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Assuming the younger beds are at the top of the photo, these folded limestone beds form 2 anticline and one
syncline fold.
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On a smaller scale they can help identify planes of weakness and channels in
which fluids may have deposited economic minerals. On a larger scale they can
help the geologist to reconstruct the stresses that the rock has been exposed to
which may lead to other important regional or local structures.
Descriptions of an ore mineral deposit or project area often refer to geologic structures or features that
are important to the deposit. Indeed, we have often written about structurally controlled
mineralization in our mining company press release reviews. While hydrothermal activity and orebearing fluids are linked to most economic mineral deposits, the paths that these fluids take are
invariably the paths of least resistance: structural features like folds and faults.
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Faults
A fault is the displacement of rock due to fracturing and
movement along a plane. Large scale fault systems relating
to modern earthquakes are probably most familiar, but faults are
common features on large and small scales.
Tectonic activity along plate boundaries is the usual culprit for large scale structural features
creating large scale fault systems, folding and mountain belts. Many mineral deposits occur in
ancient terranes that are no longer tectonically active but include structural and geologic features
that reveal a more violent history.
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In very old terranes rock may be structurally deformed and metamorphosed by the high temperatures
and pressures exerted at depth.
The greenstone belts that host many mineral deposits in Canada and
Europe are deformed from these types of processes. Though the
deformation takes place deep within the crust, erosion and tectonic
activity may eventually expose these rocks at the surface.
the left.
In structurally deformed terranes large and small scale folding and faulting will occur concurrently.
Folds
Much of the structural deformation that occurs within rock formations can be described as folding.
Folds may not be as readily apparent as in the photo included with this article: In fact, it is often only
through careful analysis of small scale rock textures such as mineral orientations or big-picture
geophysical anomalies can a fold structure be identified.
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