II-03 - SA - Power Systems - HV Equipment PDF

UTINNOVATION
Power Systems
High Voltage Equipment
Knowledge . Empowering . You

Two day Substation Automation training course
www.utinnovation.com
Power Systems HV Equipment
SUBSTATIONS
5/29/2012

Substation Automation
UTINNOVATION
Substations
Distribute electrical energy
Connect networks and circuits
Main components
Busbars
Disconnectors
Earthing Switches
Circuit Breakers
Current Transformers
Voltage Transformers
Power Transformers
Reactors
Capacitors
And others
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SWITCHGEAR
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UTINNOVATION
Switchgear
Switchgear is a general
term covering switching
devices and their
combination with
associated control,
measuring, protective and
regulating equipment.
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Open Air Switchgear
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UTINNOVATION
Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)

All live parts contained in SF6 filled gas-tight enclosures.
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Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
Refers to complete switchboards, except for the external
connections, with an external metal enclosure intended
to be earthed. Internal partitions may or may not be
incorporated and where installed need not be metallic.
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UTINNOVATION
Metal-Clad Switchgear
Refers to metal-enclosed switchgear and control gear in
which the components (each main switching device,
outgoing way, busbar system, etc.) are arranged in
compartments separated by earthed metal partitions.
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SWITCHING COMPONENTS
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UTINNOVATION
Disconnector
A mechanical switching device which provides, in the
open position, an isolating distance in accordance with
the specified requirements.
A mechanical switching device capable of making,
carrying and breaking current under normal circuit
conditions. This may include specified operating
overload and short-term, short circuit current conditions.
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Earthing Switch
A mechanical switching device for earthing parts of a
circuit, capable of withstanding for a specified period
current under abnormal conditions
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UTINNOVATION
Circuit Breaker
A mechanical switching
device, capable of
making, carrying and
breaking currents under
normal circuit conditions
and also making, carrying
for a specified time and
breaking currents under
specified abnormal circuit
conditions such as those
of short circuit.
Single-pole trip
Three-pole trip
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Classification of Circuit Breakers
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UTINNOVATION
POWER TRANSFORMERS
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Power Transformers 3 Single-phase

Three exactly alike single-phase transformers can be
used to form a single three-phase transformer.
For economic reasons, however, a three-phase
transformer is designed to have all six windings on a
common magnetic core.
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UTINNOVATION
Power Transformers
Small power transformers:
500 kVA to 7500 kVA
Medium power
transformers: 7500 kVA to
100 MVA
Large power transformers:
100 MVA and above
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Power Transformers Vector Groups
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UTINNOVATION
Power Transformers Vector Groups
110/36.75/(10.5) kV
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Power Transformers - Autotransformers
S oa
So 1
Induction
1
a
Conduction
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Transformers Insulation Media

Dry type
Unlike liquid-filled transformers which are cooled with oil or a fire-resistant
liquid dielectric, dry type units utilize only environmentally safe, recognized
high temperature insulation systems.
They provide a safe and reliable power source which does not require fireproof vaults, catch-basins, or the venting of toxic gases.
Transformers windings may be vacuum pressure impregnated and polyester
resin.
For applications with harsh operating conditions or where airborne
contaminants are present an epoxy resin coating can be added to the
polyester impregnated coils.
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Transformers Insulation Media

Liquid-filled type
Use a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high
temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties.
The features of an oil filled transformer design should depend
greatly on the job application type and its voltage power
demands.
Liquid-filled transformers are usually used for larger applications.
Because of the oil inside the transformer being of noncombustible properties, these transformers are very safe and
can operate machinery for long periods of time.
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Power Transformers
Cooling class letter description
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Power Transformer Inrush Current

The fifth harmonic component of the magnetizing current
has proved to be most suitable for monitoring
overexcitation of power transformers.
The proportional part of the fifth harmonic is clearly increasing
when the transformer core is beginning to saturate
the saturation of current transformers do not produce so much
fifth harmonics
The presence of high levels of the fifth harmonic

component is, therefore, used in these relays to prevent
the differential relay operation.
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TAP CHANGER
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Tap Changer
For instance, the addition of extra turns to the secondary
winding allows a change in output voltage from, say, V2
to V2+ V as the primary to secondary turns ratio is
decreased.
What is the reason for installing the tap changer in
the high voltage winding of the power transformer?
The main reason is that the high
voltage winding currents are relatively small
I1
V2
I2
V1
LV
HV
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UTINNOVATION
Tap Changer
In power systems the control of the voltage may be
achieved by varying the transformer ratios or the
effective number of turns in service by using taps.
There is a practical limit to the number of separate
winding tap positions that can be accommodated arising
from the physical size of the tap changer required and
tapping winding insulation between adjacent steps.
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Tap Changer - Types
Off-circuit: the tap change may only be carried out when the
transformer is not energized.
Off-load: the tap changer may be operated when the circuit is
energized but not when the circuit is drawing load current.
On-load: the tap changer may be operated under load conditions.
General Requirements:
Reliability
Minimal maintenance
Lowest cost
Electrical supply utility preferences.
Technical Requirements:
Dielectric strength
Overload and fault current capability
Breaking capacity
Electrical and mechanical life expectancy
Service and processing pressure withstand capability.
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REACTORS
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Reactors
Reactors have single windings and are intended to
provide inductive reactance.
Shunt reactors are connected to the system to provide an
inductive load for the purposes of compensating the capacitive
loads of cables and lightly loaded overhead lines.
Series reactors are connected in series with a circuit in a
system to reduce fault currents, or in some instances to balance
the impedance between two parallel paths.
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Reactors
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Reactors
Former Reactor
Modern Reactor
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Reactors - Current Limiting Reactors (CLR)
Phase Reactors
Tie Reactor
Neutral Grounding Reactor

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Reactors Typical Shunt Reactor Connections
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Reactors - Power Flow Control
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Reactors Line Trap
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CAPACITORS
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Capacitors
Shunt capacitor: supply reactive power and boost local
voltages. They were first used (mid 1910s) for power
factor correction.
Series capacitors: are connected in series with line
conductors to compensate for de inductive reactance of
the line.
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Capacitors Units
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Capacitors - Types of Capacitor Banks

Based on fusing arrangement, capacitor banks are
divided into three types:
Externally fused capacitor banks
Internally fused capacitor banks
Fuseless capacitor banks
Externally Fused Bank
Internally Fused Bank
Fuseless Bank
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Capacitors Shunt Capacitors
Group Capacitor Bank
Branch Capacitor Bank
Local Capacitor Bank

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Capacitors Series Capacitors
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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
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Instrument Transformers
Instrument transformers are primarily used to provide
isolation between the main primary circuit and the
secondary control and measuring devices.
Where a voltage or current is too large to be
conveniently used by an instrument, it can be scaled
down to a standardized, low value.
Burden: The burden of the instrument transformer is considered
to be everything connected externally to its terminals, such as
monitoring devices, relays, and pilot wiring.
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UTINNOVATION
Voltage Transformers
A voltage transformer (VT) is an instrument transformer
in which the secondary voltage is substantially
proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase
from it by approximately zero degrees.
The primary winding of the VT is connected in parallel
with the monitored circuit.
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Voltage Transformer Accuracy Class IEC/IEEE
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UTINNOVATION
Current Transformers
An instrument transformer in which the secondary
current is substantially proportional to the primary current
and differs in phase from it by approximately zero
degrees is called a current transformer (CT)
The primary winding of the CT is connected in series
with the monitored circuit.
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Current Transformer Accuracy Class IEC
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UTINNOVATION
Current Transformer Accuracy Class IEEE
5/29/2012
Instrument Transformers Non-conventionals

There are often problems associated with accurate
acquisition of system currents and voltages due to faulted
system conditions
Especially a problem in capturing transient currents and
voltages required to correctly analyze faulted system
conditions
Current transformers tend to saturate, and voltage
transformers, especially CCVT's, suffer from transient
errors, especially for faults causing significant voltage
collapse
New type of current and voltage transducer has been
introduced, which solves many of the problems cited for
ferromagnetic transducers
Non conventional instrument transformer
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UTINNOVATION

Devices can be classified into five different types
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UTINNOVATION
Conventional Instrument
Transformers
Non-conventional
Instrument Transformers
Automation
Functions
Automation
Functions
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SUBSTATION ARRANGEMENTS
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UTINNOVATION
Substation Arrangements
Various factors affect the reliability of an electrical
substation or switchyard facility, one of which is the
arrangement of switching devices and buses.
Additional parameters to be considered when evaluating
the configuration of a substation or a switchyard are:
Maintenance,
Operational flexibility,
Relay protection,
Cost, and
Line connections to the facility.
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Substation Arrangements (EU)

Single Bus
Optional
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UTINNOVATION

Main and Transfer Bus
Optional
Main
Bus
Bus Tie
Breaker
Transfer
Bus
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Double Bus
B1
B2
Coupler
Breaker
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UTINNOVATION

Double Bus with By-pass Switch
B1
B2
Coupler
Breaker
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Double Bus with Transfer Switch
B1
B2
Coupler
Breaker
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UTINNOVATION

Double Busbar with Transfer Bus
B1
B2
Coupler
Breaker
Bus Tie
Breaker
Transfer
Bus
Alternative
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Substation Arrangements (US)

Ring
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UTINNOVATION
Substation Arrangements (US-EU)

Breaker-and-a -Half
B1
B2
Alternative
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Substation Arrangements (US)

Double Bus-Double Breaker
B1
B2
Alternative
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UTINNOVATION
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (DG)
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Distributed Generation
Distributed Generation (DG) = electric power source,
connected to the grid at distribution level, serving a
customer or providing support to a distribution network.
In scientific literature there is no clear consensus about the
definition of DG
Main definitions used at international level:

IEEE: DG is generation of electricity by facilities sufficiently
smaller than central plants, usually 10 MW or less, so as to allow
interconnection at nearly any point in the power system.
CIGRE: DG unit is a generation unit that is not centrally planned,
not centrally dispatched, usually connected to the distribution
network and smaller than 50-100 MW.
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UTINNOVATION
International Energy Agency (IEA): DG is a generating plant
serving a customer onsite or providing support to a distribution
network, connected to the grid at distribution-level voltages.
US Department of Energy (DOE): DG is a modular electric
generation or storage located near the point of use. DG units
typically range from less than a kilowatt (kW) to tens of
megawatts (MW)
EPRI: DG are small generation units from a few kW up to 50
MW and/or energy storage devices typically sited near customer
loads or distribution and sub-transmission substations
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Distributed Generation - Background

Transmission systems:
Designed to actively
manage and control the
power flows circulating in
bidirectional ways
Have a meshed structure
so a node can be supplied
from multiple directions
Distribution systems:
Designed to pass power
flows unidirectionally from
upstream transmission to
the downstream utilization
with scarce possibilities to
control them
Generally have a radial or
loop structure.
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UTINNOVATION
Purpose and location
Purpose of DG is to provide a source of electric power.
DG is considered to be connected directly to the distribution
network or on the customer side of the meter.
Power rating and voltage level

Maximum power injected by DG in a single connection point is
evaluated in terms of net active power (MW)
Power level depends on the network capacity and thus on the
voltage level of the distribution system
Power delivery area

Power delivery area of distributed generation has been
considered as the corresponding (part of) distribution network
where all power generated by DG is delivered.
Complex power flow analyses in distribution networks would be
necessary for a precise definition of the power delivery area.
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Distributed Generation - Potential Benefits

Convenient local positioning enables better utilization of
available energy sources
Generation adjacent to loads allows for a more
convenient use of heat energy via combined heat and
power (CHP) technology
Wide scale use of renewables will reduce fossil fuel
consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) and noxious
emissions
From an authorization/construction point of view it is
generally easier to find sites for renewable and other DG
than for a large central power plant
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UTINNOVATION
Distributed Generation - Potential Benefits

Distribution networks with self-sufficient production or
with a high DG penetration level considerably reduce the
congestions occurring on the existing upstream
transmission grids
On-site or conveniently located production units greatly
reduce transmission losses and may also contribute to
cut down distribution losses
Properly operated DG systems can improve the
continuity of supply
When a power outage occurs at local level, DG may help restore
power in a short time
5/29/2012
Distributed Generation - Technical Issues

Distributed control systems must be redesigned/reset to
handle two-way power flows on distribution lines
DG technologies connection not only changes the power
flows pattern, but also significantly affects local voltage
and fault current levels
Need for redesigning the local protection system to manage
more critical voltage and fault current values, while at the same
time being able to deal with bidirectional power exchanges
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UTINNOVATION

Due to the variability of electricity output linked to the
availability of natural resources, the distributed control
centers must be able to manage fast reacting local
power generation
Data collection needed for the control of the distribution
system as well as of the DG units can be a very
complicate matter
Power quality deterioration might result as an undesired
effect of the utilization of power electronics-based
converters to connect DG technologies to the distribution
grid
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Distributed Generation - Technologies

Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs)
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Industrial Combustion Turbines
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Microturbines
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Fuel Cells
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Stirling Engines
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Photovoltaic systems
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Wind turbines
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Micro/small hydroelectric units
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Biomass power units
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Solar thermal units
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REMARKS
5/29/2012
Remarks
Substation Automation thus far has focused on
automation functions such as monitoring, controlling, and
collecting data inside the substation.
This narrow scope allows for effective control of
automatic devices located within the substation, but does
not fully take advantage of automated equipment.
Modern power grids Smart Grids use data from
automated substation equipment to allow operators to
collect and analyze information about generation,
transmission, distribution, and consumption.
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UTINNOVATION
Remarks
Protection
The Entire
Network
Monitoring
and
supervision
Control
5/29/2012
Questions
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UTINNOVATION

Knowledge . Empowering . You

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Open Air Switchgear

Power Systems HV Equipment

Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Classification of Circuit Breakers

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Transformers 3 Single-phase

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Transformers Vector Groups

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Transformers Vector Groups

Power Transformers - Autotransformers

Power Systems HV Equipment

Transformers Insulation Media

Transformers Insulation Media

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Transformer Inrush Current

The presence of high levels of the fifth harmonic

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Tap Changer - Types

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Reactors - Current Limiting Reactors (CLR)

Neutral Grounding Reactor

Reactors Typical Shunt Reactor Connections

Power Systems HV Equipment

Reactors - Power Flow Control

Reactors Line Trap

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Capacitors - Types of Capacitor Banks

Externally Fused Bank

Internally Fused Bank

Power Systems HV Equipment

Capacitors Shunt Capacitors

Group Capacitor Bank

Branch Capacitor Bank

Local Capacitor Bank

Capacitors Series Capacitors

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Power Systems HV Equipment

Voltage Transformer Accuracy Class IEC/IEEE

Power Systems HV Equipment

Current Transformer Accuracy Class IEC

Power Systems HV Equipment

Current Transformer Accuracy Class IEEE

Instrument Transformers Non-conventionals