1.

This question is about Group 7 of the Periodic Table - the halogens.

The standard electrode potentials for these elements are given below.
Electrode reaction
1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

(a)

(i)

F2 + e

+2.87

+1.36

+1.07

Cl

Br

Cl2 + e

Br2 + e

I2 + e

/V

+0.54

Define the term standard electrode potential.

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(2)

(ii)

State which element or ion in the table above is the strongest oxidising
agent.
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(1)

(b)

The standard electrode potentials for chromium(III) changing to chromium(II) and

for chromium(VI) changing to chromium(III) are given below.
Cr
1
2

3+

+e

Cr2 O7 + 7H + 3e

St John's RC Comprehensive School

Cr

2+

Cr

3+

7
2

H2O

= 0.41V

= +1.33V

(i)

On the basis of the data provided, list those halogens which will oxidise
chromium(II) to chromium(III).
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(1)

(ii)

On the basis of the data provided, list those halogens which will oxidise
chromium(II) to chromium(III) but not to chromium(VI).
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Chromium(II) in aqueous solution is sky blue while aqueous chromium(III)

solution is dark green. Describe how you would show that your prediction
in part (ii) actually worked in practice.
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(2)

2.

Benzene, C6H6, reacts with ethanoyl chloride, CH3COCl, by an electrophilic

substitution reaction in the presence of aluminium chloride as a catalyst.
(a)

Identify the electrophile involved in this reaction and write an equation to show its
formation.
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(2)

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(b)

Draw the mechanism for the electrophilic substitution of benzene by ethanoyl

chloride.

(3)

(c)

Suggest a reaction scheme, stating reagents and conditions, to convert the

product of the above reaction into
O H
C 6H

C
C H

C O O H
3

(5)
(Total 10 marks)

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3.

(a)

Describe a procedure whereby a standard solution of potassium manganate(VII)

may be used to estimate the concentration of an iron(II) sulphate solution.
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(5)

(b)

In such an experiment, 22.50 cm of 0.0200 mol dm aqueous potassium

3
manganate(VII), KMnO4, was required to oxidise 25.0 cm of aqueous iron(II)
sulphate, FeSO4.
(i)

Write half equations for

the oxidation of the iron(II) ion, Fe

2+

......................................................................................................................
(1)

the reduction of the manganate(VII) ion, MnO4 , in acidic solution.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Combine the two half equations above to produce the ionic equation for the
oxidation of iron(II) ions by manganate(VII) ions in acidic solution.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

(iii)

Calculate the concentration of the iron(II) sulphate solution.

(3)

(c)

Consider the following data:

Half equation
3+

2+

Fe (aq) + 3e
Fe (aq) + 2e

E
Fe(s)
Fe(s)

/V

0.04
0.44

Use the data above to construct a redox equation for the reaction between Fe
(aq) and Fe(s), and explain whether this reaction is feasible.

3+

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(3)
(Total 14 marks)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

4.

(a)

(i)

Define the term standard electrode potential, making clear the meaning
of standard in this context.
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(2)

(ii)

Explain the need for a standard reference electrode in electrochemical

measurements.
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(1)

(b)

The following data will be required in this part of the question.

Mn

H2O2

+0.68

2H2O

+1.77

MnO4 + 8H + 5e
O2 + 2H + 2e
H2O2 + 2H + 2e
(i)

2+

E /V
+1.52

+ 4H2O

Derive the equation for the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and

manganate(VII) ions in acidic solution and use E values to show that the
reaction is feasible.
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(3)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

(ii)

If a sample of hydrogen peroxide was titrated with potassium

manganate(VII) solution, what would you see during the reaction, and then
at the endpoint?
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(3)

(iii)

Derive the equation for the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide and

explain, in terms of oxidation states, why it is a disproportionation reaction.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)

5.

(a)

Define the term standard electrode potential.

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(2)

(b)

When a metal is placed in a solution of its ions, the electrical potential set up
between the metal and the solution cannot be measured without using a
reference electrode. Explain why this is so.

St John's RC Comprehensive School

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(1)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

(c)

The following data will be required in this part of the question.

E /V
2+

Zn (aq) + 2e

0.76

2+

Fe(s)

0.44

2+

Sn(s)

0.14

4OH (aq)

Fe (aq) + 2e
Sn (aq) + 2e

O2(g) + 2H2O(1) + 4e

(i)

Zn(s)

+0.40

Write an overall equation for the first stage in the rusting of iron.
........................................................................................................................
...
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(2)

(ii)

Calculate E for the reaction in (i) and show that it is feasible.

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(2)

(iii)

Use the E values above to explain why zinc is used in preference to tin for
preventing corrosion of steel car bodies.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

St John's RC Comprehensive School

10

6.

Domestic bleaches contain sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl.

(a)

Write the ionic equation to show the disproportionation of the chlorate(I) ion. Use
oxidation numbers to explain the meaning of the term disproportionation in this
reaction.
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(3)

(b)

Domestic bleaches are dilute solutions of sodium chlorate(I). The amount of ClO
ions in a sample can be found by reacting it with excess acidified potassium
iodide solution.

ClO + 2I + 2H I2 + Cl + H2O
The iodine produced is then titrated with standard sodium thiosulphate solution.
3

10.0 cm of a domestic bleach was pipetted into a 250 cm volumetric flask

and made up to the mark with distilled water.
3

A 25.0 cm portion of the solution was added to excess acidified potassium

iodide solution in a conical flask.
3

This mixture was titrated with 0.100 mol dm sodium thiosulphate solution,
using starch indicator added near the end point.
3

The mean titre was 12.50 cm .

(i)

Give the colour change you would see at the end point.

St John's RC Comprehensive School

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(1)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

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(ii)

The equation for the reaction between iodine and thiosulphate ions is
2

2S2O3

+ I2 S4O6

+ 2I

Calculate the amount (moles) of chlorate(I) ions in 1.00 dm of the original

bleach.

(5)

(iii)

Use the equation below to calculate the mass of chlorine available from
3
1.00 dm of the original bleach. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

ClO + Cl + 2H Cl2 + H2O

(1)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

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(c)

Sodium thiosulphate can be used to remove the excess chlorine from bleached
fabrics.
S2O3

+ 4Cl2 + 5H2O 2SO4

+ 10H + 8Cl

By considering the change in oxidation number of sulphur, explain whether

chlorine or iodine is the stronger oxidising agent when reacted with thiosulphate
ions.
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(2)

(d)

Starch-iodide paper can be used to test for chlorine. It contains starch and
potassium iodide.
Explain the reactions taking place when a piece of damp starch-iodide paper is
put in a gas jar of chlorine. State what you would see.
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St John's RC Comprehensive School

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(2)
(Total 14 marks)

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7.

The element iodine can be produced from the mineral Chile saltpetre, which contains
sodium iodate, NaIO3. The iodate ions are converted to iodine in a two-step process.
Ionic equations for the reactions are shown below.

IO3 (aq) + 3HSO3(aq) I (aq) + 3HSO4 (aq)

Step 1

Step 2 IO3 (aq) + 5I (aq) + 6H (aq) 3I2(aq) + 3H2O(l)

(a)

(i)

Describe a test you could carry out to confirm the presence of iodide ions
in a solution. Indicate the result of the test.
Test .......................................................................................................
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Result ...................................................................................................
.............
...............................................................................................................
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(2)

(ii)

Identify the TWO elements in Step 1 which show a change of oxidation

number during the reaction.
Give their initial and final oxidation numbers.
First element ........................................
element ...................................

Second

Initial oxidation number ......................Initial oxidation number .....................

Final oxidation number .......................
number ......................

Final oxidation
(3)

(iii)

The equation for Step 1 shows that 1 mole of iodate ions, IO3 , reacts with
3 moles of hydrogensulphite ions, HSO3. Show that your answers to (ii)
agree with this ratio.
(1)

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(b)

An experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of the iodine

prepared in Step 2
3

A 10.0 cm portion of the iodine solution was titrated with sodium thiosulphate
3
solution of concentration 0.0100 mol dm . The volume of sodium thiosulphate
3
solution added at the end-point was 24.0 cm .
The equation for the reaction is
I2(aq) + 2Na2S2O3(aq) 2NaI(aq) + Na2S4O6(aq)

(i)

What piece of apparatus would you use to measure out the 10.0 cm
portion?

........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

Suggest a suitable indicator to show the end-point of this titration. State the
colour change you would see.
Indicator .........................................................................................................
........
From
.........................................................to ..................................................
......
(2)

(iii)

Calculate the number of moles of sodium thiosulphate used in the titration.

(1)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

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(iv)

Calculate the number of moles of iodine which reacted with the sodium
thiosulphate solution.

(1)

(v)

Calculate the concentration, in mol dm , of the iodine solution.

(1)
(Total 12 marks)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

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8.

Air is drawn through 10.0 cm of an aqueous solution of vanadium(II) chloride of

3
concentration 0.100 mol dm . The colour of the solution slowly changes as oxidation
takes place.
The air-oxidised solution is titrated with a solution of acidified potassium
3
manganate(VII) of concentration 0.0200 mol dm . The end point is found to be 20.0
3
cm .
(i)

Draw a diagram of suitable apparatus for carrying out the air-oxidation of the
vanadium(II) chloride solution.

(1)

(ii)

Complete the half equation for acidified manganate(VII) ions acting as an

oxidising agent.

2+

MnO4 (aq) + ..............H (aq) + 5e (aq) Mn (aq) + ..............H2O(1)

(1)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

19

(iii)

Calculate the number of moles of manganate(VII) ions used in the titration, and
hence the number of moles of electrons removed by the manganate(VII) ions.
3

Calculate the number of moles of vanadium(II) ions in the 10 cm of solution

used. Find the oxidation number of vanadium in the air-oxidised solution given
that vanadium(V) ions are formed in the titration.

(4)

(iv)

Suggest ONE reason why acidified potassium manganate(VII) is a useful

oxidising agent in redox titrations.
.................................................................................................................................
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

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9.

(a)

Define the term standard electrode potential, making clear the meaning of
standard.
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(2)

(b)

Explain why a reference electrode is needed whenever a standard electrode

potential is measured.
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(1)

(c)

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes in a disproportionation reaction.

(i)

Explain the meaning of disproportionation.

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St John's RC Comprehensive School

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........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

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(ii)

Use the following information to derive the equation for the

disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide.

Calculate E
feasible.

cell

and explain whether the reaction is thermodynamically

H2O2

E = + 0.68 V

2H2O

E = + 1.77 V

O2 + 2H + 2e
H2O2 + 2H + 2e

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(3)

(iii)

Explain why your answer to (ii) does not necessarily show that hydrogen
peroxide will disproportionate under standard conditions.
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)

St John's RC Comprehensive School

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