Petroleum Engineering Department

Research
Fall 2012

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Petroleum Engineering @ CSM

CSM Facts
Located in Golden, Colorado foothills of the Rockies
4062 undergraduates, 1343 graduates

Petroleum engineering
16 tenured / tenure track / research / teaching
faculty
$3.1 MM new research funding in FY 11
Active research projects in

Carbonate reservoir characterization

Enhanced oil recovery
Unconventional oil and gas
Hydraulic fracturing
Pore-scale physics and flow
CO2 sequestration
Geothermal
Drilling

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PE Research / Teaching Faculty

Linda Battalora
(lbattalo@mines.edu)
Alfred (Bill) Eustes
(aeustes@mines.edu)
Ramona Graves
(rgraves@mines.edu)
Todd Hoffman
(thoffman@mines.edu)
Hossein Kazemi
(hkazemi@mines.edu)
Carrie McClelland
(cmcclell@mines.edu)
Mark Miller
(mmiller@mines.edu
Jennifer Miskimins
(jmiskimi@mines.edu)

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Erdal Ozkan
(eozkan@mines.edu)
Manika Prasad
(mprasad@mines.edu)
Azra Tutuncu
(atutuncu@mines.edu)
Craig Van Kirk
(cvankirk@mines.edu)
Wendy Wempe
(wwempe@mines.edu)
Philip Winterfeld
(pwinterf@mines.edu)
Yu-Shu Wu
(ywu@mines.edu)
Xiaolong Yin
(xyin@mines.edu)

PE Research Centers and Institution

CEMMC Center for Earth, Materials, Mechanics,
and Characterization (Graves / Miskimins)
MCERS Marathon Center of Excellence for
Reservoir Studies (Kazemi / Ozkan)
UNGI Unconventional Natural Gas and Oil Institute
(Tutuncu)

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What is in this book?

PE Faculty and Research
Alfred Eustes Drilling for
petroleum & non-petroleum
Will Fleckenstein Drilling and
hydraulic fracturing
Ramona Graves Reservoir
Characterization and CEMMC
Todd Hoffman EOR, geologically
realistic reservoir modeling
Hossein Kazemi IOR/EOR,
reservoir studies at MCERS
Jennifer Miskimins Stimulation
and FAST consortium
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Erdal Ozkan Well testing /

MCERS
Manika Prasad Petrophysics of
Organics, Clay, Sand, and Shale
Azra Tutuncu Geomechanics
and unconventional gas
Yu-Shu Wu CO2-EOR, CO2
sequestration, geothermal,
hydrology
Xiaolong Yin Pore-scale physics
and flow, phase behavior,
suspension

Alfred William (Bill) Eustes III

Raised in southeastern US

Education

Born in Florida
Graduated Ben Eielson High School (Alaska)
BS ME, Louisiana Tech University, 1978
MS ME, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1989
Ph.D. PE, Colorado School of Mines, 1996

Employment

ARCO Oil and Gas Company (June 1978 - April 1987)

Colorado School of Mines (April 1996)

Senior Drilling Engineer

Senior Production/Facilities Engineer
Associate Professor

Consultant

Ponderosa Associates
BP Alaska
Sklar Exploration
Fleckenstein, Eustes, and Associates

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Other Things About Me

ASME IPTI - Petroleum Division

Executive Committee member seven
years
Chair of the Division

NSF
Technical Advisory

Ice Coring and Drilling

Rapid Access Ice Drill

NASA
Martian drilling operations
Astrobiology project reviewer

Society of Petroleum Engineers

American Association of Drilling
Engineers
Student chapter faculty advisor

International Association of Drilling

Contractors
PET
Sigma Xi
CSM
Undergraduate Coordinator

Chapter co-author
Drilling in Extreme Environments
SPE Petroleum Engineering Handbook

General Engineering

SPE Drilling Engineering Textbook

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Drilling fluids
Drilling problems

Courses
Undergraduate
PEGN 311 Drilling
Engineering
PEGN 361 Completion
Engineering

Other classes
PEGN 315 Field Session I
CSM 101 Freshman Success
Seminar
HNRS 312 Foreign Area
Study
HNRS 402 McBride
Practicum: Foreign Area Study
Field Trip
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Graduate

PEGN 502 Advanced Drilling

Fluids (and Cement)
PEGN 517 Drilling Engineering
Principles
PEGN 594 Directional and
Horizontal Drilling
PEGN 595 Drilling Operations
PEGN 596 Advanced Well Control
PEGN 597 Tubular Design
PEGN 598 Underbalanced Drilling
PEGN 598 Well Planning
Principles
PEGN 603 Drilling Models

DRILLING Research Projects Since 1992

Yucca Mountain Project

Vibratory Core Rod Simulator

Deviation Control Simulator
PDC Bit Frequency Analysis
Air Coring and Drilling Simulator
Fuzzy Logic Controller

Hanford Project
Resonant Sonic Drilling Simulator

Cougar Tool Project

Wave Propagation (Jarring)

Other Projects
Buckling in Curved Hole Project

DOE/BLM/USFS
Directional Drilling in the Rocky
Mountains
Geothermal Drilling Risk Analysis

OMV
Benchmarking Drilling Operations

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DRILLING Research Projects Since 1992

Ice Coring Project (NSF)

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Project

Review of US Ice Coring Operations

Next Generation Ice Core Rig
ICECUBE (South Pole Station)
Rapid Access Ice Drill
Lake Vostok Penetration
Replicate Ice Coring
Drilling State of the Art Review
Prototype Bit Testing
Minimum Mass Flowrate
Autonomous Drilling Operations

NASA
In-situ Resource Acquisition
Asteroid/Lunar Drill Systems

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Current and New Drilling Research

Unconventional Natural Gas and Oil Institute
High-Resolution Wellbore Gyro and Caliper Surveys for Torque and Drag
Analysis of Real-Time Operational Drilling
Applications of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) in Unconventional Well
Construction, Stimulation, and Production

National Science Foundation Sustainable Research Network

Routes to Sustainability for Natural Gas Development and Water and Air
Resources in the Rocky Mountain Region
University of Colorado Boulder lead institution

Geothermal drilling improvements Sandia National Laboratory

Vaca Muerta Consortium - Argentina

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PERFORM Research
Dr. Will Fleckenstein, PE

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Resume
Education
1986 BS Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
1988 ME Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
2000 Ph.D. Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
Industry Experience
Roughneck and Roustabout
Operators Representative Drilling, Completion and Workovers
Engineer Drilling, Completion, and Workover Design
Area and Development Engineer
Founder FracOptimal LLC
Chairperson of Board - $1 Billion in Asset Credit Union

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Teaching Experience at CSM

Completion Engineering (Junior level)
Completions and Stimulations (Senior level)
Advanced Completions and Stimulations (Graduate level)
Drilling Engineering (Undergraduate and Graduate level)
Drilling Fluids and Cementing (Graduate level)
Redevelopment Special Topics (Graduate level)
Artificial Lift Special Topics (Graduate level)
Tubular Design (Graduate level)
Integrated Field Development (Graduate level)
Advanced Completions Engineering (Graduate level)
Workover Design and Practice (Graduate level)
Directional Drilling (Graduate level)
Integrated Exploration & Development Shales (Graduate Level)
Integrated Exploration & Development CBM (Graduate Level)
Integrated Exploration & Development Incised Valley Systems (Graduate
Level)
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14

Research Philosophy

My research is devoted to research that solves critical

human problems. My research aims at developing
technology that can be directly applied, and may have
significant commercial value.

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15

NSF CRN Award $1.4 Million to CSM

1. CU CSM Partnership
CU and CSM, with other institutions, submitted a proposal to the NSF to
study Routes to Sustainability for Natural Gas Development and Water
and Air Resources in the Rocky Mountain Region, which was
recommended for full funding, out of over 200 other pre-proposals
4 Goals for the CSM Petroleum Engineering Team
1. Assessment of the isolation of aquifers from gas- and oil-producing
formations
2. Estimate the probabilities of casing and cement sheath failure
3. Examine the possibility of fracturing into aquifers using fracture modeling
software
4. Evaluate procedures for green versus non-green well completions.

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16

Shallow Aquifer Protection in General

Cemented
surface
casing

To protect
surface water

1000s of feet of
rock formations between
producing shale and
surface waters

Production casing
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17

FracOptimal LLC (CSM Equity Interest)

FracOptimal LLC. was established to commercialize a patent pending, multi-stage

fracturing technology invented by Dr. Fleckenstein at CSM.
FracOptimal and CSM has received substantial fees for commercialization to date

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18

Example of Possible Commercialization

Verify
Seal?

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Dr. Fleckenstein is preparing to

file a disclosure on a method and
apparatus to test this hydraulic
seal

19

Pig Prop
Dr. Jennifer Miskimins reviewed and christened the
technology Pig Prop
Fundamental change in how proppant is placed and used
Removes many of the chemicals in slickwater frac fluids
Much lighter proppant densities possible for same load
bearing capability
Very high conductivities possible
Need to reduce to practice

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Dr. Ramona M. Graves

Department Head
& Professor
rgraves@mines.edu

Colorado School of Mines

Petroleum Engineering Department
Golden, Colorado 80401 USA

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My Philosophy
In order for use to stay a top quality graduate
program
we must keep faculty - they are committed to
both research and teaching.
we have to have quality graduate students.
we must create a graduate environment of
scholarship, professionalism, and become a
graduate community.
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My Background
Education
Bachelors in Math and Physics Kearney State College (Nebraska)
Doctorate in Petroleum Engineering Colorado School of Mines

Professional experience
2007 Present Department Head of Petroleum Engineering, CSM
2006 Present Co-Director Center for Earth, Materials, Mechanics, and
Characterization, CSM
2004 Present Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering, CSM
1986 2004 Associate Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering, CSM
1981 1986 Assistant Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering, CSM
1978 1980 Petroleum Engineer, Resource Services International, Denver, CO
1973 1977 High School Math Instructor, Nebraska

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Teaching
Classes currently teaching:
PEGN 308 Rock Properties
PEGN 413 Formation Evaluation and Gas Measurement Lab
Classes taught in the past:
PEGN 310 Fluid Properties
PEGN 316 Massadona Field Session
PEGN 439 Senior Multidisciplinary Design
PEGN 503/504 Integrated Exploration and Development
PEGN 508 Advanced Rock Properties
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Research Overview
Multidisciplinary Reservoir Characterization
Laser/Rock Interaction
Energy and Energy Engineering

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RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZTION
Cores

Illite

ROCKS

Kaolinite
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Example (1) Research Projects

SENSITIVITY STUDY OF FLOW
UNIT DEFINITION
BY USE OF RESERVOIR
SIMULATION
by
Anne-Kristine Stolz
SPE 84277
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Example Flow Units

Model 1homogeneous
Model 2- GR
Model 3-FZI
Model 4-r35
Model 5-Pc
Model 6-kh/fh
Model 7-SMLP

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Results
70
60

RF (%)

50
40

BaseCase
Model 1-homogeneous
Model 2-GR
Model 3-FZI
Model 4-r35
Model 5-Pc
Model 6-kh/phih
Model 7-SMLP

30
20
10
0
0

0.5

1.5
Injected PV

2.5

Recovery Factor versus Injected Pore Volume

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Conclusions
Numerical simulation is important to confirm the flow
unit assignment of a reservoir, in order to avoid
inaccurate prediction of flow performance.
Results of the numerical simulation are a strong
function of geologic model flow unit definition
method.
Best correlation for a reservoir has to be established
individually, based on data available.

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Example (2) Research Projects

DETERMINING THE BENEFITS OF
APPLYING STARWARS LASER
TECHNOLOGY
FOR DRILLING AND COMPLETING
OIL AND GAS WELLS
Special thanks to former students
Darien OBrien, Samih Batarsh, Bailo Suliman, Zane
Gordon, Kristina Loop

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Quote
"Drill for oil? You mean drill into the
ground to try and find oil? You're crazy.
-- said to Col. Drake when he
tried to enlist support for his
project to drill for oil in 1859.

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Laser-Rock Interaction
Emitted Beam

Reflected Beam

Incident Laser Beam

Scattered Beam

Rock

Absorbed Beam
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Berea Sandstone CT Scan

Sample ID: OBG3

Duration: 5.2 seconds
Power: 6.2 kilowatts
Continuous Beam
Orientation: Horizontal
Penetration: 1.6 inches
COIL Laser
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Example (3) Research Projects

Porosity and Permeability Changes in
Lased Rocks Calculated Using Fractal
Fragmentation Theory
by
Bailo Suliman
CIPC 2004
Calgary, Canada
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What is a Fractal?
Originates from the Latin word factus which means to
break
Collection of examples linked by a common point of
view
Method for describing the inherent irregularity of
natural objects
Fractal Theory applies to artificially fragmented rock
Fractal dimension is a relative measure of complexity
(the greater the number, the more complex structure)

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Fractal Permeability Model

(Flow Equations)
Hagen-Poiseuille equation for flow rate though one
straight capillary of diameter D:
* D 4 * P
q
128 * Lt *

Darcys equation for flow rate though a tortuous

path:
k * A * P
q
Lt *

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Fractal Permeability Model

(Length Equation)
Relation between tortuous length, straight length and
capillary tube diameter by the power law:
1 DT

LT ( D) D
Where:

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* L0

DT

LT = tortuous length
Lo = straight length
D = diameter of average capillary
DT = tortuosity fractal dimension

Fractal Permeability Model

(Combined Equation)
Permeability equation in porous medium:
L0Q
* L10 D * DP
3 D
k

* Dmax
PA 128 * A * (3 DT DP )
T

Where:

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Dp = Pore size fractal dimension

Dmax = Maximum capillary diameter

Before
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After

Example (4) Research Projects

Reservoir Simulation of Combined Wind

Energy and Compressed Air Energy
Storage in Different Geologic Settings
Jessica Neumiller
SPE 121934
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Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Figure 3 Operations of a CAES facility

Source: (Ridge Energy Storage & Grid Services L.P. 2005)
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Primary Research Objective

Validation of CAES in reservoirs
Use of Eclipse in CAES applications
CAES cavern modeling
Pressure Match and Results
Sensitivities

CAES reservoir modeling

Sensitivities

CAES modeling
4 reservoir models with different geographic locations
and geologic properties
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Research Overview
Multidisciplinary Reservoir Characterization
Laser/Rock Interaction
Energy and Energy Engineering

In general, any topic which helps us better

understand reservoirs!

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Todd Hoffman
Assistant Professor

Background & Research

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Resume
Education
PhD, Petroleum Engineering, Stanford University, 2005
MS, Petroleum Engineering, Stanford University, 2002
BS, Petroleum Engineering, Montana Tech, 1999

Employment
Senior Reservoir Engineer, Golder Associates, 2009-2011
Reservoir Engineering Consultant, DRC Consulting, 2006-2009
Assistant Professor, Montana Tech, 2005-2008

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Teaching
Classes currently teaching:
PEGN 310 Fluid Properties
PEGN 438 Geostatistics
PEGN 506 Enhanced Oil Recovery

Classes taught in the past:

Reservoir Engineering (MT)

Reservoir Simulation (MT)
Reservoir Characterization (MT)
Thermal Recovery (MT)
Senior Design (MT)

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EOR

Research Experience
Steamfront stability in highly heterogeneous rocks
How viscous fingering influences recovery

Recovery mechanisms for steamflooding light/medium

weight oils (~20 API)
Thermal expansion, Vaporization, Viscosity Reduction

Miscible injectant (MI) recovered at producers

Estimating amount of lost MI during gas injection

Gas injection into ultra-tight, hydraulically fractured

wells (Bakken)
Feasibility of gas injection as EOR method
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Geologically Consistent
History Matching

Research Experience

Perturbing facies locations

Matching water cuts and GORs

Perturbing facies proportions

Matching breakthrough times

Streamline-aided history matching

Modeling petrophysical properties

Non-reservoir effects in production data

Only match reservoir behavior
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Fractures

Research Experience
Estimating size of fractures connected to well
Conditioning to FMI log and PLT data

Modeling hydraulic fractures as a connection of

discrete nodes with conventional simulators
Find design parameters and model production rates

Perturb location of individual fractures

Match well rates and field pressure

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Current/Planned Research
1. Geologically Consistent History Matching
Fractured Reservoirs
2. Accounting for Non-Reservoir Effects When
History Matching
3. Modeling Complex Hydraulic Fractures
4. Multiphase Flow in Fractured Reservoirs
5. Modeling Gas Injection into Bakken-type Shale Oils

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1. Geologically Consistent History

Matching Fractured Reservoirs
In order to match historical production data, perturb
properties of the geologic model instead of the flow
simulation model properties. This results in a more realistic
final model to use for prediction.

Water Cut

Fracture Locations - Sparse Networks

Fracture Intensity - Well-Connected Networks
Upscaling

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

2 ref

2 match
5 ref

5 match

1000

2000
Time (days)

Changes to
geologic model
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3000

4000

2. Accounting for non-reservoir effects

when history matching
Premise 1: There are non-reservoir effects in
measured production data (e.g. fluid in wellbore,
pump inefficiency, etc.)
Premise 2: Often these non-reservoir effects are not
known during history matching
If the reservoir properties are changed to match
the non-reservoir effects, model predictions may
be compromised.

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3. Modeling complex hydraulic fractures

Simple Bi-wing Fracture

Simple bi-wing fracture are

not realistic in all cases
Complex fractures are difficult
to model, but more realistic
Develop technique to efficiently
create complex hydraulic fractures
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Complex Hydraulic Fracture

4. Multiphase flow in fractured reservoirs

When are straight line relative permeability
curves valid for fracture flow? (gravity
dominated flow?)
When does gravity dominated flow occur in
fractures (aperature > ag.d.)?
What is the average block size (sigma factor) for
that ag.d. for dual f conditions to be valid?
In conjunction with Tom Doe (Golder)
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5. Modeling gas injection into Bakken

Shale oil reservoirs including the Bakken, Niobrara, and Eagle
Ford, have substantial resource potential.
Primary recovery factors are going to be very low (~5-10%)
Additional recovery is challenging due to nature of reservoirs
(ultra-low permeability)
Gas Injection EOR has potential to increase recovery
Goal: Accurately predict the injectivity, displacement
efficiency, and recovery so the economic viability of gas
injection can be evaluated
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5. Modeling gas injection into Bakken

Prospective Projects
1. Core flooding experiments and MMP evaluations for
CO2 and hydrocarbon gas
2. Fine scale modeling of hydraulic fracture to estimate
injectivity & near well behavior
3. Pattern scale modeling to determine recovery
mechanisms
4. Reservoir characterization and sector scale models for
production forecasts
5. Evaluate different types of gas (CO2, N2, CH4)
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Hossein Kazemi
Chesebro Distinguished Chair
Petroleum Engineering,
and Co-director, MCERS,
Colorado School of Mines

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Bio

Began teaching at CSM in 1981

B.S. and Ph.D. from University of Texas, Austin
Member of National Academy of Engineering
Co-director of Marathon Center of Excellence in
Reservoir Studies (MCERS)

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MCERS
Mission: Bring together industry, academia, and
students to collaborate on technical solutions of
petroleum reservoir problems of timely interest.
Faculty: Dr. H. Kazemi (co-director), Dr. Erdal Ozkan
(co-director), Dr. Yu-Shu Wu, Dr. Xiaolong Yin
Researchers:
20+ graduate students (majority are PhD students)
1 postdoctoral research associates

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Teaching

PEGN 513 Reservoir Simulation I

PEGN 614 Reservoir Simulation II
PEGN 620 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
PEGN 624 Compositional Modeling

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Current research focuses on two issues

Can we produce half of the currently oil left
behind (sixty-six percent) in reservoirs with
current technology?

Can we significantly improve oil and gas

recovery from nano-Darcy hydrocarbonbearing rocks?
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Weyburn Unit Oil Production

(Petroleum Technology Research Centre, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2012)
Primary & Waterflood

CO2 EOR
Pre CO2 Horizontal Infills

Vertical Infills

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The arrow shows a droplet just about to drop off of the channel
wall and to migrate as a spherical droplet
(From: OBrien, Thyne and Slatt, AAPG Bull, Nov. 1996)

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Fractures in a core
in Elk Hills (courtesy Oxy)

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Face and butt cleats (fractures) in a 10 cm x 8 cm coal sample

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An outcrop of a Tensleep sandstone and Madison dolomite

in Wyomings Alcova Reservoir

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Fractures across a range of scales

(Courtesy of BEG, FRAC consortium)

Seismic

dm
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Outcrop

Logs

cms

Thin section

Core

mm

< mm

0.5 mm

SEM

ms

Berea Sandstone, 119 md, Brine

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Water saturation in matrix after 50, 200, and 850 days of simulation.
Rows correspond to 5-pt, 9-pt, and control volume mixed finite element (CVMFE)

5-pt

9-pt

CVMFE
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Water saturation in fractures after 50, 200, and 850 days of simulation.
Rows correspond to 5-pt, 9-pt, and control volume mixed finite element (CVMFE)

5-pt

9-pt

CVMFE
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Comparison of Surfactants

0.5cc

Emulsion

A complex anionic surfactant

system
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A simple non-anionic
ethoxylated alcohol
surfactant system

PE-CSM Centrifuge Picture

Drainage and imbibition

16500 rpm-15500 rpm

Automatically records recovery

15500 rpm= above 44000 times of

earth gravity acceleration

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Centrifuge Experiments

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ES-SAGD Process
Reference: Marathon Oil Company

Solvent dissolved in
bitumen

Solvent
Vapor
Steam Chamber

Injection Well

Oil Drainage
Production Well
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Bakken middle member core

(From: Pitman, Price and LeFever, USGS)

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Water Flood Improved Oil Recovery Pilot Test in Canadian Bakken

Water-injection pilot test in
Viewfield Bakken, Canada
Oil rate declined from 75%
to 25 % in first two years
Tracer test indicated
immediate water break
through
Wood and Milne (2011)

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SPE 158053 The Effect of Water-Induced Stress to Enhance Hydrocarbon Recovery in Shale Reservoirs

DUAL-POROSITY NETWORK MODEL

TRIPLE-POROSITY NETWORK MODEL

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Determination of Klinkenberg Permeability and

Slip Flow Diffusion Coefficient (Hess Corporation)
k b
k k
p
0.00002

0.00052
p

Eagle Ford Core

k 0.00002 md
kb 0.00052
b

0.00052
26 atm
k

D 10
K

26 0.00002
0.02

cm2
D 2.6 10
s
K

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UNGI

SIMULATION MODEL EXAMPLE 1

Table 3: Data used in analytical and numerical models
kf = 0.12 md
h = 220 ft
f = 0.002
L = 5000 ft
km = 0.00002 md
Pi = 8000 psi
m = 0.0392
Pwf = 500 psi
Ctm = 5*10^(-4) 1/psi
Lx=Ly=Lz= 0.5 ft
Ctf = 5*10^(-4) 1/psi
= 24 1/ft^2

NUMERICAL DEPLETION DRIVE AND ANALYTICAL MODELS

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TRIPLE-POROSITY Model I and II AND ANALYTICAL MODELS

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Based on Danesh: Saturated Gas-Oil Contact vs.

Undersaturated GOC (1998), P 196
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Multiple-Porosity Matrix Model

Matrix Block-1 ( 1 ) :
km,1 , 1 ,fm,1 , rm,1

Matrix Block-2 ( 2 ) :
km,2 , 2 ,fm,2 , rm,2
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M. A. Torcuk, H.
Kazemi 2/7

Unsteady-State (USS) Analytical Model for Dual-Porosity Reservoirs

Example model for linear flow toward a 5000-ft length
horizontal well in a naturally fractured reservoir
4

10

Pressure
Pressure Derivative

Pressure, psi
Pressure Derivative, psi

10

10

10

Late Time
Linear Flow

Early Time
Linear Flow

10

Intermediate Time
Bilinear Flow

-1

10

0.02

cp

1.00

RB/STB

c t,m

1.50E-04

1/psi

c t,f
h
m

5.00E-05

1/psi

q
L
km

2.54E-05

k f, eff

-2

10
-10
10

-5

10

10

50

ft

0.2

4.23E-05
1.54E+06
178

1/ft 2
STB/D

5000

ft

5.93

1.00E-05

md

2.40E-04

md

10

Time, hr

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ENGINEERING

M. A. Torcuk, H.
Kazemi 5/7

Induced Micro-Seismicity
Failure criterion

Shear stress
Increase P
Decrease T

3a

'1a

'3

'1

Conventional Effective Normal stress, ' p

Adding Temperature effect, ' p 3 T T0
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

An idealized fracture morphology and

its relation to shear stress

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Slide 89

ENHANCED RECOVERY BY WATER INJECTION IN BAKKEN

Fractures

Macrofractures

Matrix

Water flow
through fractures

Microfractures

(1)

Cooled formation

(3)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

(2)

Temperature-induced
microfractures

(4)

SPE 158053 The Effect of Water-Induced Stress to Enhance Hydrocarbon Recovery in Shale Reservoirs

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Water-Oil Displacement Model for USS Transfer Function

Numerical Modeling Results: Matching Oil Recovery

T21: Fractured with open ends

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

Oil recovery

Oil recovery

T4: Fractured with only fracture open

0.5
0.4
0.3

0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1
0

0.6

0.1
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Time (hr)
Oil recovery by water
Oil recovery by surfactant
Numerical match

80

90

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Time (hr)
Oil recovery by water
Oil recovery by surfactant
Numerical match

Centrifuge core results from Baharak Alamdari, 2011, CSM

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

M. A. Torcuk, H.
Kazemi 6/7

Water-Oil Displacement Model for USS Transfer Function

Water saturation distribution inside a spherical matrix block

1
2
3

0.75
0.7

Matrix Water Saturation, Swm

0.65

Water
Saturation
in Matrix
Outer Ring

0.6
0.55

Water
Saturation
in Matrix
in Region 3

0.5
0.45
0.4

Average Swm inside

Matrix Block
Swm,1
Swm,2
Swm,3

0.35
0.3
0.25

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

100

200

300

400

500
600
Time, days

700

800

900

1000

M. A. Torcuk, H.
Kazemi 7/7

Schematic of gas-induced and water-induced gravity

drainage in a fractured reservoir

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Stimulation and
Unconventional Reservoirs
Jennifer L. Miskimins, Ph.D., P.E.
Associate Professor
Fall 2012

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Jennifer L. Miskimins, Ph.D., P.E.

Education
B.S. Petroleum Engineering, Montana Tech, 1990
M.S. Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 2000
Ph.D. Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 2002

Experience

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Marathon Oil Company, 1990-1998

Colorado School of Mines, 2002-Present
Consultant, 1998-Present
Registered Professional Engineer

Jennifer L. Miskimins, Ph.D., P.E.

Other
SPE Production & Operations Journal Executive Editor, 20082011
SPE Distinguished Lecturer 2010-2011
Technical Committees
SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technical Conference, February 2013
SPE Liquids Rich Conference, September 2012

CSM, Diversity Committee Past Chair

Classes currently teaching

PEGN 422, Economics and Evaluation of Oil and Gas Projects
PEGN 426, Well Completions and Stimulation
PEGN 522, Advanced Well Stimulation

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Main Research Interests and Current Projects

Hydraulic fracturing
Stimulation and completions
Unconventional reservoirs
The Fracturing, Acidizing Stimulation Technology
(FAST) Consortium
FAST
3DTIGHT Hydraulic fracture modeling of tight gas
fluvial reservoir systems
RPSEA Cryogenic fracturing fluids
Proppant transport in complex fractures
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

What is the FAST Consortium?

Industry consortium, i.e. companies pay a flat fee and vote
on projects that we propose and pursue
In existence since January 1, 2004
Have meetings twice a year, November and April
30 member companies
Have been 16 various projects at given times
FASTs Mission
Perform practical research in the area of oil and gas well
stimulation with an emphasis on:
Direct application
Timely application
Production improvement

Provide an opportunity for graduate students to work on industrysponsored projects

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Project 10: Horizontal Wells

Phase 2 Optimization of Fracture Spacing
in Horizontal Wellbores in Unconventional
Shales

Jonathan Morrill
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Background

Stress shadowing
Stress field increase
around fracture.
Direction of
principle horizontal
stresses altered.
Direction of
subsequent fracture
changed.

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Implications
Use production to our advantage:
Initiate a shallow S fracture to increase reservoir
contact.

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

PROJECT#11 (Phase 2)

Formation Face Damage and Gel Cleanup

Sarinya Charoenwongsa

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Model Development
Geomechanics-Flow Model Fracture Propagation Model
(Reservoir Module)
(Fracture Module)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Gel and Polymer Damage

Gel filter cake formation
Polymer adsorption

Gel filter cake (Conway and Abney, 2003)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

#15: Surface Monitoring of

Hydraulic Fractures
- Phase 2 Carl Neuhaus

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Stage II Transverse Model MS

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Fracture Complexity Stage IV

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

3DTIGHT Project
Industry sponsored consortium
Problem statement
Perform hydraulic fracturing sensitivity studies using
detailed models of fluvial tight gas systems, built from
outcrop and subsurface studies, to provide insight into
how hydraulic fractures propagate in these vertically
and laterally constrained systems.
Phase 2 reservoir simulation of the outcrop model
and associated hydraulic fracture models.

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Geologic Aspects - The Outcrop

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Hydraulic Fracture

(modified from Anderson, 2005)

Modeling in Fluvial Systems

109

Reservoir Thickness

310 ft

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Detailed Reservoir Results

Proppant concentration distribution in the layer-cake reservoir configuration. Effective lengths are shown
with the red vertical lines. The perforations are shown as short black lines. A color-coded overlay of the facies
is employed to better understand the fracture growth.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Erdal Ozkan
Professor
Co-Director, MCERS

Research Interests & Research Work

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

112

Personal
BACKGROUND
PhD, Petroleum Engineering, University of Tulsa (1988)
MS, Petroleum Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (1982)
BS, Petroleum Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (1980)
Faculty at CSM (since 1998)
Co-Director of Marathon Center of Excellence for Reservoir
Studies (since 2005)
PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS
Reservoir Engineering, Modeling Unsteady Flow in Porous Media, Pressure-Transient
Analysis, Horizontal Well Technology, Shale-Gas and Shale-Oil Reservoirs
MISCELLENEOUS AWARDS
SPE Formation Evaluation Award (2007)
SPE Distinguished Member (2009)
SPE 25 Year Club member (2010)
Distinguished Alumnus, PE Department, The University of Tulsa (2007)
SPE Editorial Review Committee Awards (1998, 2005, 2006, 2007)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

113

Personal
ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE
Faculty at CSM: Prof. (since 2002), Assoc. Prof. (1998 2002)
Co-Director: Marathon Center of Excellence for Res. Studies, CSM (since 2003)
Faculty at Istanbul Tech. U.: Assoc. Prof. (1992 1998), Assist. Prof. (1989 1992)
Visiting Professor: Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi (2011), U. of North Fluminense,
Brazil (2010)
Research Assoc. (on sabbatical leave from ITU): University of Tulsa (1997 1998)
CONSULTING
OMV, 2010
Marathon Oil Co., 2009
Baker Hughes, 2004 2006
Rosneft, 2007, 2010
EOG, 2007
Schlumberger, 1996 1997.

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

114

Personal
MISCELLANEOUS PROFESSIONAL SERVICES AND ACTIVITIES:
Member: SPE Reservoir Description and Dynamics Advisory Committee (since 2003)
Technical Director: SPE Research and Development Technical Section (2007 2010)
Chief Editor: JPSE (2006 2008)
Executive Editor: SPEREE (2003 2005).
Review Chairman: SPEREE (1999 2003)
Assoc. Editor: ASME JERT (2001 2003), JNGST (since 2009), JPEP (since 2010)
Technical Editor: SPEFE (1997 1999), SPEREE (since 2005)
Editorial Board Member: SPEJ (1997 1999)
Conference Chair/Co-Chair: SPE Unconventional Gas (2010), SPE Shale Gas Production (2008),
SPE Unconventional Reservoirs (2008), SPE ATW Analysis of Well
Performance Future View (2007), SPE ATW on Unconventional Gas
(2006)
Committee Member: SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference (2011), SPE ATW on
Advances in Performance Diagnostics for Fractured and Horizontal Wells,
(2007), 2nd International Oil Congress in Mexico (2007), SPE Middle-East
Colloq. on Pet. Eng. Education (2006), ASME Energy Sources Technology
Conference (2001), TCE/OMAE2000 Joint Conference on Energy for the
New Millennium (2000), SPE Forum on Res. Eng. Aspects of Multilateral
and Advanced Wells (1999), 9th Turkish Petroleum Congress (1992)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

115

Research Interests
Reservoir Engineering
Modeling Unsteady Flow in Porous Media
Block 1

Block 2

qe13

ze1

q~e12
q~w11

qe14

q~w1 2

ze2

q~e11

ye1

qe13

q~e22
q~w21
q~e21

q~w11

ye2

1
e5

q~w22
q~w1 2

qe15

xe1
q~e12
q~w11

q~w1 2

L1h1

L2h1

q~e11

2yf

Pressure profile in a
horizontal well fracture

qe14

xe2
q~

2
e2

2zf2

q~e21

q~w21

q~w22

L2h1

L2h 2

Semi-analytical
simulation

2zf1

2yf

Horizontal well in a
heterogeneous reservoir

200 ft
200 ft

80 ft

200 ft

Lh=400 ft
950 ft
1600 ft

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

150 ft

200 ft
200 ft

116

Research Interests
Unconventional Gas and Oil
ye = dF/2

Fractured horizontal wells

HYDRAULIC
FRACTURE
kF, wF, fF, ctf

OUTER RESERVOIR
ko, fo, cto

xe

Unconventional flow regimes in shale matrix

xF

Slip flow
Microfractures
Coupling flow at the matrix-fracture interface

HORIZONTAL WELL

PRODUCTIVITY INDEX, J/nF, Mscf/D-psi2

1E - 3

Reservoir Fracture Permeability = 2000 md

Matrix Permeability = 10-6 md

Trilinear flow model for

fractured horizontal wells in shale

Increasing number
of fractures

1E - 4

Number of Fractures
per foot

1E - 5

Multiple hydraulic fractures

Stimulated reservoir volume

-------------------------------------

1.2E
8.0E
4.0E
2.0E
1.2E

1E - 6
1E --3 1E --2 1E --1

-0
-1
-1
-1
-1

1E+0

1E+1

1E+2

1E+3

1E+4

1E+5

TIME, t, hr

Gas storage in shale

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

INNER RESERVOIR
NATURALLY
FRACTURED
kf, ff, ctf,
km, fm, ctm

Productivity of fracture
horizontal wells in shale

Research Interests
Horizontal, Multilateral, and Fractured Wells
Well and Reservoir Performance Prediction
Multilateral
wells

Horizontal-well
fractures
Horizontal wells
in anticlines

Perforated
horizontal wells

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Horizontal-well
completion optimization

Research Interests
Pressure-Transient Analysis

Fractured horizontal well PTA

1.E+02

1E+2

1E+1

Horizontal-well PTA

CD = 0

1E+0

PRESSURE

CD = 0.01

pwD and dpwD/dlntDxf

PRESSURE DROP, pi - pwf , psi

1E+3

1.E+01

1.E-01
1.E-02
1.E-03
1.E-04
1.E-11

1E-2

1E-1

1E+0

1E+1

1E+2

1E+3

1E+4

1E+5

Non square-Shape
Square Shape

1.E+00

DERIVATIVE

1E-1

FCD = 100

Radial linear
Formation linear
Pseudoradial

1.E-09

1.E-07

o
200 ft

1.E-05

1.E-03

1.E-01 1.E+01

tDxf

FLOWING TIME, t, hr

Horizontal-well skin effect

z

~
r
x

k s k sy k sz

kr kry krz

Skin
Zone

h
rw

z
Lh

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

~
rs

200 ft

70 ft

Multilateral-well PTA

Books and Book Contributions

Raghavan, R. and Ozkan, E.: A Method for Computing Unsteady
Flows in Porous Media, Pitman Research Notes in Mathematics
Series, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex (1994).

Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Vol. 1, General Engineering,

Chapter 3, Mathematics of Transient Analysis, Society of Petroleum
Engineers, Richardson, Texas (2006)

Transient Well Testing, SPE Monograph 23, Chapter 13, Slanted Wells, Society of
Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, Texas (2009).
Transient Well Testing, SPE Monograph 23, Chapter 14, Horizontal Wells, Society of
Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, Texas (2009).

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Selected Recent Papers/Publications

Medeiros, F., Ozkan, E., and Kazemi, H.: A Semi-Analytical Approach to Model Pressure-Transients in
Heterogeneous Reservoirs, SPEREE (2010)
Medeiros, F., Kurtoglu, B., Ozkan, E., and Kazemi, H.: Analysis of Production Data From Hydraulically Fractured
Horizontal Wells in Shale Reservoirs, SPEREE (2010)
Raghavan, R., and Ozkan, E.: Flow in Composite Slabs, SPE Journal (2010).
Ozkan, E., Brown, M., Raghavan, R., and Kazemi, H.: Comparison of Fractured Horizontal-Well Performance in
Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs, SPEREE (2011)
Medeiros, F., Ozkan, E., and Kazemi, H.: Productivity and Drainage Area of Fractured Horizontal Wells in Tight Gas
Reservoirs, SPEREE (2008)
Ozkan, E., Raghavan, R., and Apaydin, O. G.: Modeling of Fluid Transfer from Shale Matrix to Fracture Network,
SPE 134830, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy (2010)
Davletbaev, A., Baikov, V., Ozkan, E., Garipov, T., Usmanov, T., Asmandiyarov, R., Slabetskiy, A., and Nazargalin, E.:
Multi-Layer Steady-State Injection Test with Higher Bottomhole Pressure than the Formation Fracturing
Pressure, SPE 136199, SPE Russian Oil & Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition, Moscow, Russia (2010)
Brown, M., Ozkan, E., Raghavan, R., and Kazemi, H.: Practical Solutions for Pressure Transient Responses of
Fractured Horizontal Wells in Unconventional Reservoirs, paper SPE 125043, presented at the 2009 SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition held in New Orleans, Louisiana, Oct. 47, 2009.

Wu, J., Georgi, D., and Ozkan, E.: Deconvolution of Wireline Formation Test Data, paper SPE 124220, presented
at the 2009 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in New Orleans, Louisiana, Oct. 47, 2009.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Selected Research Projects

Investigation of the Coalbed Methane Potential of Turkey, funded by the State Planning Agency of Turkey

Performance of Multiple Horizontal Wells in a Common Reservoir, funded by the Scientific and Technical Research
Council of Turkey
Optimization of Horizontal Well Completions, JIP funded by the US Department of Energy, US Department of the
Interior, Minerals Management Service, Associated Western Universities, and private industry
Optimization of Plunger Lift Performance in Stripper Wells: Funded by the Stripper Well Consortium, Pennsylvania
State University
Analysis and Evaluation of Horizontal Well Performance in the Bakken Shale of North Dakota and Montana, funded
by Marathon Oil Co.; with H. Kazemi
Analysis of Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes in the Akal, Nohoch, Ku, Maloob and Zaap Fields, funded by
IMP/PEMEX; with H. Kazemi
Streamline Simulation of Tracer and CDG Injection to Chihuido De La Sierra Negra Field, funded by Repsol, YPF,
Argentina; with H. Kazemi
Reservoir Study of Margarita Gas-Condensate Field, funded by Repsol, YPF, Argentina; with H. Kazemi
Infill Drilling in a Fluvial Reservoir Under Waterflooding, funded by Repsol, YPF, Argentina; with H. Kazemi

WasatchMesaverde Reservoir Characterization: Funded by Kerr McGee; with H. Kazemi

An Efficient Production-Data Analysis Algorithm for Layered Tight-Gas Reservoirs, Funded by Shell Canada
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Manika Prasad
O-CLASSH
Colorado School of Mines
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

124

Resume
Education
PhD, Geophysics, Kiel University, Germany
MS (Diplom), Geology, Kiel University, Germany
BS, Geology, University of Bombay, India

Employment

Indian Institute of Geomagnetism and Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

University of Hawaii
Stanford University
Colorado School of Mines

Director OCLASSH (Petrophysics of Organics, Clay, Sand, Shale)

Co-Director of Center for Rock-Abuse

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

125

Teaching at CSM
GRADUATE
PEGN 519 Advanced Well Logging
PEGN 598Z Rock Mechanics
PEGN/GPGN 598W Environmental Impacts
GEGN/PEGN 598B Carbonate Reservoirs
PEGN 598B Introduction to Rock Physics
PEGN 598C Rock Physics Seminar
UNDERGRADUATE
PEGN/GPGN 419 Well Logging
PEGN 315 Field Session I
PEGN 316 Field Session II
PEGN 438 Geostatistics
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

126

Research Focus and Projects

Research Focus
Rock physics of Clays, Shales, carbonates, and other reservoir sediments
Acoustic Imaging of rocks and other materials
Nanoscale determination of elastic and electrical properties
Research Projects
DOE: Fluid and Rock Property Controls on Production and Seismic Monitoring
Alaska Heavy Oils
DOE: The Bakken - an Unconventional Petroleum and Reservoir System
Industry Consortium: Geophysical Properties of Fluids, Phase IV: Fluids in Rocks
PI: Analysis of Multicomponent Seismic Data from Carbonate Reservoirs
Norwegian Research Council: Rock Physics of Soft-Sediments
PETROLEUM
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127

Addresses Main Problems of:

Gas adsorption, transport, capillary effects, pore size (NMR and Hg-injection),
drainage radius, and storage in kerogen, clays, tight sands
Adsorption, desorption, wettability elastic, anelastic, electrical properties
of clays, shales, sands, carbonates
Effective stress coefficient, anisotropy, natural fracture and stress systems
Formation resistivity factor of nano-darcy porous rocks
Pore system classification (macro, micro, nano, meso) and gas molecule size
Effects of mineralogy and composition on sand properties
Reactions between free radicals on sediments; clay mineral intercalation
Tortuosity of nano-darcy porous rocks; its relationship to formation factor
Water saturation in low-porosity rock; effect on gas adsorption / desorption
Cross-fertilization between CSM-UT Austin will lead to new research thrust
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

128

Benefits
1.
2.
3.
4.

Scientific Advisory Board

Address unanswered questions
Address non-routine and fundamental issues
Nano to macro scale investigations of seismic,
electrical, flow, & textural properties
5. Yearly meetings and reports; data; papers; report
moratorium possible
6. Collaborations with UT-Austin FE consortium on
core log scaling and calibrations
PETROLEUM
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129

ModulusPorosityKerogen Content
Density - Porosity plus modified kerogen
content correlate better: accounts for kerogen
density.

Reduce scatter in porosity elastic

modulus relation by accounting for
pore-filling kerogen

40

BAKKEN
NIOBRARA
All Others

2.5
C66 (MPa)

RHOB (g/cc)

30
2
1.5

1
BAKKEN
NIOBRARA
All Others

0.5
0
0.0

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Porosity-modified Kerogen Content

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

20

y = 30.436e-4.94x
R = 0.881

10

BAZHENOV
WOODFORD
0.5

BAZHENOV
WOODFORD

0
0.0

0.1

0.2
0.3
Porosity + Kerogen Content

0.4

KC_ = + 0.4 KC

0.5

130

Predict TR from E
0.200.2

TR
TR = 0.0083*Youngs Modulus - 0.0793

0.18

Transformation Ratio, dec

Transformation Ratio

0.16
0.16

Mba (2010): The nanoindentation

modulus of softer components
(kerogen and clay) increases with
transformation ratio (TR).

0.14

0.12
0.12
0.1

0.08
0.08
0.06

RR2==0.8246
0.8

0.04
0.04
0.02

00
0
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
0

10
15
20
25
35
10
3030
20
4040
Median
Young's
Modulus, GPa
Kerogen + Kerogen+Clay
Clay Median
Youngs
Modulus,
GPa

45

50
50

131 Water Layer Size, d [m]

0.001

0.01

0.1

Pore size; gas

transport

Dry Kaolinite
Partially
dried
0.0001

0.001

Slurry

0.01

0.1

Capillary
bound water

T2 Relaxation Time [s]

800

500

P-waves

Amplitude (mV)

400

S-waves

250

0.39

-400

0.17

0.55

-800
4
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

5 Time (s) 6
Prasad and Bryar, 2003

0.39

-250

0.17

-500
7

0.55

7Time (s)
8

10

132

Biots
coefficient:
AnalysisBiots
coefficient
Middle Bakken

Mancos Shale
1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.0
0

1000

2000

3000

0.0

4000

1000

Differential Pressure (psi)

2000
3000
Differential Pressure (psi)

4000

Cox Argillite

Lyons Sandstone

1.0

Biot's Coefficient

Biots coefficient

0.5

0
1000

2000
Differential Pressure (psi)

3000

4000

Differential pressure (psi)

0.8

0.6
0.4

0.5

0.0

Biots coefficient

Biot's Coefficient

Biots coefficient

Biot's Coefficient

1.0

Biot's Coefficient

Sarker

1000

2000

3000

4000

Differential Pressure (psi)

Differential
pressure (psi)

Sarker
et al., (2010): Biots coefficient calculated
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
from
specific storage measurements

Bulk density (g/cm3)

Prasad et al., 2010: Biots
coefficient calculated from
acoustic measurements

133

Stress and Anisotropy

ISOTROPIC CASE
Presuming no tectonic stresses
and Biot coefficient 1 and
applying isotropic in situ stress
equation Almost constant
horizontal stress throughout
upper, middle, and lower
Bakken Fractures are not
contained in middle Bakken.

ANISOTROPIC CASE
Anisotropic conditions
Horizontal stress different:

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

(Youngs modulus: Eh
horizontal, Ev vertical;
Poissons ratio: h horizontal,
v vertical). The variation
between Ev and Eh gives a
different horizontal stress
profile. Increased h in the
upper and lower Bakken imply
that they will be more
effective in hydrofracture
containment.

134

Current Capabilities at CSM

SEISMIC & ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
a)
b)
c)
d)

Multi-frequency acoustic and electrical property measurements under pressure

Multi-frequency acoustic measurements (max. 150,000 psi, 1000 C)
Resistivity measurements under pressure
Uniaxial load frames

FLOW PROPERTIES
a)
b)
c)
d)

Nano-Darcy permeability measurements

Regular" poro-perm measurements
Centrifuge to measure capillary pressures
Mercury injection porosimeter

NANO- & MICRO-SCALE MEASUREMENTS

a) Scanning acoustic microscope up to 250 MHz (up to 10 m resolution)
b) Micro-CT scanner (up to 10 m resolution)
c) SEM; ESEM; FE-SEM, Nano-indentation system (Material Science)

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES (including those with other departments)

a) QEMSCAN, SEM, XRD, Rock-Eval, and optical microscopy, (Geology)
b) Open Column Liquid Chromatography (Petroleum Engineering)
c) NMR, FTIR, GCMS; MBMS (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering)
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135

Planned Equipment
Under Construction or ordered
Pressure tests under SAM and micro-CT
Surface area / gas adsorption measurements
Geo-centrifuge cell to measure compaction dependent
properties (collaboration with INL)
Atomic Force Microscope to measure nano-scale acoustic and
electrical properties under stress and heat (Fall 2010)
Needed Equipment
Dedicated electrical resistivity system (routine measurements)
Research grade NMR system with pressure vessel
Poly-axial test system (currently under numerical stress tests)
Tensiometer
Chemisorption
GHz-frequency Acoustic Microscope
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Integrated Real Time Reservoir Characterization

Conventional and Unconventional Research Outlook

Fall 2012

Prof. Dr. Azra N. Tutuncu

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Resume
Education
PhD, Petroleum Engineering, University of Texas
MS, Petroleum Engineering, University of Texas
MS, Geophysics, Stanford University
BS, Geophysical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University
Employment
Academia : University of Texas and Stanford University as Research Faculty
Oil Industry: Technical and Leadership Assignments
Shell Exploration and Production,
Shell International EP,
Shell Unconventional Resources
Academia: Colorado School of Mines
Director of Unconventional Gas Institute (UNGI)
Harry D. Campbell Chair, Professor of Petroleum Engineering

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Additional Professional Information

Executive Board Member and Former President, American Rock Mechanics Association
Faculty Advisor, CSM ARMA Student Chapter
CSM Graduate Council Member and Graduate Admission Committee Member
Author of more than 100 Shell proprietary reports
Author/co-author of over 75 journal and conference publications
Holds five U.S. patents and three international patents on exploraton, drilling and
stimulation techniques and associated best practices
AGI Environmental Geoscience Advisory Committee SEG Representative
SEG, SPE, ARMA Editorial Review Committee Member
SEG Research Committee Member
SEG Global Affairs Committee Houston Area Representative
Licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Texas
Licensed Professional Geoscientist in the State of Texas
25 Year Club Member SEG, 25 Year Club Member SPE
Members of Pi Epsilon Tau and Sigma Xi

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Teaching at CSM

PEGN 590 Reservoir Geomechanics (Fall 2011, Fall 2012)

PEGN 593 Advanced Well Integrity (Fall 2011, Fall 2012)

PEGN 498 Reservoir Geomechanics (Fall 2011)

PEGN 490 Reservoir Geomechanics (Fall 2012)

PEGN 498 Introduction to Geomechanics (Spring 2011)

PEGN 598 Geomechanics for Unconventional Reservoirs (Spring 2011, Spring 2012)

PEGN 592 Shale Reservoir Engineering (Spring 2011, Spring 2012)

PEGN 598 Introduction to Geomechanics (Fall 2010, Spring 2011)

PEGN 315 Field Session I (Summer 2011, Summer 2012)

Super School (Summer 2012)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Student Activities
Visiting the Shell Mahogany Project Facilities., Summer 2012

At BP Durango Offices., Summer 2012

A drilling rig visit in Rangely,

Summer 2012

Vallejo Caldera near Los Alamos National Laboratories, Summer 2012

UNGI/ARMA Lunch and Learn Session., Spring 2012

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Research Focus

Geomechanics
Modeling

and Rock Physics

Measurements

and

Static, dynamic, petrophysical and transport characteristics of source

and seal shales, tight gas sands, turbidites and carbonates at in situ
stress, elevated pore pressure and temperature
CO2 sequestration impact on geomechanical and flow characteristics
of formations and seal integrity risk assessment
Monitoring the lifecycle geomechanical and flow properties of
unconventional resources, deepwater formations, HPHT and
geothermal reservoirs and their seal integrity for environmentally
friendly, economically viable production from challenging reservoirs

Integrated Real Time Reservoir Characterization

Deformation, well Integrity, formation evaluation and monitoring in

Inclined and horizontal wells, compaction, subsidence, sanding

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Stress Path Dependent Rock Properties

6000

Peff = 500 psi

Increasing Peff
Decreasing Peff

5700

Vp(m/s)

Terzaghi Equation
eff = v - Ppore

5400
5100
4800
4500

3000

9000

6000

Pore Pressure (psi)

12000

10000

6.E-03
8980 psi

PHyd

6000

3000
Axial Strain
Radial Strain

0
-4.E-03

5.E-03

PPore
Peff
Strain

5000

3.E-03

2500

2.E-03
Effective Stress = 300 psi

0
0.E+00

4.E-03

8.E-03

Strain

CL=3.916E-6 psi-1
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

1.E-02

500

1000

1500

Time (Min)

CL=1.393E-6 psi-1

2000

0.E+00
2500

Strain

7500

Stress (psi)

Stress (psi)

9000

Coupled-Geomechanics-Flow
Characteristics Laboratories

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI

Static vs Dynamic Young's Moduli

in Shales and Tight Gas Sands

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Strain Amplitude Dependence of Moduli

Tutuncu (2010)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Reservoir Shales and Seal Shales

Non-Linear Deformation Characteristics
Tutuncu (2010)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Adhesion Hysteresis and Friction

Measurements and Micro-scale Modeling
Fo
Fo
Clay Platelet

Clay Platelet

Tutuncu (2010)

Tutuncu (1992)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Measurements Using Drill Cutting

Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient Prediction

Tutuncu ((2000)

Tutuncu ((2000)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Wellbore Stability/Wellpath OptimizationUNGI

(with Mogi-Coulomb vs. Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria)
Compressive Failure
Mogi-Coulomb

MW (gr/cc)

Compressive Failure
Mohr-Coulomb

MW (gr/cc)

Kadyrov and Tutuncu, 2012, ARMA 12-445

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Fractured Reservoir Characterization

(Unconventional Resources and Carbonate Reservoirs)

Natural and Drilling Induced characterization in a horizontal

Unconventional well

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Effect of Eccentricity on Herschel-Bulkley Fluids

Mokhtari and Tutuncu, 2012, ARMA 12-235

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Reservoir Characterization and Upscaling

Core Measurements under In Situ Stress,
Elevated PP and Temperature

Reservoir Scale: Seismic, Sonic, Density

Resistivity, Imaging log data and analysis

Core Scale: Direction dependent acoustic and mechanical

properties, strength, porosity, permeability measurements under
realistic in situ stress conditions using elevated pore pressure and
elevated temperature, fractured (natural and induced) reservoir
characterization

MicroScale: CT-Scan, AFM, SEM, NMR, Surface Area, XRD,

gas adsorption and dielectric coefficient
measurements for micro-scale
characterization
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid Flow

Experiments and Modeling Projects

UNGI Geomechanics laboratory equipped with directional deformation, acoustic and

permeability measurements and custom designed elastomers enabling seismic 0-200 Hz,
100 KHz and 1 MHz ultrasonic frequency measurements using single core plug at in situ
stress and elevated pore pressure and temperature conditions

Simultaneous measurements of acoustic, mechanical, permeability and strength

anisotropy under elevated pore pressure conditions

Unconventional shale database for building up correlations between static and dynamic
moduli at true in situ stress, elevated pore pressure state and enhanced models
incorporating coupled fluid flow and geomechanics

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Velocity and Permeability Anisotropy under True

Triaxial Stress States in Shales, Carbonates and TGS
Compressional
Velocity
Anisotropy

Permeability
Anisotropy

Field Fracture
Induced
Anisotropy

Tutuncu, 2011, ISRM and ARMA

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid Flow

Measurements under In Situ Stress, Elevated Pore
Pressure and Temperature
Tutuncu
(2010)

Tutuncu
(2010)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI

Rigidity/Incompressibity Mineralogy Relation

Tutuncu, 2012 ARMA 12-664
x l2Gexleyez
y l2Geylexez
z l2Gezlexey

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

P & S Wave Attenuation Anisotropy

for Fracture Characterization
Petunin et al (2011)

Tutuncu et al (1993);

Tutuncu et al (1993);

ff

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Petunin et al (2011)

Integrated Reservoir Characterization

Rock Properties and Strength

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Mechanical Property Change at Various Effective Stresses

CO2 Injection and Production Effect
Guan and Tutuncu, 2012 ARMA 12-234

Pe=10MPa

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Pe=6MPa

Use of Shale-Fluid Interaction

for Maximizing SRV and Optimum Fluid Design
4500

Confining Pressure
4000
3500

Circulating Pressure

Pp = 3140psi
3000

PRESSURE (psi)

Pore Pressure

2500

dPp = 1604psi

2000
1500

Circulation
of 8% w/w
NaCl
solution

1000

Pp = 1536 psi
Circulation of
Sodium Silicate
Fluid with
20%w/w Nacl

Saturation
with 8% w/w
NaCl solution

500
0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Mese (2000)

10000

12000

14000

16000

Time (min)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Uncertainty in SRV estimation

Evidences in support of microseismic
Fluid Composition effect on fracturing
Discrete Fracture Network Modeling with
integrated field and lab data

Coupled Measurements and Modeling

Dispersion (Frequency dependence)

Upscaling / Downscaling

Anisotropy (lateral & depth /perm)

Thermal (Temperature dependence)

Triaxial (Stress/Temperature)

Petrophysical (f/Perm/TOC,)

Uncertainty & Reserves

Seal Integrity
Risk Management,
Surveillance & Monitoring
Deformation Behavior,
Risk Management, Fractures
Multistage hydraulic fracturing
Directional (& Hz) drilling
Reserve Analysis,
Recovery Efficiency

Enhanced coupled rock physics model with fluid-rock interactions, perm alterations
and fully coupling with reservoir and geomechanics models
Coupled reservoir simulators to incorporate geomechanics and fluid flow in fractured
low permeability formations
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Operation Safety and Environment

(SAGD Crater,
Total-Canada)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Anchor-handling tugboats battle the blazing remnants of the

off shore oil rig Deepwater Horizon (US Coast Guard, photo
100421-G-XXXXL- Deepwater Horizon fire)

http://ungi.mines.edu

UNGI

The Unconventional Natural Gas and Oil Institute

(UNGI)
UNGI
Dr. Azra N. Tutuncu, P.E., P.G.
Director of UNGI
Harry D. Campbell Chair in Petroleum Engineering

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Unconventional Natural Gas and Oil Institute

UNGI

An umbrella organization to enhance existing in-house Mines

expertise and communication between departments
Contribute solution of the key challenges in the commercial
development of unconventional reservoirs by multidisciplinary
integrated project deliverables
Train undergraduate and graduate students with special
expertise in unconventional reservoirs
Provide impartial information to public, federal and state
governments

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI Faculty & Staff

UNGI

(50+ Faculty)

Brian Asbury
Jennifer Aschoff
Linda Battalora
Michael Batzle
Jerry Boak
Mary Carr
Tzahi Cath
John Curtis
Kadri Dagdelen
Tom Davis
Rod Eggert
Alfred W. Eustes
William Fleckenstein
Ramona Graves
Marte Gutierrez
Todd Hoffman
John Humphrey
Tissa Illangasekare
Hossein Kazemi
Carolyn Koh
Ning Lu
John McCray
Carrie McClelland
Mark Miller

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Mustafa Hakimuddin, Joe Chen, Al Sami, Denise Winn-Bower

Jennifer Miskimins
Mike Mooney
Dag Nummedal
Erdal Ozkan
Piret Plink-Bjorklund
John Poate
David Pyles
Andre Revil
Rick Sarg
Paul Sava
Dendy Sloan
Kathleen Smits
Steve Sonnenberg
Amadeu Sum
Azra Nur Tutuncu
Ilya Tsvankin
Craig van Kirk
Yu-Shu Wu
David Wu
Pei Xu
Yuan Yang
Xiaolong Yin
Terry Young

Center for Earth Materials, Mechanics and Characterization(CEMMC)

Center for Wave Phenomena (CWP)
Center for Hydrates and Other Solids (CHS)
Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes
Center for Oil Shale Technology and Research (COSTAR)
Center for Petrophysics (CP)
Chevron Center of Research Excellence
Colorado Energy Research Institute (CERI)
Earth Mechanics Institute (EMI)
The Energy Modeling Group (EMG)
Golden Energy Computing Organization (GECO)
Geomechanics Research Program (PE-GEOMECH)
Fracturing, Acidizing, Stimulation Technology (FAST)
Marathon Center of Excellence for Reservoir Studies (MCERS)
Petroleum Exploration and Production Center (PEPC)
Potential Gas Agency (PGA)
Reservoir Characterization Project (RCP)
SmartGeo Center for Intelligent Geosystems
Western Mining Resource Center (WMRC)

Chemical Engineering

Chemistry & Geochemistry

Geology & Geological Engineering

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Civil Engineering

Petroleum Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Department of Energy

CSM Centers

Industry

UNGI Affiliations

UNGI

ENI
Hess Oil Company
Statoil
Schlumberger
Venoco
Talisman
Pemex

NETL Strategic Center for Natural Gas and Oil,

Morgantown,
NETL Golden
Idaho National Laboratories
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories
Los Alamos National Laboratories
Sandia National Laboratories

CSM Departments
Environmental Science&Engineering

Geophysical Engineering

Mining Engineering

Halliburton
GE Oil&Gas
ExxonMobil
Chevron
Weatherford
Shell
PlusPetrol

Material Science

UNGI Research Consortia Strategy

Coupled and Integrated Multiscale
Measurements and Modeling (CIMMM)

UNGI

Multidisciplinary integrated collaborative effort between CSM UNGI, major and

independent oil companies, global service companies, DOE Laboratories, NETL
Strategic Shale Center, OGCC, other federal and state government organizations
and academic institutions for fundamental shale research
Conduct integrated R&D projects using consortia sponsor data to enhance our
fundamental understanding of shale reservoir characteristics, drilling, hydraulic
fracturing and production related alterations
Establishing an IN SITU SHALE LABORATORY, a mid-size pilot site containing
underground facilities to
Collect multidiscipline operation data
Monitor in situ stress from exploration to field abandonment
Study environmental impact of operations on land, surface, groundwater, air
Calibrate the multiscale integrated models prior to delivery to the industry
and government sponsors
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI Training Initiatives and Programs

Unconventional Natural
Gas and Oil Institute

UNGI offers multidisciplinary integrated R&D projects for Industry,

Academia and Government Collaboration
Training for undergraduate and graduate students with special expertise
in unconventional reservoirs
UNGI has created a new training program with an aim to provide
regulators and policymakers access to the latest technological and
operational expertise to assist in their oversight of shale development in
partnership with University of Texas and Penn State and sponsorship by
GE and ExxonMobil each contributing $1 million to this educational
initiative
Training to O&G industry, regulators and K-12 education

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI Gas Leaders Training Effort

for Regulators

UNGI

Colorado School of Mines, Penn State University and The

University of Texas at Austin create new training programs for
the rapidly growing natural gas development sector
GE and ExxonMobil each to contribute $1 million to the new
education initiative
The program will aim to provide regulators and policymakers
access to the latest technological and operational expertise to
assist in their oversight of shale development

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Gas Leaders Institute

UNGI
Source: EIA

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI Consortia Strategy

Coupled and Integrated Multiscale
Measurements and Modeling (CIMMM)

25,000 psi
10,000 psi
10,000 psi
Pore Pressure
~ 10,000 psi
UNGI (2012)

Numerical multiscale model

for gas flow in unconventional,
low-permeability reservoirs
incorporating Klinkenberg effect,
non-Darcy flow, and adsorption
terms and coupling these functions
with geomechanical models for
integrated model
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

True triaxial measurements

using single core to measure
vertical and azimuthal Vp, Vs
(ultrasonic, 100 KHz and
seismic), perm anisotropy,
resistivity and deformation
simultaneously at elevated
pore pressure and temperature

UNGI CIMMM Consortia: Coupled Integrated

Multiscale Measurements and Modeling (CIMMM) UNGI
Phase I
Multidisciplinary integrated collaborative effort between CSM
UNGI, major oil, independent producers, global service
companies, DOE Laboratories, NETL, federal and state
government organizations and other academic institutions for
fundamental shale research
First three years in the R&D phase conducting research projects
with field data and core samples provided by our sponsors to
improve our fundamental understanding of shale reservoirs
Simultaneous effort to decide an IN SITU LAB site at a
unanimously agreed basin and site that will answer some key
challenges for the industry and government organizations
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI CIMMM Phase I Project Subcategories

UNGI

Subgroup A - Coupled Nano/Micro and Core Scale Measurements and

Modeling
Subgroup B -Solutions for Drilling Challenges in Low Permeability
Unconventional Reservoirs
Subgroup C - Nano to Reservoir Scale Fluid Flow Measurements and
Modeling in Gas and Oil Shale Reservoir
Subgroup D - Stimulation Experiments and Modeling in Gas Shale Reservoirs
Subgroup E - Hydrates as Unconventional Gas Reservoirs: Coupled
Experimental and Modeling
Subgroup F Environmental Challenges and Regulatory and Safety Aspects

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Coupled Nano/Micro and Core Scale

Measurements and Modeling (UNGI CIMMM)

A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4,

A.5, A.7, C.1, D.1,
D.2, D.3, E.1

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI

UNGI Consortia: CIMMM Phase II

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Multiscale Measurements and Modeling

Stress Anisotropy from Seismic and Logs

CORE SCALE

RESERVOIR SCALE

NANO SCALE

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI Coupled-Geomechanics-Flow
Characteristics Laboratories

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI

Worlds Recoverable Shale Reserves

% Recoverable Shale Reserves

UNGI
Argentina = 774 TCF
Brazil
= 226 TCF
Chili
= 64 TCF

20
16
12

8
4
0

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Shale Basin Comparison for Sweet Spot

Identification and Stimulation Success
Eagle Ford
Calcareous Shale
4 to 8%
120 to 280
0.7 to 1.8
9.6 to 14.5
4 to 10%
100 to 1500

2 to 17
80 to 250
2 to 6

Natural Fracture Network Complexity and Interactions

with Hydraulic Fracture
In Situ Stress Characteristics, Brittle/Ductile Behavior
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

UNGI Consortium: Vaca Muerta

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Vaca Muerta

Eagle Ford
Stratigraphy

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Quantitative approaches and studies of flow and

transport in reservoirs

A summary of research projects

Fall 2012
Yu-Shu Wu, PhD
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Resume
Education

PhD, Reservoir Engineering, U. of California at Berkeley, 1990

MS, Reservoir Engineering, U. of California at Berkeley, 1988
MS, Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum U., 1981
BS (Eqv.), Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum U., 1976

Employment
Petroleum Engineer, Research Inst. of Petroleum Exploration and Development
Beijing, China, 1982-1985
Hydrogeologist, HydroGeoLogic, Inc., Herndon, VA,1990-1995
Staff geological scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA,
1995-2008
Professor, Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines (2008-current)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Teaching

PEGN 424: Reservoir Engineering II (Spring)

PEGN 414: Well Test Analysis and Design (Fall, 2009; 2010; 2011)
PEGN 315: Field Session I (Summer, 2009 and 2010)
PEGN 598A: Introduction of Geothermal Science and Engineering (Spring,
2010)
PEGN 608: Multiphase Flow in Porous Media (Fall, 2009)
PEGN 515: Reservoir Engineering Principles (Fall)

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Research focus
Reservoir dynamics and simulation
Coupled processes of multiphase flow, chemical transport,
and heat transfer in EOR operations
Fractured and unconventional reservoirs
CO2 storage and utilization
Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)
Unconventional reservoir simulation

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

EMG Research group

The Energy Modeling Group (EMG) is a research organization
in the PE Dept. consisting of faculty, graduate students,
visiting scholars, and post doctoral fellows.
EMG's mission is to develop state-of-the-art reservoir
modeling technology and advanced simulation tools for
research, teaching, and field applications in the areas of
subsurface energy and natural resources, and environmental
science and engineering.

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Research project #1
Title: Simulation of Coupled Processes of Flow, Transport and
Storage of CO2 in Saline Aquifers, the research project funded
by US DOE and sponsored by CMG, Oct. 2009-Sept. 2013
Research Team
CSM: Yu-Shu Wu, Hossein Kazemi, Xiaolong Yin, Jeffery
Chen, and Phil Winterfeld
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Karsten Pruess/Curt
Oldenburg

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Research project #2
Title: Development of Advanced Thermal-HydrologicalMechanical-Chemical (THMC) Modeling Capabilities for
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), the research project
funded by DOE and sponsored by CMG, Jan. 2010-Dec. 2013
Research Team
CSM: Yu-Shu Wu and Hossein Kazemi
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Tianfu Xu and Keni
Zhang

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Research project #3
Title: Development of Non-Contaminating Cryogenic
Fracturing Technology for Shale and Tight Gas Reservoirs,
funded by DOEs RPSEA program, August 2012-August 2015
Research Team
CSM: Yu-Shu Wu, Jennifer L. Miskimins and Xiaolong Yin
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Timothy J. Kneafsey
Pioneer Natural Resources

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Research project #4
Title: Optimum Multi-Phase Flow Modeling in Carbonate
Reservoirs, funded by Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral
Resources (KIGAM), 2009-2013
Research Team
CSM: Yu-Shu Wu

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Current projects and students

EGS modeling
Perapon Fakcharoenphol (PhD); Yi Xiong (PhD), and Shihao Wang (MS)

CO2-EOR modeling
Debao Gao (PhD, co-advise w/ Dr. Yin)

Modeling of CO2 sequestration

Ronglei Zhang (PhD, co-advise w/ Dr. Yin)

Unconventional reservoir simulation

Cong Wang (MS, co-advise w/ Dr. Yin)

Cryogenic fracturing
Brent Johanson (MS) and Bowen Yao (MS)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Research/thesis topics
Unconventional reservoir simulation
Next generation reservoir simulation technology-Integrated
modeling approaches
Coupled processes in multiphase flow, rock
deformation/geomechanics, chemical reaction, and heat
transfer for EOR
Flow and phase behavior in CO2-EOR
Hybrid modeling approach for fractured reservoirs

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Fluid dynamics and transport in porous

media and suspensions

A Summary of Research Projects

Fall 2012
Xiaolong Yin, PhD
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Resume
Education
PhD, Chemical Engineering, Cornell University, 2006
MS, Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh University, 2001
BS, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Peking University, 1999

Experience
Postdoc, Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, 2006-2008
Assistant Professor, Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
(2009-current)

Activities
Member of the Graduate Admission Committee (2010-current)
Organizer of Department seminars (2009-current)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Teaching and Research

Classes taught

PEGN 310 Reservoir Fluid Properties

PEGN 315 Summer Field Session
PEGN 511 Advanced Phase Behavior
PEGN 601 Applied Mathematics

Research interests

Flow and transport in porous media

Lattice Boltzmann method
Particle- and bubble-laden multiphase flows
Enhanced oil recovery and reservoir fluid phase behavior

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Selected Recent Publications

Peer Reviewed
Yong YM, Yang C, Jiang Y, Joshi A, Shi YC, Yin XL. Numerical simulation of immiscible
liquid-liquid flow in microchannels using lattice-Boltzmann method. Sci. China Chem.
54:244-2256, 2011.
Newman M, Yin XL, Lattice Boltzmann simulation of non-Darcy flow in stochastically
generated 2D porous media geometries. To appear in SPE J. 2012.
Wu MJ, Xiao F, Johnson-Paben RM, Retterer ST, Yin XL, Neeves KB. Single- and two-phase
flow in microfluidic porous media analogs based on Voronoi tessellation. Lab Chip
12:253-261, 2012.
Metzger B, Rhali O, Yin XL. Heat transfer across sheared suspensions: role of the shearinduced diffusion. Submitted to J. Fluid Mech. 2012.

Conference Papers
Zhang RL, Yin XL, Wu YS, Winterfeld PH. A fully coupled model of nonisothermal
multiphase flow, solute transport, and reactive chemistry in porous media. SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition, SPE 159380, San Antonio, Texas, October 8-10,
2012.

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Process and Objectives of Pore-Scale Simulation

Pore geometry
from measurement
or stochastic
construction

Pore-scale direct
numerical &
physical simulations

Single-phase flow:
-Permeability
-Transport of dissolved
chemicals

Multiphase flow:
Geometry constructed
directly from micro- or
nano-scale imaging

-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
-Relative permeability

Particulate systems:
Stochastically
constructed geometries

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules

From Micro- / Nano- Images to Stochastic

Reconstruction
Idealized models may be used to establish general structure-property
relations (e.g. Kozeny equation)
Predictive simulations must reflect the geometric complexity and
characteristics of real porous medium
Idealized models

Reconstructed geometries that reflect the

complexity of real porous medium

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

0
0

0.5
0.5
1

Imaging
Micro CT
Nano CT
FIB/SEM
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Image
analysis

Properties
Porosity
Multi-point
statistics, etc.

Numerical Simulation
Physical Simulation

Process and Objectives of Pore-Scale Simulation

Pore geometry
from measurement
or stochastic
construction

Pore-scale direct
numerical &
physical simulations

Single-phase flow:
-Permeability
-Transport of dissolved
chemicals

Numerical Simulation
Lattice Boltzmann for single- and multiphase flows in
the continuum regime
Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) for flows with
non-continuum effects

Multiphase flow:

Physical Simulation
Micro- and nanofluidic porous media analogs

-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
-Relative permeability

Particulate systems:

Research Topics and Results

2D/3D non-Darcy flows
Direct numerical simulations show that
Darcys law begins to fail as Rek ~ O(0.1)
Forchheimers law becomes valid at Rek ~ O(1)

Single-phase flow:
-Permeability
-Transport of dissolved
chemicals

Multiphase flow:
-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
-Relative permeability

Particulate systems:
Re k U k

-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules
Newman and Yin, To appear in SPE J, 2012

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Research Topics and Results

Simulation of water and surfactant
flooding in microfluidic physical porous
media models
Stitiched photos of water
(top) and surfactant
(bottom) flooding at
breakthrough. The model
porosity is 20% and
permeability is 150md.
Capillary number = 10-5
(water flooding) and 10-4
(surfactant flooding)

PDMS Microfluidic Porous

Media Micromodel

Single-phase flow:
-Permeability
-Transport of dissolved
chemicals

Multiphase flow:
-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
-Relative permeability

Particulate systems:
-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules
Xu, Ok, Yin, Neeves. In preparation for Phys. Rev. E, 2012.

PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Research Topics and Results

Simulation of dispersion of solute or
nanoparticles in porous media

Single-phase flow:
-Permeability
-Transport of dissolved
chemicals

Multiphase flow:
-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
-Relative permeability
UP Flow field in a porous medium made up
by 40-m spherical beads. BOTTOM Two
Brownian tracer species are advected by
the flow and mix in the porous medium.
RIGHT After the tracers leave the porous
medium, the mixing level is assessed based
on the concentration profiles.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Particulate systems:
-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules

Current Projects
Instability in gas-solid flows in fluidization and risers, National Science
Foundation, CBET, 2012-2015, PI.
Slip flow of gases through nanopores and Klinkenberg effect, American
Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund, DNI, 2012-2014, PI.
Cryogenic fracturing for unconventionals, RPSEA Unconventional, 20122014, Co-PI with Wu (PI) and Miskimins (Co-PI).
Improved oil and gas recovery for Kuwait, Kuwait Oil Company, 20132015, Co-PI with Kazemi (PI).
Hydraulic fracturing fluid invasion and flowback in tight gas sand and
shale, RPSEA Unconventional, 2011-2014, PI with Neeves (Co-PI).
Modeling of combined phase equilibrium and geochemical reactions for
CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers, DOE NETL, 2009-2013, Co-PI with Wu
(PI), Kazemi (Co-PI), and Chen (Co-PI).
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Acknowledgements
Supporting Staff

Ms. Denise Winn-Bower

Ms. Patricia Hassen
Ms. Theresa Snyder
Mr. Al Sami
Mr. Joe Chen

Mr. Tim Marquez (1980) and donors

to the new Petroleum Engineering
Building - Marquez Hall
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING