CLIMATE STUDY

COLD AND CLOUDY

ASSIGNMENT 1

Submitted by
Rubeena M K
Guided by
Jayasree T K

Contents

Introduction
Characteristics
Design considerations
General recommendations
Case study : Sauni village U.P.
Conclusion

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Introduction
According to Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy Cold climate is further divided into:
1) COLD AND SUNNY
2) COLD AND CLOUDY
Generally, the northern part of India
experiences this type of climate. Most cold and
cloudy regions are situated at high altitudes.
These are generally highland regions having
abundant vegetation in summer.
The intensity of solar radiation is low in
winter with a high percentage of diffuse
radiation. (winters are extremely cold.)

Eg: Ootacamund, Shimla, Shillong,

Srinagar and Mahabaleshwar

REF: http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch2.pdf

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Characteristics
Maximum ambient temperature
Summer,
Day time = 20 300C and night = 17 270C
Summers quite pleasant.

Winter
Day time = 4 and 80C and night = -3 to 40C
Winter is quite chilly.

Relative humidity = 70 80 %.
Annual total precipitation = 1000 mm
Cold winds in the winter season. Hence, protection from
winds is essential in this type of climate.
REF: http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch2.pdf

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Design considerations
To resist heat loss
exposed surface areas are reduced by careful orientation and
shape of building.
Increase thermal resistance by wall and roof insulation and
double glazing and thermal capacity (time lag) by providing
thicker walls.
Increase buffer spaces by providing air locks and lobbies.
Decrease air exchange rate.
Increase surface heat absorption by providing darker colours
inside as well as outside.

REF: http://www.projectsmonitor.com/guest-articles/climate-responsive-design-conforming-with-nature/

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Design considerations
Promote heat gain:
Reduce shading on walls and glazed portions.
Utilise heat from appliances and provide thermal storage mass
like trombe wall, mass wall etc.
Trapping the heat of the sun.

REF: http://www.projectsmonitor.com/guest-articles/climate-responsive-design-conforming-with-nature/

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Design considerations
Design considerations for day-lighting in cold and cloudy region:
Ensure openings to admit solar light and retain it.
Integrate active and passive solar strategies such as sunspace
and solarium with day-lighting strategies.
Top lighting strategies such as skylightsdomed or pyramid
shapedwith baffles to control glare are more efficient.
Glazing area should be 3 to 9 per cent of the floor area to
provide adequate lighting levels.
Light wells or atria with light-coloured walls and other
specifications as discussed in the respective sections on them.

REF: http://www.projectsmonitor.com/guest-articles/climate-responsive-design-conforming-with-nature/

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General Recommendations
1. Site
a) Landform:
buildings should be located on
the south slope of a hill or
mountain for better access to
solar radiation (Fig. 1).
the exposure to cold winds can
be minimised by locating the
building on the leeward side.
the site which offer natural
wind barrier can be chosen for
constructing a building.

Fig. 1

REF: http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch5.pdf

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General Recommendations
b) Open spaces and built forms:
Buildings in cold climates
should be clustered together to
minimise exposure to cold
winds (Fig. 2).

Open spaces must be such that

they allow maximum south sun.
They should be treated with a
hard and reflective surface so
that they reflect solar radiation
onto the building (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2
REF: http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch5.pdf

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Fig. 3
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General Recommendations
c) Street width and orientation
The street orientation should
be east-west to allow for
maximum south sun to enter
the building.
The street should be wide
enough to ensure that the
buildings on one side do not
shade those on the other side
(i.e. solar access should be
ensured) (Fig. 4)

Fig. 4

REF: http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch5.pdf

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General Recommendations
2. Orientation and planform
the buildings must be compact with small S/V ratios
(Fig. 5).
This is because the lesser the surface area, the lower is the
heat loss from the building.
Windows should preferably face south to encourage
direct gain.
The north side of the building should be well-insulated.
Living areas can be located on the southern side while
utility areas such as stores can be on the northern side.
Air-lock lobbies at the entrance and exit points of the
building reduce heat loss. The heat generated by
appliances in rooms such as kitchens may be recycled to
heat the other parts of the building.

Fig. 5

REF: http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch5.pdf

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General Recommendations
3.Building envelope
a)Roof
False ceilings are a regular roof feature of houses in cold
climates. One can also use internal insulation such as
polyurethane foam (PUF), thermocol, wood wool, etc.
An aluminium foil is generally used between the
insulation layer and the roof to reduce heat loss to the
exterior.
A sufficiently sloping roof enables quick drainage of rain
water and snow.
A solar air collector can be incorporated on the south
facing slope of the roof and hot air from it can be used for
space heating purposes. Skylights on the roofs admit heat
as well as light in winters (Fig. 6). The skylights can be
provided with shutters to avoid over heating in summers.

Fig. 6

REF: http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch5.pdf

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General Recommendations
b) Walls
Walls should be of low U-value to resist heat loss.
The south-facing walls (exposed to solar radiation) could be of high
thermal capacity (such as Trombe wall) to store day time heat for
later use.
The walls should also be insulated.
The insulation should have sufficient vapour barrier (such as two
coats of bitumen, 300 to 600 gauge polyethylene sheet or
aluminium foil) on the warm side to avoid condensation.
Hollow and lightweight concrete blocks are also quite suitable.
On the windward or north side, a cavity wall type of construction
may be adopted.
REF: http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch5.pdf

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General Recommendations
c) Fenestration
It is advisable to have the maximum window area on the southern
side of the building to facilitate direct heat gain.
They should be sealed and preferably double glazed.
Double glazing helps to avoid heat losses during winter nights.
Prevent condensation in the air space between the panes.
Movable shades should be provided to prevent overheating in
summers.
d) Colour and texture
The external surfaces of the walls should be dark in colour for high
absorptivity to facilitate heat gains.
REF: http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch5.pdf

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SAUNI VILLAGE, U.P.

Winters are prolonged and
summers are short in this
climate. There is also a fair
amount of precipitation- snow
or rain, often spread across
the year.
The traditional homes and villages of the sub - Himalayan region are
built on hill slopes that would receive a fair amount of sunshine.
REF: http://new-learn.info/packages/clear/thermal/climate/diversity/india/cold_cloudy.html

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SAUNI VILLAGE, U.P.

The lower floor is occupied by cattle and used for storage.
The upper floor which is away from cold and damp ground has the
living rooms.
The cooking area is a part of it, in order to benefit from the heat
generated by it.
Low timber ceiling provide insulation and conserve the warmth.
Windows face the sun.

REF: http://new-learn.info/packages/clear/thermal/climate/diversity/india/cold_cloudy.html

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COMFORT REQUIREMENTS AND PHYSICAL

MANIFESTATION

NOTE : COLD AND CLOUDY AS WELL AS COLD AND SUNNY

REF: http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch2.pdf

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THANK YOU

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