Ship Operations-Power Point

Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP OPERATIONS
Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Module Description and Goals

This module is intended to introduce participants
to basic concepts in ship loading operations and
ship stability.
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
CONTENTS
Types of Ships
Ship Organization
Cargo Operations
Hands-on Activity 1
Hands-on Activity 2
Ship Motions
Ship Stability
Hands-on Activity 3
Hands-on Activity 4
Hands-on Activity 5
5 min
5 min
40 min
25 min
30 min
10 min
20 min
10 min
25 min
10 min
Total 3 hrs
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Types of Ships
Drill Ship: Vessels carrying
out drilling operations,
equipped with drilling rig
and its own propulsion
machinery
visual.merriam-webster.com/.../drill-ship.php
Bulk Carrier: Single deck

vessel carrying
homogeneous unpacked
cargoes
www.ships-info.info/label-bulk-carriers.htm
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Types of Ships
Container Vessel: Ship
specially designed to carry
standard containers
Float-On/Float-Off:
Special Vessels which
may be submerged to
allow the floating on or
off of cargo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Float_on_Floa...
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Types of Ships
Barge: A flat bottomed boat
used for transport of heavy
goods.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thames_gravel_barge.jpg
Tug Boats: Boat used to

maneuver, primarily by
towing or pushing other
vessels. Tugboats are also
used to tow barges
6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North-shore-tugboats.jpg
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Find the type of ship

Transport heavy goods
Barge
Carry unpacked cargoes
Bulk carrier
Carry standard containers
Container Vessel
Carry out drilling operations
Drill ship
Used for towing barges
Tug Boats
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
The captain/Master is the highest responsible officer,
acting on behalf of the ships owner
Captain/Master
Deck
Department
Engine
Department
Steward
Department
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Deck Department:
The department is
responsible for
ships overall
appearance,
preservation and
for safely
receiving,
discharging and
caring of cargo
during a voyage.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_officer
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Deck Department Personnel
Duties
Cargo Operations
and Stability
Chief Mate
Second Mate
In charge of
navigation
Third Mate
Safety Officer
Boatswain
Able Seamen
Deck duties
Ordinary seamen
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Engineering Department:
The department responsible
for getting the ship to and
from anywhere and
responsible for all the
equipment used throughout
the ship
www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/168
www.sailorsmaritimeacademy.com Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Engine Department Personnel
Chief Engineer
Duties
Oversee Engine Department and
maintenance of equipment
Second Engineer
In charge Refrigeration systems main engines
Third Engineer
In charge of boilers ,feed pumps and fuel

condensers
Fourth Engineer
Responsible for electrical, sewage

treatment
Oiler
Pump man
Ordinary seamen
Operation of liquid cargo transfer system

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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Steward Department:
The department
responsible for
maintaining the ships
store , providing repair
parts, laundry services
and also feeding the
people
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward's_Department
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
Steward Department Personnel
Duties
Chief Steward
Chief Cook
Stewards
Assistant
Preparing and
serving meals
and keeping
inventory
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
SHIP ORGANIZATION
In charge of everything aboard ship
Master
Maintenance of ship and stowage of cargo
Chief Mate
In charge of machinery aboard ship
Chief Engineer
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Operations
Stowage of Cargo
Loading / Unloading Cargo
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Operations
Goods carried by a ship
are known as cargo
Stowage:
Stowage is the amount of
room for storing cargo on
board a ship

freport.wa.gov.au
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2009 - 2011
Types of Cargo
Bulk Cargo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargo
Container Cargo
www.etftrends.com
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Units of Cargo Capacity

The Twenty Foot Equivalent or
TEU represents the cargo
capacity of a standard shipping
container 20 foot long and 8
foot wide
A 40-foot long container equals 2 TEU.

Carrying Capacity 24 tons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Principles of Stowage
The fundamental objectives of cargo stowage are:
- To protect the ship
- To protect the cargo
- To obtain the maximum use of available cubic of ship
- To provide for rapid and systematic loading
and discharging
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Stowage of Cargo
Cargo is stowed in holds and tanks of the ships
Cargo holds
www.hesnes.no/company/saga/cargo.jsp?id=23
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Loading/Unloading Cargo
Ships designed for carrying large amounts of cargo must
take on ballast water for proper stability.
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Ballast would be discarded when the cargo is loaded.
deck
earthsys.ag.ohio-state.edu
Water
level
Water
level
Ballast
Tanks
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Cargo In - 1
1
2
Ballast water Out - 2
At source port
Cargo out - 3
4
Ballast Water In - 4
At destination port
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Marine Tech
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Loading Cargo
There are three basic
methods of arranging
items in cargo hold:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_loading
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Loading Cargo
1. Horizontally:
When a single item or
class of items is to be
stored in a layer that fills
from side to side and front
to rear.
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Loading Cargo
2. Vertically:
Items are stored in columns
that go from top of the hold on
down so that several types of
items are available during any
stage of emptying hold
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Loading Cargo
3. In Blocks:
Assortments of
various types of
items are made up
and loaded together.
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HANDSON ACTIVITY - 1
Loading Cargo
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Stowage of Cargo
Volume
Given a certain amount of cargo what is the
amount of space that will be consumed in
stowing it?
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Stowage of Cargo
Weight
Given certain volume of space what is the
number of tons, units or pieces that will go
into the space?
32
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
A value that is used to answer the above two
questions:
Stowage Factor
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Stowage Factor:
The stowage factor is defined as the number of cubic feet
required to stow 1 ton of a given cargo.
f = 2,240/D cu ft/ton
= 2,240 x V/W cu ft/ton
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Where,
f = Stowage factor
D = Density of the commodity in pounds per cubic
foot
2,240 = The number of pounds in 1 long ton
V = Volume of the container
W = Weight of container in pounds
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
A cargo consisting of cases weighing 400 pounds and
measuring 2.5 feet x 1 feet x 1 feet to be stowed. Find
stowage factor(f)?
f = 2240 *V/W
V = 2.5 x 1 x 1= 2.5 cu ft
W = 400 pounds
f = 2240 x 2.5/400
f = 14 cu ft/ton
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Broken Stowage:
The cargo space which is unavoidably lost when stowing cargo
due to the type and nature of cargo loaded.
Broken
Stowage
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
V = Volume of cargo hold
v = Volume of cargo
stowed in V
Broken
Stowage
The percentage of broken

stowage =L= (V-v)/V *100
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
Given a certain volume of space(V), a cargo with a stowage
factor(f) and estimated broken stowage percentage (L) the
number of tons(T) of cargo that will fit into space is
T = (V *(1-L)) / f
40
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Stowage of Cargo
The volume of the cargo hold is 60,000 cu ft. Estimated broken
stowage is 10 percent and stowage factor is 56. Find the
number of tons(T) that can be stowed in the hold?
T = (V *(1-L)) / f
T = 60000*0.9/56
T = 964 tons
42
Marine Tech
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BREAK
5 minutes
43
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Water Line
Draft: The draft of the

ships hull is the vertical
distance between the
waterline and the bottom
of the hull
44
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
A ship can be fully loaded in three ways:
1. FULL IN WEIGHT: It can be full in weight when it
is at its maximum draft
Draft line
Water line
Max draft
45
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
2. FULL IN SPACE: It can be full in space when the hold is
filled up to the hatch covers
46
Marine Tech
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Cargo Loading
3. FULL AND DOWN: It is full in weight as well as in space
Max draft
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Marine Tech
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Cargo Loading
48
Marine Tech
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Cargo Loading
Load the ship to obtain a Full and Down condition and

calculate Broken Stowage.
49
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Cargo Loading
Step 1: Calculate the volume of the cargo hold (V) :
Measure the height (h) ,width (w) and depth (d).
50
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Cargo Loading
Step 2: Load the ship till the ship is at its maximum draft.
Water line
51
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Max draft
Water line
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Step 3: Calculate total volume occupied by the cargo(v) :
Step 4: Calculate percentage of broken stowage :
L= (V-v) / V *100
L : The percentage of broken stowage
V : Volume of cargo hold
v : Volume of cargo stowed in V
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
Types of Cranes Used:
Container being
loaded on a ship
Gantry cranes are

used to move
containers to or
from the ship.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)
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Cargo Loading
Another type of
Gantry Crane
55
Marine Tech
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Cargo Loading
Bulk handling
crane used for lifting
bulk cargoes
56
Marine Tech
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Cargo Loading
Deck cranes are located
on ships and boats and
used for cargo loading
and unloading where
shore unloading facilities
are not available
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2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading - Video
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Ship Motions
Pitch: Vessel rotates
about the transverse
(side-to-side) axis.
Roll: Vessel rotates

about longitudinal
(front/back) axis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_motions
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Marine Tech
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Ship Motions
Yaw: Vessel rotates
about vertical
(up/down) axis.
Surge: Linear
longitudinal
(front/back) motion.
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Marine Tech
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Ship Motions
Heave : Linear
vertical (up/down)
motion.
Sway: Linear
lateral (side-toside) motion.
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Marine Tech
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Find the type of Motion

Linear longitudinal motion
Motion along longitudinal axis
Motion along transverse axis
Linear vertical motion.
Surge
Roll
Pitch
Heave
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Marine Tech
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Ship Stability
The stability of a vessel refers
to its ability to stay upright in
the water.
The main consideration is the

correct distribution of cargo
weight.
celebrating200years.noaa.gov/.../cargo-ship.html 63
Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Ship Stability
If too much weight is in the upper decks of ship, the ship will
have small amount of stability and be in a condition known as
tender.
If too much weight is concentrated on lower holds the ship will

have excess of stability and be in a condition known as stiff.
64
Marine Tech
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Ship Stability
Hogging too much weight at the ends
Fore
Aft
Sagging too much weight amidships

Fore
Aft
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Marine Tech
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Ship Stability
While stowing the cargo, the only necessity
is to ensure that the weight is equal on both
sides of the ships centerline
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Marine Tech
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Ship Stability
The initial stability of a ship
refers to the relationship
between three important
points on it.
G
B
The Center of Gravity (G)

The Center of Buoyancy (B)
The Metacenter (M)
Cross sectional view of ship

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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Center of Gravity
The center of gravity
(G) is the point at
which the whole
weight of the vessel
can be said to act
vertically downward.
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Center of Gravity
As a general rule a
lower center of gravity
means a more stable
vessel
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Center of Buoyancy
A body submerged wholly or
partially in a fluid is buoyed
up by a force equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced.
Center of buoyancy(B) is the

center of gravity of the
volume of water the hull
displaces.
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Marine Tech
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Find Center of Gravity and Center of Buoyancy
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Marine Tech
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Metacenter
Line through B
When ship is in
equilibrium
M
G
B
Line through B
When ship is
inclined
M
G
Metacenter is the
intersection between
the line through the
center of buoyancy of a
hull in equilibrium, the
line through the center
of buoyancy when the
hull is inclined slightly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric_height
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Marine Tech
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Metacentric Height GM
GM
M
G
B
M
G
Metacentric Height
(GM) is the distance
between the metacenter
and the center of gravity
of the vessel.
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
Adding or shifting
weights vertically
causes center of gravity
to move in the same
direction.
If center of gravity is
too high the ship
becomes unstable.
www.caradvice.com.au/date/2006/07
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Marine Tech
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If Meta center(M) is
above the Center of
Gravity(CG) the ship is
stable. Will tend to
upright itself when tilted
by a wave.
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Marine Tech
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If Meta center(M) is
below the Center of
Gravity(CG) the ship is
unstable. Will not
upright itself if tilted by
a wave.
G
M
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Metacentric Height
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Model used for metacentric

height calculation
The weights (w) are shifted from

center through a distance of d cm
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Shift in Center of
Gravity = GG1= (w*d)/W
G = Original center of gravity
G1= New center of gravity
d = distance moved in cm
W = weight of ship
w = weight of washers
d w
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AB
Metacentric Height (GM)

= GG1* BC/AB
Plumb
Line
Plumb
Weight
BC
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Marine Tech
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Free Surface Effect

Free surface effect is
one of the several
mechanisms where a
ship can become
unstable and roll-over
(capsize).
http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/Tp/tp10038/27-stab-free-surface-effect.htm
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Free Surface Effect

It refers to the tendency of liquids and of small objects which
can act as liquid and can shift inside cargo holds.
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Free Surface Effect

When a vessel with full
tank heels over, the
contents of the tank do not
shift.
The tank's centre of gravity
does not change, so it does
not affect the vessel's
stability
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Marine Tech
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Free Surface Effect

When a vessel with
partially filled tank heels
over, the contents of the
tank will shift.
The centre of gravity
moves over to the side,
making the vessel less
stable.
84
Marine Tech
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Free Surface Effect

This effect is similar to that
caused by adding weights on
deck raising the vessels CG
which causes a decrease in
GM and thereby its stability
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Free Surface Effect

How to avoid free surface effect?
Try to have as few partially filled tanks and compartments as
possible.
By dividing a tank into two equal parts with a baffle, the free
surface effect is greatly reduced.
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Free Surface Effect
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Review of Topics
Types of ships based on their application

Different departments in a ship and its organization
Cargo loading and unloading operations
Six types of ship motions in response to the sea
Stability of a ship
Calculation of Metacentric height
Free surface effect
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Marine Tech
2009 - 2011
For more information on this module

Please contact:
Dr. Alok K. Verma, P.E., CmfgE
Ray Ferrari Professor
Director-Lean Institute
Old Dominion University.
Phone (757) 683-3766
Fax (757) 683-5655
Email: averma@odu.edu
89

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Marine Tech

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Module Description and Goals

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Bulk Carrier: Single deck

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Tug Boats: Boat used to

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Find the type of ship

Carry unpacked cargoes

Carry standard containers

Carry out drilling operations

Used for towing barges

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

www.sailorsmaritimeacademy.com Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

In charge Refrigeration systems main engines

In charge of boilers ,feed pumps and fuel

Responsible for electrical, sewage

Operation of liquid cargo transfer system

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Units of Cargo Capacity

A 40-foot long container equals 2 TEU.

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Ballast water Out - 2

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

The percentage of broken

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Draft: The draft of the

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Load the ship to obtain a Full and Down condition and

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Gantry cranes are

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU