WORKSHEET 1

STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION CARBOHYDRATES

1. Identify each sugar as an aldose or a ketose and then as a triose, tetrose, pentose, or hexose:

Answer:
a. D-glucose
: Aldose, hexoses
b. L-ribulose
: Ketose, pentose
c. D-glyserahdehyde
: Aldose, triose
2. Identify each sugar as an aldose or a ketose and then as a triose, tetrose, pentose, or hexose.

Answer:
a. Dihyroxyacetone
: Ketose, triose
b. D-ribose
: Aldose, pentose
c. D-galactose
: Aldose, hexoxes
3. Identify each sugar as an aldose or a ketose and then as a D sugar or an L sugar.

Answer:
a. D

b. D
c. D
d. L
4. Distinguish between structural and optical isomers ini carbohydrates, describing examples of
each
Answer:
Galactose, C6H12O6 has the molecular formula and structural formula similar to glucose, the
only difference being the position in space. So both optical isomers. The difference indicated
by the difference in position of space-OH group. The rank of the atom C number two to
number 5 C atoms, -OH facing to the right, left, left, right.

5. Explain how the isomeric structure of carbohydrate may affect its chemical behavior:
Answer
The isomer carbohydrat influence of its metabolism in cell. When in water they take the ring
form. This is lowest energy configuration, due to water's hydrogen bonding. Since biological
systems are in water this is the form in which monosaccharides almost always exist
6. Explain briefly how compound sugar are formed and broken down:
Answer:
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source and a major source of fiber. Carbohydrates has
three elements, namely carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The types of carbohydrates are very
diverse. Carbohydrates are distinguished from one another based on the arrangement of atom
short length of chain as well as the type of carbohydrate bind catabolism. At process, often
referred to glycolysis that the degradation process. The process of degradation of one
molecule of glucose (C6) into two molecules of pyruvate (C3), which occurs in a series of
enzymatic reactions produce free energy in the form of ATP and NADH.
7. Discuss the structural differences between the polysaccarides cellulose, starch, and glycogen,
explaining how the differences in structure contribute to the functional properties of the
molecule:
Answer:
a. Cellulose

The most abundant organic compound on earth

The main structural component of plants

A polymer of glucose

Is linear.

Is joined to other cellulose polymers by hydrogen bonds.

Has linkage, and therefore cannot be broken down.

I am unable to eat my cotton shirt, which is predominantly cellulose.

Glucose, glucose everywhere but not a bond can break.

b. Starch

The main form of energy storage in plants

A polymer of glucose

Is branched.

Has linkage.

Examples: potatoes, rice, wheat, etc.

c. Glycogen

The main form of energy storage in animals

A polymer of glucose

Is highly branched.

Has linkage.

Found in muscles and in the liver: it's a reservoir of energy for use when needed.

The main form of energy storage in animals

A polymer of glucose

Is highly branched.

Has linkage.

Found in muscles and in the liver: it's a reservoir of energy for use when needed.

8. What are the hydrolysis products of starch and sucrose?

Answer:
Product of strach is amilum, and sucrose will formed glucose or fruktose
9. Write the linear and ring forms of D-glucose
Answer:
Linear

Ring

10. Draw an example of each type of compound:

a) a ketopentose
b) an aldotetrose
Answer
Ketopentosa

Aldopentosa

11. Complete the following sentences:

aldohexose, triose, aldose, ketopentose, glucose, ketose
a.)The most common carbohydrate, _____, has six atoms.
b.)Glyceraldehyde is an example of a(n) _____, because it has three carbon atoms.
c.)With the carbonyl group on the end of a six-carbon chain, the carbohydrate would be
classified as a(n) _____.
d.)Any carbohydrate with the carbonyl group on the second carbon is a(n) _____.
e.)If a carbohydrate, like xylulose, has five carbon atoms and a carbonyl group on the second
carbon, it is called a(n) _____.
f.) A monosaccharide is a(n) _____ if the carbonyl group is on the end of the carbon chain.
Answer:
a. Pentosa
b. Triose
c. Aldohexosa
d. Ketose
e. Ketopentosa
f. Aldose
12. Describe the structure of both Starch and Glycogen (include diagrams) - Explain how they
are different. Discuss the functions of each one, and relate this to their structures.
Answer
Polysaccharides are polymers composed of a large number of monosaccharides linked by
glycosidic bonds. Its main function is as a structural component or as a form of energy
storage. Starch, found in plants, are linear polymers composed of aD-glucose associated with
a link (1 to 4) and sometimes has a branch with the addition of a link (l to 6). Glycogen is
found in animals, similar to the Pali but contains far more widespread branches. Cellulose,
the main constituent of plant cell walls, is also a linear polymer composed of glucose, but
connected via a link (1 to 4).

13. Describe the structure of cellulose . Explain why, although it is made of glucose sub-units
like starch, why you get the structure you do (straight unbranched chains and cross bridges)
Answer

14. Describe how you can determine if saccharides has or configuration.

Answer
To determining the alpha and beta if the 2 glucose unitsis linked by (1-4) glycosidic
linkage. Anomeric carbon of second glucose residue is free. It is produced during starch
digestion and it exhibits mutarotation. Lactose is also a reducing disaccharide made up of one
glucose and one galactose, linked by (1-4) glycosidic linkage. It is present in milk and
exhibits mutarotation. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. It is composed of one glucose and
one fructose linked by 1- 2 glycosidic linkage. Anomeric carbon units are involved in
linkage; hence no free anomeric carbons are available.
15. What is the general name for a five carbon saccharides that contain ketone? Draw the
structure of an example of this class of compound!.
Answer

Ketopentosa