with the entire range of tourism
issues;
specialized bodies focused on a problem or component of tourism services (transport,
hostelling etc.).
From the point of view of the organization and functioning of international organizations ,it can
be opened or closed, and according to their status: public or private, etc.
A non-governmental organization (abbreviated NGO) is an institution that is independent from
government work, although some NGOs are partially or fully funded by it. Helmut K.Anheier
has estimated the number of non-governmental organizations over 40,000. International nongovernmental organizations are represented by professional associations, social and scientific
formed between similar bodies in different countries, bodies directly involved in production or
providing specific services or in defending of tourism professions. These organizations aim to
38
promote specific interests by encouraging the exchange of information, meetings of the agents in
the field, the development of studies, organizing seminars and sessions.
Among the most important NGOs are:
In the category of international tourism bodies ,may be included and other governmental or
non-governmental organizations, for which tourism is not only one of the sectors where it meet
its duties.Among these,can be mentioned:
O3.To present one of the broadest and most representative international tourism bodies.
One of the largest and most representative international tourism bodies is the World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO / WTO) - based in Madrid, Spain. It is an agency of the United Nations
and deals with problems related to tourism. World Tourism Organization is a significant global
body, responsible for collecting statistical information on international tourism. World Tourism
Organization plays an important role in promoting the development of fund ,responsible,
sustainable and universally accessible, of tourism, paying particular attention to developing
countries.The organization encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for
Tourism, with a view to ensure, that member countries will maximize the positive economic,
social and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while minimizing the negative
impact of social issues on environment.
Key words:
Tourism bodies,tourism cooperation.
Learning objectives:
Currently the tourism in the R.Moldova is regulated by the superior body : Tourism Agency of
the Republic of Moldova. Tourism Agency of the Republic of Moldova has several subdivisions
of coordination, including:
Conclusion: The Republica Moldova as a tourist destination, is little known abroad. It requires
considerable assistance from the state, to the development and promotion of informational
41
packages that would make our country image attractive. Individual service providers havent
enough knowledges and financial means to undertake effective marketing actions and promotion
of the tourism product. The state budget would increase considerably if investments in tourism
would be higher.
42
calculation must be always specified the geographic location of the market (eg: Bucharest or
Romanian market or) and the envisaged time (usually one year).
In terms of number of customers, we can speak of these market components:
The total market is represented by the total population of that geographical region. In
this population there are still a number of people that is assumed that they will never be
clients of travel companies, for various reasons (can not move, have a limited life or
below the limit).This group of people is formed by so called absolute non-consumers.
They should be excluded from the calculations when assessing the market dimensions.
Theoretical tourism market, which is obtained after we remove the absolute nonconsumers from the total population. And in this market there is a category of nonconsumers, called this time relative non-consumers. These people, for one reason or
another, do not travel or make it very rarely (do not like to travel, not enough income, are
too busy, etc.).
Real or actual/effective travel market is represented by people who have actually been
clients of travel companies in the period considered.
Products market or tourist destination is always a part of the real tourism market (eg:
market of the Neptun resort or market of the stays in the mountains).
Market capacity express its size by the total number of products or services which may be sold
in physical units.
Measurement or quantitative assessment of the tourism market can be achieved using the
following indicators:
The capacity of tourist market to express the amount of needs for a specific tourism
product which is manifested in the market at a time, without taking into account the
income of consumers or the prices and tariffs.
The potential of tourism market that expresses the demand of all consumers for a
particular tourism product according to their income and the price charged for that
product.
The market volume of the tourism product which refers to the amount of commercial
transactions concluded for a particular product in a specific period of time. If the volume
is equal to the potential of the tourist market it is to say that the market is saturated.
The market place of a tourism product that relates to that part of volume of the
tourism market covered by sales for a tourist determined product.
2. tourist offer is characterized by limits of temporal order, set according to the minimum
conditions that have to meet the natural resources ,in order to be accepted at a time of the
year.
3. Tourist offer is complex and heterogeneous,including attractive elements, but also
functional elements that make it possible to develop the production.
Key words:
Tourism demand, tourist consumption, seasonality.
Learning objectives:
exogenous factors;
endogenous factors.
By the time of their action:
constant influential factors;
conjectural factors.
Depending on the importance of tourism demand determinants:
primary factors;
secondary factors.
Conclusion:Tourism demand forms at the place of residence of the tourists and has a greater
degree of spontaneity than demand for goods.
Learning objectives:
Holiday tourism supply- which includes health tourism, family, sports and recreation.
Cultural tourism supply-it relates to study and religious tourism.
Business tourism supply-including itinerary tourism, congresses , meetings and incentive
tourism.
Health care tourism supply-including treatment tourism and prophylactic tourism.
The tourism supply is supported by the following determinants: the territory, the tertiary sector
and technical-material base. The territory is the main determinant of supply because it is the
support of it. In terms of tourism, the territory can be assessed quantitatively by receiving
optimal capacity of the territory and qualitatively by its attractiveness. Reception capacity
means the maximum number of tourists that can be received at a certain time without affecting
the geographic and social environment. A feature of tourism territory is its accessibility, which
means the land position in relation to demand basin,expressed by distance. Tertiary sector
represents a key item of supply because it groups the activities of providing services, which
constitute the factors for increasing the supply. The technical and material base ,includes the
tourism equipment or production capacity of the supply, which along with labor creates the c
necessary conditions for carrying the tourist activity. The technical and material base includes:
Material and technical base of the accommodation is assessed by the number of seats or the
number of rooms used for overnighting. Accommodation structures include hotel structures,
extra hotel structures and non-permanent structures. Hostelling is the traditional form of
accommodation and receiving tourists ,and the main categories of tourist accommodation units
according to the WTO, are:
By the fundamental characteristics there exists:
48
horizontal concentration;
vertical concentration;
49
conglomerate.
Horizontal concentration is between companies that participate in the same stage of the
production process (eg: hotel chains that control the units that wear their name).
Vertical concentration means grouping by fusion, acquisition or cooperation agreement of
companies that practice the same kind of activity, in order to increase profits through scale
economies.
Key words:
Tourism price,costs.
Learning objectives:
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Differentiation,
Inflationary character,
Relatively independent formation of supply-demand ratio,
Limited regulatory influence on the market.
The complexity of tourism products and price formation mechanism of holiday packages, by
accumulating costs of individual provided services, determine the effect of inflation sensitive
amplified. Cost-push inflation is due to increasing energy prices, changes in the level of wages
as determined by seasonal work and highly qualified labor scarcity, in season, land speculation in
tourist areas, state action through taxation etc. Inflation by request consists of an artificial
increase in the price of holidays due to seasonality, an inelastic supply and, accordingly, an
inadequacy of supply-demand and of an imported inflation.
Another feature of the tourism product prices refers to the fact that their formation is relatively
independent of supply-demand report, the market laws. According to economic theory, in
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economic conditions of the market,the prices are determined by the law of supply and demand,
being a proper method of the situation of perfect competition, also can form as a result of the
decision of a dominant producer that dominates the market of a product, which is the monopoly
price would be mentioned the situation ,in which the state intervenes directly or indirectly in
pricing. In terms of a pricing modality specific to tourism products, as a general rule, should be
taken into account the:
material costs,
wage costs,
operating costs,
management costs,
value-added-tax(VAT),
profit-mark of the manufacturer and / or dealer.
This technique records, in practice, a number of adaptations to the specifics of tourist services transport, hostelling, food. Of particular methodology benefits such tourist programs like:(IT
arrangements), due to their complex content of holiday packages and services. In setting the
price of such a product are taken into account in the form of direct expenses, prices of standard
individual provided services : transportation, accommodation, food and recreation,treatment, as
appropriate. Additionally, there are administrative and organization of business expenses,
agency or tour operator's fee and VAT. In such a structure can be included gratuities, tourist
insurance costs, promotional expenses, etc.
Conclusion: Although we can not say that on tourist market has disappeared any competition,
most prices are independent of the action of the law of supply and demand.
Key words:
Tourism market,gowth of tourism market,tendency.
Learning objectives:
about 3.550 billion USD, making tourism one of the most important industries in the world
economy and world trade components.
The growth of tourism market has a quantitative side, expressed through the increased number
of travels and related consumption ,and the qualitative side ,as the result of attracting in the
tourist circuit ,of new regions and countries, of some larger segments of population of great
diversity,from
economic, socio-cultural and affective point of view. Tourism creates
opportunities for regional and local economic growth and help create new jobs through natural
and cultural heritage, specifically each of the eight regions, including marginal areas,
disadvantaged economically and socially. Also, an important part of new jobs created is a
regional opportunity for female employment.Valorification of tourist attractions in various parts
of the country can contribute to the economic growth of urban centers in decline or peripheral
rural areas ,by favoring the emergence and development of local firms, making areas with low
economic competitiveness in areas that are attractive to investors. Tourism market activity
creates the demand for a wide range of goods and services purchased by tourists and subsequent
travel companies, including goods and services produced by other sectors (trade, construction,
transport, food, clothing and footwear industry, small industry and handicrafts).
Developing of tourism market will take into account the principles of sustainable development
in terms of conservation and protection of natural and cultural heritage, and the reduction of
human pressure on the environment, inherent in the practice of tourism on a large scale.
Increasing the number of tourists will overburden the environment, disrupting the balance of the
ecosystem. Environmental pressure will be controlled, in areas with special natural heritage ,to
allow its exploitation in a sustainable manner and through an uniform spatial distribution of
tourism activities. Restoration and sustainable valorification of cultural heritage and the
creation,modernization of related infrastructure. Creation, development, modernization of
infrastructure for the sustainable valorification of natural resources and increase the quality of
tourism services. Promoting the tourism potential and creating the necessary infrastructure to
increase the attractiveness of the Republic of Moldova as a tourist destination. These areas of
intervention aimed at supporting the valorification of important tourist resources: cultural and
natural resources. Significant changes in tourism consumption respectively,on the market, are
generated by the trends of some determinants. Of these, a greater role lies to the phenomenon of
population aging, especially in developed countries, increasing the duration of free time,the
ascension of socio-cultural factors and emotional over material, objective in forming the
demand. Associated with positive economic developments, the actions of these factors is
reflected in the trends of fragmentation of holidays and making several short trips, lengthening
periods of development of movements and thus, mitigating the seasonality, in diversifying
destinations.
The sustainable exploitation of tourist protected areas can be achieved by practicing a
controlled tourism,by a balanced distribution of tourists at all times of year (thus reducing the
seasonality effect). Therefore, considering the global tourism market developments, it is
absolutely necessary to increase the quality standards of the accommodation by type of hotels,
motels and campgrounds, lodges and youth hostels, accommodation units on boats / pontoons.
Conclusion: Meeting the tourists needs is to be the major goal of any travel organizer.This
approach must start with identifying the needs of potential customers, continued by the
53
designing of holiday packages that meet those needs and completed by the evaluation of : the
level of satisfaction of tourists, the personnel involved in the act of tourism and tourism product
as a whole.
54
6.1. The content and role of material and technical base of tourism.
Key words:
The technical and material base, fixed capital, working capital.
Learning objectives:
Working capital- part of the proceeds of production is characterized by the fact that is fully
consumed in a single cycle of production and as such should be replaced in every economic
circuit. This capital includes: raw materials, energy, fuel, etc.. these components are less
specialized ,being likely to more destinations.
According to this classification in conformity with the tourist activity, technical capital is
presented in overwhelming proportions, building constructions, for receiving and serving tourists
and shelter for machinery and equipment necessary for production: it adds transport means and
various installations.In their turn ,these aquipments are defined in subgroups according to
participation in various stages of tourist activity. Thus, among the most important groups are:
buildings for accommodation and eating establishments, the production and administrative units,
fleet vehicles, leisure facilities and treatment installations, inventory, furniture and equipment of
accommodations and food, repair shops, household annexes education units.
A highly attractive tourist area can not be on offer before receiving the necessary equipment to
receive and retain travelers. The magnitude of tourist flows is determined by demand and its
factors, and the level of technical equipment of the territories. Also according as growing
tourists requirements to quality of service and level of comfort, there are mutations in the criteria
for selection of vacation destinations, there is an increase in the importance of technical and
material basis.
Conclusion: Tourist activity implies the existence and development of mass travel. Results is
due to the high tourist potential links between the material and technical base and demand,
harmonization and directions pace of evolution of tourism sphere is due specifically to the given
chain.
O1.To set out the structure and evolution of the material and technical base of tourism.
O2.To represent the territorial distribution of material and technical base of tourism.
O1.To set out the structure and evolution of the material and technical base of tourism.
In theory and practice of specialty there are several ways to structure the technical and material
components of tourism. The most important and commonly used classification uses as a criterion
the main destination and delineates two categories:
The first group includes material resources which owes its existence to tourist activity - are
designed exclusively for tourists - and in the second, are included facilities with an independent
status,from tourism, but also are used for tourist needs, in other words, these devices are
intended for residents and tourists alike. Specific tourist facilities are represented by the
accommodation network, a part of the nutrition network, tourism structure means of transport mainly roads and cable, recreation installation and equipment for treatment and medical spas,
tourist villages and holiday villages as a complex and particular means. Infrastructure includes:
the means of communication and means of transport, urban and suburban, communication
networks, commercial units, sanitary units, services,municipal technical equipment.
The most important component of the material and technical base is: the accommodation
network- it responds to one of the fundamental needs of tourism, namely: rest and overnighting.
Without the existence of such an equipment can not be achieved the tourism consumption.
Moreover, the dimension, structure and spatial distribution of means of accommodation
determine the characteristics of all other components of the material and technical base of
tourism and consequently the magnitude and orientation of tourist flows.
Accommodation network is composed of units of various types classified by content, function
performed, the category of comfort, lifetime, ownership.
One of the most commonly used classification,groups the accommodation units in:
In terms of structure, means of accommodation can be approached from several angles, using
different criteria for segmentation as:
-the type of the unit
-the comfort category
-ownership
- operating period
- space location
-importance.
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Another important component of the material and technical base of tourism is the eating
establishments. From the structural point of view, also eating establishments can be grouped by
type, category of comfort, ownership, operation time etc.. to meet food and recreation needs of
tourists;the specific eating establishment network is dominated.
Tourist specific material and technical base scores between its components , means of
transport;it is those that are exclusive for tourists and / or is owned / administrations of
companies belonging to the sphere of tourism.
Recreational means is another well-defined component of the material and technical base of
tourism:these equipments aim to create conditions for amusement and recreation, to spend the
time nice. According to the variety of holiday destinations, with the diversity of tastes and
preferences of tourists, leisure means are represented, in terms of content, in a wide range such
as:
Sports,
Game rooms,
Multi-games (shows, exhibitions, competitions),
-Fun Parks,
-Riding centres,
-Beaches and water sports equipment,
Ski-slopes,
Clubs,
-Casinos,
-Disco.
O2.To represent the territorial distribution of material and technical base of tourism.
The material and technical base of tourism, globaly or by component analyzed, shows important
differences - in terms of size, structure, classification, level and pace of development - from one
58
area to another. This distribution is the result of several interrelated causes; first, is about
territorys geography, namely the concentration of tourist attractions in certain perimeters; their
value and the ease with which they can be exploited; secondly,should be mentioned the trends
recorded, over time, the evolution of the demand which led some investment guidance in the
field; also territorial inequalities, especially on general infrastructure,it reflects different levels of
socio-economic development of the areas, the place of tourism in the regional economic
structure. Inadequate distribution of the material base in the territorial profile in turn has negative
effects on tourism development and the satisfaction of consumers, among which, resorts
agglomeration and reducing the quality of services, accelerating deterioration and decrease the
attractiveness of the natural environment, increasing pollution.
In terms of investment value, this includes the cost of the asset itself and a number of expenses
incurred in the process, regarding the preparation and enforcement of the lens.
Regarding to sources /methods of financing, the literature highlights several ways/sources:
own contribution,
loan, leasing,
ownership and joint ownership,
the state contribution,
and for large-scale works of international interest, the contribution of international
financial bodies.
Conclusion: Investments in tourism aim to improve this area, with no negative effects.
Investments may also be provided by international organizations such as WTO,that will accept
project funding if it leads to economic development, improving living conditions, alleviating
unemployment and environmental protection.
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The manpower consumption is the primary, compared to the other branches size and / or
earlier production. From this point of view, tourism meet fundamental features of tertiary
components, furthermore labor requirements per unit of product is one of the highest, which
means a larger number of workers and lead to a lower labor productivity. This situation is the
result of that ,that mechanization and automation have a relatively limited scope, and can be
achieved for a small number of operations. On the other hand, the introduction of technical
progress is not recommended in all cases. For example, human replacement with a machine is
not the most inspired solution for services such as those of accommodation and reception, foodserving, management groups guide,the tourists wanting even during the holidays to escape the
world of vending machines ;to be served.
High moral and material liability ,arises from direct involvement of an important part of
tourism workers in serving of consumers and has a special significance in the selection and
training of personnel. Material liability is determined by the material values, that are managed
and manipulated by the workers (furniture, equipment, machinery and equipment, raw
materials). For more categories of personnel, to these values are added: responsibility for
touristss goods in hotels and similar accommodation units. In the assessment of moral
responsibility ,we should start from the premise that between a tourism worker and a consumer,
may occur relationships with a particular content, different from other branches.Thus, the
workerss work involves by the side of achieving quantitative elements / volume of services
provided, goods sold, number of travelers / clients served; and fulfillment of the qualitative
requirements, such as those related to the extent of serving and meeting the needs of consumers.
The relatively high and complex level of training. In tourism, there are a number of functions
that do not require special skills as so-called "bad jobs" (maid, lifter, concierge, commissionaire,
scullion) besides these, work in tourism advertises on beside technical knowledge specific to
each sector: hostelling, alimentation, transportation, travel agency, and a general level of
education and a high level of culture. The worker must know one international language, to be
able to present tourism values of the area where they operate, can provide useful information of
large utility , detailed and correct.
turnover of staff, reduces workers' job satisfaction as a result of lower incomes and job
insecurity.
Specifying of tourist activity generates practicing part-time work, flexible models of staff
employment. It's about weekend engagements during certain events or celebrations or for certain
activities (guides, instructors athletes). These formulas encountered on larger scale, not only
answer the nature of tourism, but also needs some segments of the population ( pensioners,
students). However, it creates difficulties in recruiting labor, especially labor situation in
contretemps (when most workers free ,have a rest). To the characteristics analyzed can be
added and others ,more or less obvious like: the feminization of labor, high mobility due to
causes other than seasonality, engaging the entire time work of a day.
[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus].
Conclusion: In whole, the peculiarities of tourism directly affects the number and dynamics of
workers, labor productivity levels, selection and recruitment policies, organizing of professional
trainings.
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Thus ,the top countries on tourist traffic such as France, Spain, USA, is characterized by good
staffing.In the second sample are situated countries recently launched in tourist traffic: Turkey,
Mexico, Canada and also emitters like the United Kingdom,with almost 2 million workers in
tourism and Germany with over a million; these countries have a particular dynamics of staffing
in the area. A distinct group is formed by countries with tradition in tourism and where the share
of workers in tourism, relatively high, is constant (eg, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Belgium,
Luxembourg). Countries with a modest number of workers in tourism, accounting for 1-2% of
their total population, this also includes our country.
In terms of the time evolution, after an upward trend recorded until 1991, there has been and
continues to show a downward trend,it being the result of a combined action of several factors
such as the dramatic reduction in domestic and international tourist traffic and international
decommissioning of some accommodation units and a less demand of personnel.
In terms of the role or importance of the function, tourism workers are performing direct
functions (proper to the field) in hotels, catering, travel agencies, transport, which causes about
90% of all employees and indirect functions (secondary to the content itself) in cultural and
sport sectors , leisure and entertainment, with almost 10% of staff. Analyzes on tourism labor
content shows a relatively low level of technicality and structure, in terms of training, dominated
by little or no skilled labor.
In correlation with the function related to the level of training, distribution staff is:
Executives with higher education , deputy director, about 10% of all employees;
Technicians with specialized secondary and higher education-about 8%;
Basic staff with specialized average and underaverage skills -42%;
Basic unskilled personnel-40%.
Modest level of training required by tourism, ensures an easier attraction of staff and occupancy
of functions and a decrease in unemployment among those with no qualifications, but does not
allow the provision of quality services.
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Hostelling
University
Other forms of high education
Lyceum
No secondary education
No qualifications
2
4
30
32
32
Other components
activity
3
5
45
40
7
of
tourism
An interesting aspect is the gender structure of the labor force in tourism. From this point of
view, it highlights the tendency of feminization of staff, common orientation of most branches of
tertiary. Higher percentage of women among workers in tourism and those in hotels and
restaurants, reflects the work specification in this field that requires skills closest to women
(patience, understanding, tact, good mood, etc.).
Table nr.2.Gender structure of the staff employed in hotels and restaurants in several
countries:
Country
UK
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Finland
Germany
Sweden
Romania
Percentage of women
39,8
46,8
40,5
46,7
41,7
26,7
41,6
43,8
40,4
Percentage of men
60,2
53,2
59,5
53,3
58,3
73,3
58,4
56,2
59,6
Conclusion: Based on the tendencies in the dynamics and structure of tourism, there can be
predicted an increase in the number and proportion of workers in tourism, along with the
diversification of professions as a result of adaptation to increasing demand.
achieve higher performance ; any discrepancy between functions requirements and training of
employees reflects negatively on work results and therefore on productivity but also on worker
and job satisfaction thereof. In consequence, achieving an adequate level of labor productivity,
advertises, selection of well-trained workers.
Another major determinant of productivity is the organization of work, the special role of this
factor stems from the high consumption of manpower and complexity of business processes
,proper to tourism. This raises the need for the scientific organization of labor in order to reduce
the work consumption and streamlining business.
Prices and tariffs and their time modification , determines the value volume of business and
hence, the results of work expended. Consequently, the rise in prices and tariffs, reflected in
increasing the volume of revenue leads to an increase in labor productivity, in reality, increasing
prices and tariffs is the effect of a combining action of several causes, among them is numbered
the improvement of service quality, but a role not to be negligible returns to inflation.
Changes in prices and tariffs is on the, other hand, the result of typological structure and
categories of comfort of units. In this situation, the upper class units with complex profile will
record higher levels of productivity. Seasonality of tourism activity puts his mark on
productivity. Dependent on natural factors favoring effective manifestation of supply, seasonality
is expressed by the concentration of demand in certain periods and staying off the tourist interest
of the rest of time, affecting the volume of activity, work consumption and its results. For areas
affected by seasonality (seaside, mountains) productivity will be, on the whole, lower than in
other areas and record the larger oscillations from one season to another. Also, the absence of
unpredictable , natural favourable conditions (sun, snow, appropriate temperatures) may cause
changes in the volume of activity, with an effect on labour results.
Conclusion: Labour productivity in the tourism field has values lower than in other sectors of
the economy due to high consumption of manpower and reduced possibilities of introducing the
technical progress.
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Key words:
Tourism product, tourism services, intangibility.
Learning objectives:
Intangible nature of the prestation - tourism services exist as potential form and is
materialized only by meeting the demand and supply;
Unstocked nature-tourism product is consumed as it is produced, has an intangible
character, unable to be stored for capitalization;
The coincidence in time and space of production and consumption - tourist consumption
requires physical presence at the place of production and providing services;
Complex nature of tourism services - tourism act, that has a complex and varied content
of services as a result of the contribution of a large number of providers from various
fields;
Dependence and inseparability of tourism services from the individual provider effective exploitation of tourism services require direct contact between the tourism
service provider and travel consumer;
Individualization of tourism services, for a group or individual the variety of tourist
motivations, causes an offer of tourism products customized to each individual, which
does not preclude a standard part of a tourism product;
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Tourism services can not be highlighted (can not be exhibited, seen, felt, etc..) through a proper
material medium, which is why service providers are trying to add some intangible characteristic
,by which they can suggest their quality (environment, personnel, equipment, etc..) and also to be
able to minimize the risk and uncertainty of the act of acquisition ,by the buyer.
Among the main factors that allow visualization of tourism services,are included:
Environment/atmosphere/surroundings;
Communications;
Price.
Key words:
Basic and complementary services, paid and free services.
Learning objectives:
II.
According to this grouping, also one of the most used, accommodation and meals hold the
largest share, followed by transport and recreation and then, additional ones.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
spontaneous tourism services, generated by the requests made during the trip or
stay ,at the time of the direct contact of the tourist with the definite offer.
Conclusion: In conclusion we can say that, the necessity and timeliness of service classification
processes, is supported by the fact that they have found out a trend of diversification as a result
of adaptability to the needs of consumer and modernization.
Characterization of tourist transport forms, analysis of advantages and their limitations starts,
most commonly, from their grouping after the type of mean used. From this point of view we
can speak of air, rail, sea and road transport. Trends in their evolution, the role of each of them
in the structure of tourist traffic ,are dependent on, equally the dynamics of tourism and general
development of passenger transport,aligning to the mutations ,that are manifested in their
dynamics and structure. As a result, there are significant differences between international and
domestic traffic, as well as between countries and continents.
Deepening the analysis, by country, reveals a mosaic ,in tourist options for a particular mean of
transport. In the Far East countries, beneficiaries of tourist flows ,in Europe and America, the air
transport is used for more than 90%. In countries like the UK, Belgium, Holland, Denmark,
location and transport development are found in proportion to their importance in the structure of
tourist traffic, other European countries, including France, Italy, Spain; are part of the general
trend specific to the dominance area of road transport. The place that holds every form of
transport in the tourist traffic structure is the result of a complex evolutionary process that
encompasses both transport sphere, as well as that of tourism.
Regular flights are flights that an airline company, operate them in accordance with its
public schedule, on the same days and the same time ,during a whole season, depending
on their strategic objectives which are primarily of commercial nature.Travel
arrangements ,proposed on regular flights are:
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Without affinity:
a. renting the entire capacity of the aircraft;
b. minimum number of places rented - 40
c. purchasing at least,with 60 days before.
Charter Inclusive Tour:
a. round-trip (with a stay at the destination) or circuit (with a minimum of
stops);
b. minimum length of the journey (4 days to destinations like North America
and 7 days for other destinations like OSTC - One Stop Inclusive Tour);
c. including in the price:the transport, accommodation and transfers;
d. organizers must submit to the authority of aviation,the passenger list at
least 15 days before departure (U.S. destinations) and 30 days for other
destinations. No changes to these lists ,are allowed.
Charter own-use (single entity):
a. a person or an entity rents an airplane for own use, to transport persons or
objects;
b. the renter is unable to sell.
Specialized charter:
a. flights for students or groups of students (Study Group Charter);
b. flights for special events (Special Event Charter).
Air-taxi services are provided by private charter flights, with 4-18 seats capacity and
flight independence of 500-600 km, are practiced primarily, at business tours, they offer
advantages of flexibility and comfort.
74
The price of travel depends on the operating costs of the airline company and a number of
elements proper to the , organization namely: the size and type of the aircraft, traffic density
and level of competition, the regularity of the demand flow and its extension in both
directions, type of request/demand, the minimum estimate level of the degree of filling of
the aircraft.
regularity and certainty of movement, due to the relative independence of rail means
to the weather;
a relatively low cost of the travel to air means of travel ,associated with high speed of
movement, the convenience offered by a sleeper and restaurant car;
much broader possibilities of viewing the landscape;
the organization of tourist transport, by rail means,are used both regular flights ans
special ones (charter);
embarking and disembarking is done generally within communities,and to arrive at
the hotel ,is no longer necessary a transfer;
travel agencies obtain through the International Union of Railways, from the network
of member countries, a commission of about 10% to promote ,rail travel
arrangements;
international tariffs are determined, in principle, as a sum of national tariffs. Each
country sets its own tariff discounts (on time periods, types of trains, group tariffs).
Rail arrangements:
Rail Inclusive Tour (RIT) involves marketing by travel agents of tour packages, for groups
at global prices, using the train as a mean of transport. The arrangement RIT Class I or II,
can take the following trips: round-trip on a certain route, special circuits in one direction,
combined routes with the use of bus on certain trails.
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The price is determined in the contract between the travel agent and railway company and
can be applied in many tariff variants , depending on the type of RIT arrangements.
Cruise is actually a tourist product (a holiday package) consisting of spending the stay on board
of a specially equipped ship, offering to travelers not only a normal sea voyage but also some
treatments and outstanding recreational conditions and visiting ports and towns outside the
country, in accordance with the route set in advance.
The main destinations of the cruise lines are:
Caribbean Sea, the islands of Bermuda, the Bahamas and east coasts of Central and South
America, is regarded as the most important destination, concentrating half of the trips;
West Coast of North America, with routes near Mexico, USA, Canada,the destination
located on the second place among the most popular and preferred by tourists;
Mediterranean Sea , with routes linking the countries of western and eastern part of the
basin;
Far East - lines between the islands of the Pacific;
Baltic Sea and connections between the capitals of nordic countries;
West Africa , Canary and Madeira islands;
Circuits around the world.
Future development of cruise tourism is significantly influenced by the developments of
transport capacity, customer characteristics, the emergence of new destinations and
diversification of services supply.
77
Conclusion: The more common form of tourist transport remain to be the road and air ones,due
to several advantages, including modernization , according to preferences of the tourists.
accommodation services;
food service;
recreational,entertainment services;
transport services;
additional services (complementary).
Accommodation is during the tourist prestation, the next step from transport and meets the
characteristics of a component with the independent existence.By its content, accommodation
aims to create conditions for rest and comfort of the traveler; it can be defined as the result
(product or service) of the hotel industry (hospitality) a sector, which includes all activities in
temporary living quarters.
The hospitality industry, recognized as a separate component of the economy, expressed with
sufficient rigor by the service group "hotels and restaurants", has as its reference all the processes
performed within the accommodation units, generated by receiving, stay and departure of the
traveler.
Regarding to the variety of needs of tourists, and starting from the assumption that the main
points related to their presence in hotels are receiving, stay and departure, accommodation
consists of a sum of independent provided services:
a) accommodation itself and its complementary services;
b) nutrition and specific services associated with it;
c) cultural,artistic and recreational activities;
d) information and intermediation services;
e) commercial activities;
f) services with a special character.
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Hosting (accommodation itself) is the main function of hotel units, regardless of size, type,
category of comfort, its equipping, it implies the existence of suitable spaces and facilities
necessary to ensure rest and hygiene of the tourist.
Food service, although satisfying a basic function,is not necessarily present in all units
This service is a complex activity , designed to satisfy for all guests at any time, so the need for
food, as well as that of recreation. Organizing of the proper catering service has two types of
problems: the location and operation, meaning that it should not affect the rest of tourists, and the
proper action of other activities.
Cultural, artistic and recreational activities are found, especially in units for medium and
long-stay tourism, rest and of the higher category. In order to achieve such activities are
necessary adequate facilities for leisure and entertainment: sports fields, swimming pools,
saunas, gyms, electronic games, etc., and a staff with specialized skills, that would ensure the
training and supervision of tourists.
Information services facilitates the tourist knowledge and respectively the access to the
specific supply and additional available services provided by his hotel unit, inside and outside.
These services are performed by the section "front-office" and are given orally, at the request of
tourists or through written media (ads, brochures, posters) placed within reach of tourists or
passing places.
Intermediation services, as well as other additional services aim to meet the full requirements
of tourists;eg: car rental intercession from specialized units.
Conclusion: To meet the demands and preferences of tourists, hotels have developed a system of
services that also meet economic and financial objectives of the organizers.
O1.To report on the content and the particular role of nutrition as part of tourist services.
O2.To provide information about the development and improvement of catering services.
O1.To report on the content and the particular role of nutrition as part of tourist services.
Public catering is one of the most important aspects of tourist serving,that fits in the category
of basic services. Food service (catering) is a component of the tourism product, its capitalization
can be made both as an individual product and in combination with accommodation services:
full board or half board. Food service has to satisfy the needs of food of tourists, but also some
80
O2.To provide information about the development and improvement of catering services.
Having the purpose to meet, both the needs of the resident population and tourists, catering
sector recorded an upward trend. This development, the result of the action of several factors,
attest the increasing role that public nutrition , plays in economic and social life, multiplying its
functions. Public nutrition will see important qualitative and quantitative changes in the future.
Regarding to the quantitative evolution ,we can speak of a significant increase of the activity
volume, due to the increase of resident demand ,that would anticipate the intensification of
tourist traffic, coupled by the repositioning of different groups of goods. Qualitatively,
modifications, aiming the adaptation to the needs and tendencies of the demand, is carried in the
direction of modernization and improvement of production, improvement and diversification of
forms of marketing and serving.
In the production field,is manifested a pronounced concern for concentration and
industrialization the preparation process of dishes. One of the modern forms of industrialization
of food production is the "catering system." This system proposes the separation of provision
and processing from that of marketing and serving the preparations.
Improving catering activity aims also the commercial component.This direction, registers the
modernization of trade system, in terms of structure and distribution in the territory, as well as
diversification of services. We notice, the trend of performing some units with complex
functions, that would respond to various requirements. Also, appear new types of units: cafeteria,
snack - bar, bistro, drugstore, restoroute, better adapted to the peculiarities of the various
customer segments.
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Conclusion: Realization of these goals will ensure an increased participation of public catering
to the satisfaction of consumer needs, increasing its economic and social role.
O1.To highlight the content and functions of recreation the basic component of the tourism
product.
Entertainment has on average about 10-15% of total holiday expenditures, but with significant
differences by the forms of tourism such as: skiing, hunting, yachting, extreme sports ,these
activities involve allocation of amounts above the average level.
Services held at the resort, made by cooperation between tourism companies (hotel
companies, tour operators, enterprises specializing in leisure) and / or between them and
local governments; eg: equestrian centers, multifunctional sports centers, polygons,
holiday clubs, recreational ports etc.
services organized by others, usually highly complex forms, that requires the
involvement of specialized bodies, other than tourist ones, eg.: amusement parks, touring
theatrical ensembles, dance and music tours, recreational vehicles (sport aviation , boats,
trains).
[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus 2004].
Conclusion: Development of recreational activities ,influences directly the orientation of
tourist flow and thus conduct to an efficient activity.
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Conclusion: Efficiency in tourism, shows thus, a multitude of facets and expresses by a wide
range of indicators ,trying to capture the complexity of the activity, the results recorded at the
level of each component or process, transport, accommodation, food, leisure, domestic tourism,
international tourism, and the field as a whole, the economic and social side, direct and indirect
effects.
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9.2. Assessment criteria and indicators to measure the economic efficiency of tourism.
Key words:
Profit, profit rate, rate of return.
Learning objectives:
O1.To present the criteria for evaluating the economic efficiency in tourism.
O2.To report on the system of indicators of economic efficiency.
O1.To present the criteria for evaluating the economic efficiency in tourism.
In assessing and measuring the economic efficiency in tourism as in any other sector of activity,
is used a range of criteria and indicators as a result of complexity, the content of processes, the
diversity of resources consumed and variety of forms, to realize the effects. Tourism efficiency
is in these conditions, expressed by the increase of net income, achieved through savings of
living and materialized labor; obtained in this activity through the use of each of the factors of
production consumed: nature, labor and capital may be appropriate as evaluation criteria of
efficiency.savings achieved by living and materialized labor; obtained in this activity through the
use of each of the factors of production used: nature, labor and the properly capital ,may be an
assessment criteria of the efficiency:
Size of net income and its associated return.
The level of costs.
Utilization extent of labor and technical and financial capital.
To these can be added ,the efficiency of investments ,as an expression of yield development
effort.
effect/effect;
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effort/effort;
effect/effort;
effort/effect.
which reveals the myriad angles of approach to the link between the two basic elements, as
performance evaluation, thus ,besides classic ratio of effect and effort in assessing the tourism
efficiency, is suggestive and the proportion between the differences between the components of
the result or between the differences of the category of resources involved in obtaining a
certain effect.
In terms of resources consumed, they are diverse as a structure and their value expression ,
differs depending on their exact nature. The main categories of consumed resources in tourism
and their indicators are:
There are three types of resources: Natural (natural and man-made potential);
Human (labor);
Material and financial (fixed and circular capital).
To the first type ,are characteristic these forms of specification of the resources involved:
-Arranged tourist areas (beaches, lakes, springs, trails, ski areas); the value of the resources
consumed is reflected as design expenses/arranging expenses.
-Cultural-historical monuments (castles, monuments, churches, memorials, museums, palaces);
the value of the resources consumed is reflected as maintenance and protection expenses.
To the second type ,are characteristic these forms of specification of the resources involved:
- Number of workers (overall and on different structures); the value of the resources consumed is
reflected in salary fund , expenses for social insurance and health.
- The total working time, the value of the resources consumed is reflected as instruction
expenses, material expenses for staff.
To the third type ,are characteristic these forms of specification of the resources involved:
- Production capacity (number of units or places in hotel units, catering, leisure, means of
transport); the value of the resources consumed is reflected in depreciation expenses, rent,
taxes, transport expenses, expenses for repairs and maintenance.
- The value (total, average) of fixed funds;
- Goods, various raw materials,materials;the value of the resources consumed is reflected in
provision and storage expenses.
- Fuel and energy; the value of the resources consumed is reflected in fuel and energy costs.
- Inventory; the value of the resources consumed is reflected in depreciation of inventory items.
- Money capital, the value of the resources consumed is reflected in interest rates.
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It should be added that when using quantitative indicators for assessing the social efficiency, they
reflect only partial results.
As in the case of economic efficiency, assessing the social impacts of tourism involves:
If in terms of the criteria, the situation is simpler in the sense of the possibility of converting
social functions of tourism, in efficiency evaluation elements, namely:
In the literature are mentioned models, quantitative indicators that quantify, often indirectly and
partially, the social effects, of which the most famous are about the level of serving and
improving health.
The characterization of serving level can be achieved using indicators such as:
number of types of tourism products (holidays) or specific services provided in general,
within a tourist area or unit;
comfort category structure of means of accommodation and food;
number of units / accommodation places;
number of units / places per a territorial unit of surface;
number of tourists per one worker;
waiting time and / or serving time.
Social tourism, meets the characteristics of tourism in general or any form of travel, particular
by:
consumer category that addresses to;
how vacations are funded.
[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus 2004].
different fields, ensuring the satisfaction of spiritual needs of travelers. In the same area is
included, youth or cultural tourism.
Recipients of this kind of tourism are categories of the population with limited financial means,
represented by the minimum level of income or social status that attests this: retired people,
unemployed, students, workers in agriculture. Regarding the possibilities of traveling, they are
ensured, partially or entirely by grants awarded by the society ,through social protection bodies
and various other organizations: edifice of social insurance ,edifices of mutual aid for
pensioners, trade unions, youth organizations, foundations, and through the payment facilities
offered by tourisms economic agents (discount rates, lower levels of commission).
These features of social tourism led to, a significant increase in demand for holidays, which has
generated quite often,a confusion with mass tourism.
[Rodica Manciu,Economia Turismului,Uranus 2004].
Conclusion: Social tourism creates conditions for cultural enrichment, physical and mental
rehabilitation, also constitutes a form of tourism accessible for all categories of population.
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