1.

0 INTRODUCTION
In Francis Turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the Turbine axially.
Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting reaction on the
turbine blades making the turbine rotate. Francis Turbine is the first hydraulic turbine
with radial inflow. It was designed by American scientist James Francis. Francis Turbine
is a reaction turbine. Reaction Turbines have some primary features which differentiate
them from Impulse Turbines.
The major part of pressure drop occurs in the turbine itself, unlike the impulse
turbine where complete pressure drop takes place up to the entry point and the turbine
passage is completely filled by the water flow during the operation.
For power generation using Francis Turbine the turbine is supplied with high
pressure water which enters the turbine with radial inflow and leaves the turbine axially
through the draft tube. The energy from water flow is transferred to the shaft of the
turbine in form of torque and rotation. The turbine shaft is coupled with dynamos or
alternators for power generation. For quality power generation speed of turbine should be
maintained constant despite the changing loads. To maintain the runner speed constant
even in reduced load condition the water flow rate is reduced by changing the guide
vanes angle.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the relationship between the head, flow rate, velocity, power and
efficiency of Francis Turbine
3.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES
I.

Understand the basic operating system of the Francis Turbine.

II. Understand on the factors which influence the efficiency of turbine.

4.0 THEORY
Hydraulic power can be obtain at the turbine inlet (usually known in watt unit) and
can be calculated as, Phyd = Htot Q, and Q as the volume discharge that can be read from
the measuring equipment (m3/s) and is a water per unit of volume (9820 N/m3). Htot is a
total head (m) which can be calculated (using theorem Bernoulli method) in a circuit
section flow just before the turbine in a location of pressure as total of three parameter,
Htot= Hman+ Hkin+ Hpres which is Hman is a the differences of pressure head position which
measured the pressure and the turbine shaft bar. As using the experiment table, Hman~
0.35m (if the pressure decreasing at the turbine point out which cause by the mixer which
count as an available head, Hman can be calculated as the height differences between the
pressure gauging point position and the point of water level at the outflow of reservoir) is
a kinetic parameter which cause by water velocity, Vm(in m/s), at the pressure gauging
location, where the pipe section is Sm(this value is not S and v value at the inlet section).
Hkin = vm2/ 2g, where as g is the gravity constant (9.81 m/s2) and vm=Q/ Sm. Hpres=m/ is a
resultant parameter from water pressure, m(in unit N/m2) as measured by pressure
gauging. In calculation table, the readable gauging value which has been read by four
gauging, all the readable value from the calculation can be added by the related values,
vm, Hman, Hkin, Hpres, Htot, Phyd, which has been described first.
This following relationship, has been used to calculated the value of mechanical
power out Pmec(usually in watt), Pmec= c = 2nC / 60, where as is the turbine angular
velocity (in rad/s), n is a turbine average velocity obtain by reader equipment (RPM) and
c is a braking torque velocity at the turbine shaft as obtain by reader equipment (Nm).
Lastly, the turbine overall efficiency, = Pmec / Phyd is calculated as the ratio of power
at outlet point compared to the generated power. Last table arrangement for the
experimental value and the calculation value (for each z) can be explained in a provided
table.

5.0 EQUIPMENTS
Francis Turbine
Equipment
6.0
PROCEDURE
i.

The delivery
control
shutter
closed.ii.

ii. The
distributor
leverage
the

at

chosen

value (50%
and

100%)

was fixed.iii.
iii. The delivery
control
shutter was
opened until
desired flow
rate.iv.
iv. The reading
of
pressure(pm
), speed(n),
flow rate(Q), and voltage(v) for each distributor leverage value in Table 6.1 was
recorded.

v.

Step 3-4 steps were repeated with different distributor leverage value.

PRECAUTION: Must ensure the delivery control shutter should be closed before switch
on the equipment. Carelessness may cause equipment damage.

7.0 RESULT

8.0 DATA ANALYSIS

Data at Z=50%
Pressure, Pm (N/m2)
1 bar = 100kPa 100000 Pa 100000 N/m2
= 0.62 bar x 100000 N/m2
=62000 N/m2
1 bar = 100kPa 100000 Pa 100000 N/m2
= 0.58 bar x 100000 N/m2
=58000 N/m2
1 bar = 100kPa 100000 Pa 100000 N/m2
= 0.52 bar x 100000 N/m2
=52000 N/m2
1 bar = 100kPa 100000 Pa 100000 N/m2
= 0.46 bar x 100000 N/m2
=46000 N/m2
1 bar = 100kPa 100000 Pa 100000 N/m2
= 0.35 bar x 100000 N/m2
=35000 N/m2
Flowrate, Q (m3/s)
= [ (13.9 x103l) / h ] x (1m3/1000l) x (1h/3600s)
= 3.86 x10-3 m3/s
== [ (14.2 x103l) / h ] x (1m3/1000l) x (1h/3600s)
= 3.94 x10-3 m3/s
= [ (14.7 x103l) / h ] x (1m3/1000l) x (1h/3600s)

= 4.08 x10-3 m3/s

= [ (15.1 x103l) / h ] x (1m3/1000l) x (1h/3600s)
= 4.19 x10-3 m3/s
= [ (15.6 x103l) / h ] x (1m3/1000l) x (1h/3600s)
= 4.33 x10-3 m3/s

Water Speed, Vm (m/s)

Vm = Q / Sm = 3.86 x10-3 / 0.00196 = 1.97 m/s
Vm = Q / Sm = 3.94 x10-3 / 0.00196 = 2.01 m/s
Vm = Q / Sm = 4.08 x10-3 / 0.00196 = 2.08 m/s
Vm = Q / Sm = 4.19 x10-3 / 0.00196 = 2.14 m/s
Vm = Q / Sm = 4.33 x10-3 / 0.00196 = 2.21 m/s
Kinetic, Hkin (m)
Hkin = Vm2 / 2g = (1.972)/(2x9.81) = 0.198 m
Hkin = Vm2 / 2g = (2.012)/(2x9.81) = 0.206 m
Hkin = Vm2 / 2g = (2.082)/(2x9.81) = 0.221 m
Hkin = Vm2 / 2g = (2.142)/(2x9.81) = 0.233 m

Hkin = Vm2 / 2g = (2.212)/(2x9.81) = 0.249 m

Pressure, Hpres (m)
Hpres = Pm / = 62000/9820 = 6.31m
Hpres = Pm / = 58000/9820 = 5.91m
Hpres = Pm / = 52000/9820 = 5.30m
Hpres = Pm / = 46000/9820 = 4.68m
Hpres = Pm / = 35000/9820 = 3.56m
Total Head, Htot (m)
Htot= Hman+ Hkin+ Hpres = 0.35 + 0.198 + 6.31 = 6.858m
Htot= Hman+ Hkin+ Hpres = 0.35 + 0.206 + 5.91 = 6.466m
Htot= Hman+ Hkin+ Hpres = 0.35 + 0.221 + 5.30 = 5.871m
Htot= Hman+ Hkin+ Hpres = 0.35 + 0.233 + 4.68 = 5.263m
Htot= Hman+ Hkin+ Hpres = 0.35 + 0.249 + 3.56 = 4.159m
Mechanical Power, Pm (watt)
Pm = 2n / 60 = 2(1046) / 60 = 109.54 watt

Pm = 2n / 60 = 2(902) / 60 = 94.46 watt

Pm = 2n / 60 = 2(719) / 60 = 75.29 watt
Pm = 2n / 60 = 2(587) / 60 = 61.47 watt
Pm = 2n / 60 = 2(433) / 60 = 45.34 watt

Hydraulic Power, Phyd (watt)

Phyd = Htot Q = ( 9820)*(6.858)*(3.86x10-3) = 259.95 watt

Phyd = Htot Q = ( 9820)*(6.466)*(3.94x10-3) = 250.17 watt
Phyd = Htot Q = ( 9820)*(5.871)*(4.08x10-3) = 235.23 watt
Phyd = Htot Q = ( 9820)*(5.263)*(4.19x10-3) = 216.55 watt
Phyd = Htot Q = ( 9820)*(4.159)*(4.33x10-3) = 176.84 watt

Efficiency, Pm / Phyd (watt)

(Pm / Phyd ) * 100 = (109.54 / 259.95 ) * 100 = 42.14%

(Pm / Phyd ) * 100 = (94.46 / 250.17 ) * 100 = 37.76%

(Pm / Phyd ) * 100 = (75.29 / 235.23 ) * 100 = 32.01%

(Pm / Phyd ) * 100 = (61.47 / 216.55 ) * 100 = 28.39%
(Pm / Phyd ) * 100 = (45.34 / 176.84 ) * 100 = 25.64%

Average Data at Z = 50%

I. Average of Pressure,P m (N/m2)
= (62000 + 58000 + 52000 + 46000 + 35000) / 5
=51200 N/m2
II. Average of Flowrate, Q (m3/s)
= (3.86 + 3.94 + 4.08 + 4.19 + 4.33) x 10-3/ 5
=4.08 x 10-3m3/s
III. Average of Speed, n (RPM)
= (1046 + 902 + 719 + 587 + 433) / 5
=737.4 RPM
IV. Average of Voltage, V (volt)
= (15.2 + 10.4 + 9.4 + 7.7 + 4.2) / 5
= 9.48 Volt
V. Average of Current reading, I (ampere)
= (0.25 + 0.69 + 1.00 + 1.32 + 1.60) / 5
= 0.972 Ampere

Output Torque at Z = 50%

n= average RPM
Pm = Mechanical Power
= (Pm x 60 )/ 2n = (109.54 x 60 ) / 2(737.4) = 1.419Nm
= (Pm x 60 )/ 2n = (94.46 x 60 ) / 2(737.4) = 1.223Nm
= (Pm x 60 )/ 2n = (75.29 x 60 ) / 2(737.4) = 0.975Nm
= (Pm x 60 )/ 2n = (61.47 x 60 ) / 2(737.4) = 0.796Nm
= (Pm x 60 )/ 2n = (45.34 x 60 ) / 2(737.4) = 0.587Nm
9.0 DISCUSSION
From these experiments, we can see the relationship between the flow rate
(Q),velocity (v), speed (n), power and efficiency of a Francis turbine. Generally, the
function of turbines is to get electricity converted from natural hydraulic power. Francis
turbine may also be used for pumped storage, where a reservoir is filled by the turbine
(acting as a pump) during low power demand, and then reversed and used to generate
power during peak demand.

10.0 CONCLUSION
The experimental objective is achieved. In producing the highest power through
turbines, all factors must be taken. The same flow rate produces a different velocity.While
the velocity of water will produce a different power and efficiency according to the
different capabilities of the turbine. Factors such as the flow rate, velocity, power and
efficiency of this interaction and should be taken into account. Results of experiments
carried out showed the relationship between the head, flow rate, velocity, power and
efficiency were produce the desired energy. Aperture-opening in these experiments
showed differences and advantages between an aperture with the aperture so that we
canto reflect the actual operating situation of a Francis turbine.

Comparing to nuclear power plant, hydroelectricity (Francis Turbine ) eliminates the

flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion, including pollutants such as sulfur
dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and mercury in the coal. Hydroelectricity
also avoids the hazards of coal mining and the indirect health effects of coal emissions
Compared to wind turbine, hydroelectricity power stations have a more predictable
load factor. If the project has a storage reservoir, it can generate power when needed.
Hydroelectric stations can be easily regulated to follow variations in power demand.

11.0 REFERENCE
1. http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/27407.aspx(Accessed on
27 November 2011
2. Mifflin, Boston, MA.White, F.M. (1994). Fluid Mechanics, 3rd edition, McGrawHill,Inc., New York, NY.
3. R. E. Featherstone, C. Naluri. (1995.)Civil Engineering Hydraulics. Bodmin,
Cornwall:Blackwell Science
4. Yunus A. Cengel, John M.Cimbala ( Third Edition ) Fluid Mechanics. ISBN 978-1259-01122-1
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbomachinery
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Comparison_with_other_methods_of_p
ower_generation
7. https://renewables.gepower.com/hydro-power/large-hydropower-solutions/hydroturbines/francis-turbine.html
8. http://www.voith.com/en/products-services/hydro-power/turbines/francis-turbines561.html
9. http://www.green-mechanic.com/2014/03/frances-turbine-vs-kaplan-turbine.html
10. http://www.mechnol.com/francis-turbine-and-its-design-working-process.html