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soil nitrogen.
iv. CLIMATE : Climate is the most important single factor in the soil formation. the
amount of rainfall and range of temperature are the most important climatic factors
affecting soil formation.
v. RELIEF: Low relief areas generally experience deposition and have deep layer of
soil whereas the soils are generally shallow in the plateau areas.
vi) PARENT MATERIAL: Parent rock determines the composition of soil.
iii) Red soil is ideal for dry farming: Red soil is ideal for dry farming because it does
not require much moisture.
iv) The percentage of organic matter in desert soil is very low:- The percentage of
organic matter in desert soil is very low because of the dry climate and absence of
vegetation.
v) Red soil is less fertile:- Red soil is less fertile because it is deficient in
phosphorous, nitrogen, lime and humus.
j. Distinguish between Khaddar and Bhangar. (3)
Bhangar (old)
Khaddar (new)
It is non-porous, clayey soil
It is porous and loamy soil.
It is found higher up in the plains at river terraces away from rivers
It is found in the lower level in the plains near the rivers.
It is less fertile as compared to khaddar
It is more fertile compared to bhangar. This is due to deposition of new layers by
floods during monsoon
It belongs to old alluvium.
It belongs to new alluvium.
2. a. Read the feature of the soil carefully and identify the soil: (2)
i) It develops insitu as a result of leaching - Laterite soil
ii) It develops on crystalline igneous rocks. - Red soil
iii) It develops insitu from volcanic rocks. - Black soil
iv) It is a transported soil and is formed by river sediments. Alluvial soil
Mention any four human factors responsible for soil erosion. (2)
Deforestation, faulty methods of agriculture, urbanisation and industrialisation.
Name any two crops association with following soils: (3)
i. Alluvial soil - Rice and sugarcane, wheat
ii. Red soil - Rice and wheat
iii. Black soil - Cotton and sugarcane
iv. Desert - Barley and ragi
v. Laterite - coffee and tea
d. With reference to the type of soil only, state why:
i, Jowar is grown in Maharashtra. Jowar is grown in Maharshtra because of its
black soil.
ii. Bajra is grown in Rajasthan Bajra is grown in Rajasthan because of desert soil.
iii) Sugarcane is grown in Uttar Pradesh Sugarcane is grown in Uttar Pradesh
because of well drained alluvial soil.
e. Name four broad types of soils found in India. (2)
Red, black, alluvial and laterite soil.
f. Mention any three characteristics of the northern plains. (3)
* These are constituted by two large river basins i.e. the Indus river basin and the
Ganga-Brahmaputra
basin.
* These are very fertile plains.
* These plains support some of the highest population densities.
g. What is the importance of Northern plains for the Indian economy?
* The plain supports some of the highest population densities depending upon pur
i. Explain the formation of soil. Name three various forces of nature which contribute
to the evolution of soil. (3)
Soils are derived from parent rock material through the process of break up or wear
and tear.
Various forces of nature i) changing temperature, ii) running water, iii) wind
contribute to the evolution of soil.
j. State two main differences between alluvial soil and red soil.
Alluvial soil
Red soil
Most of the alluvial soil is derived from the sediments deposited by the rivers.
Most of the red soil has been formed due to weathering of ancient crystalline and
metamorphic rocks.
Alluvial soil is highly moisture retentive.
Red soil is not moisture retentive.
Alluvial soil is very fertile as it is rich in mineral nutrients like potash and lime.
It is less fertile as it is deficient in phosphorous, nitrogen, lime and humus.
k. Mention two ways by which soil can get nitrogen. (2)
Soil can get nitrogen by :
* By growing pulses as there are certain bacteria in the roots of pulses which have
the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to form nitrogen compounds.
* By applying NPK fertilizer or by adding manure, by crop rotation.
l. Which minerals are found in regur soil?
Iron, lime, potash, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are found in regur
soil.
m. Distinguish between Transported and in-situ soils:
Transported soils
In-situ soils
These soils are carried down by the natural agents like water and winds.
These soils are found where they are formed.
Example: Alluvial soil
Example: Black soil
n. Distinguish between soils of Northern Plains and Soils of the Deccan Plateau.
SOILS OF NORTHERN PLAINS
SOILS OF THE DECCAN PLATEAU
Soils of the Northern plains are alluvial soils.
Soils of the Deccan Plateau are Black soil or red soil.
They are very fertile, suitable for the cultivation of rice, wheat, sugar-cane, cotton,
jute, oil seeds, etc
They are also fertile, suitable for the cultivation of cotton, sugarcane, rice, tobacco,
etc
o.Distinguish between Inland alluvium and Coastal alluvium:
Inland Alluvium
Coastal Alluvium
Inland alluvial soils are found in the Indus river plains and the Ganga-Brahmaputra
river plains.
Coastal alluvial soils are found on the coastal regions of peninsular India.
They are found in Punjab, Haryana, U.P. , Bihar, West Bengal.
They are found in the Gujarat plains.
from the top layer of the soil only to deposit them in the lower layers, thereby making
the top soil infertile. Ans: leaching.
ii) TRANSPORTED SOILS: These are carried down by agents of gradation such as
rivers, and wind. Alluvial soil and Loess are the examples of transported soils. The
most important transported soil in India is alluvial soil. The states are West Bengal
and Bihar.
g. Name the soils found abundantly in the following regions:
i) Hills of Assam and Meghalaya Mountain Soil
ii) Coastra strip of Deccan Plateau Coastal alluvium\
iii) South-Western parts of Punjab Desert Soil
iv) Chhotanagpur Plateau Laterite Soil
v) Delta of Krishna - Deltaic alluvium
vi) Sunderbans of West Bengal Deltaic alluvium
f. Difference between Sheet erosion and wind erosion and sheet erosion and gully
erosion.
SHEET EROSION
WIND EROSION
It is caused by running water or heavy rain .
It is caused by wind..
It is found in hilly regions.
It is found in desert and dry regions.
Due to high speed of water, a layer of the soil on the surface is removed over a large
area.
Under this top fertile soil is blown away by high speed wind.
SHEET EROSION
GULLY EROSION
It is the first stage of water erosion.
It is the third stage of water erosion.
It is caused by running water or heavy rain in hill regions which lead to the removal
of a large area by running rainwater through steep slopes.
Gully erosion is caused due to running down of water in distinct path which results in
the removal of soil in the path.
Sheet erosion is also harmful since it removes fertile top soil of the land.
Gully erosion is harmful since it cut up agricultural land.
g. Man is largely responsible for soil erosion. How?
Soil erosion is the removal of soil by the forces of nature, particularly wind and water.
Soil erosion mainly takes place due to mans activities such as deforestation,
overgrazing of cattle, faulty methods of cultivation.
h. What is conservation of soil? Why is it necessary? (3)
It is an effort made by man to prevent soil erosion, or at least to reduce the rate of
soil erosion, to retain the fertility of the soil.
It is necessary because soil is our most important natural resource. It alone assures
prosperous agriculture.
i. Explain the following terms:
i) Soil Erosion. ii) Conservation of Soil iii. Soil Texture iv. Contour Ploughing v. slip
erosion vi. Strip cropping
SOIL EROSION: It is removal of topsoil by different agents of weathering such as
running water, wind, over
grazing and faulty methods of agriculture used by farmers.
CONSERVATION OF SOIL: Conservation of soil is an effort made by humans to
prevent soil erosion in order
to retain fertility of soil.
SOIL TEXTURE: soil texture refers to the size of particles in soil. The texture of soil
ay be gravel, sand, silt or clay.
CONTOUR PLOUGHING: It is a farming technique which is used in hilly areas to
prevent soil erosion. It involves ploughing along the outline of the fields in the
circular manner.
SLIP EROSION: During heavy rains, water filters into the soil until it is unable to
penetrate further by the underlying impervious rocks.
STRIP CROPPING:It is a farming technique in which different kinds of crops are
grown in alternate rows instead of leaving strips of land uncultivated.
j. What are the different types of soil erosion?
The types of soil erosion by different agencies are as follows:
Soil erosion by running water:
i) GULLY EROSION: This type of erosion is occurred due to heavy rainfall in hilly
regions and as a result deep gullies are formed on bare soils when water gushes
down.
ii) SHEET EROSION: This type of erosion takes place due to slow removal of a thin
layer of soil by running water on account of destruction of the vegetation.
iii) LEACHING: It occurs during the rainfall when the nutrients in the soil are washed
away.
iv) RILL EROSION: In this type of erosion finger like rills appear on the surface of the
land which are formed due to cutting of soil by flowing down of water.
v) STREAM BANK EROSION: It takes place on the banks of rivers and stream by
k. How does the soil of the Ganga-Yamuna plain differ from that of central
Maharashtra?
Soil found in Ganga-Yamuna plain is alluvial soil, whereas soil found near central
Maharashtra is black soil. Alluvial soil is transported soil. Black soil is formed in situ.
l. Define : Gully erosion ii) Sheet Erosion
GULLY EROSION: Gully erosion takes place when running water cuts deep ravines
in the absence of vegetation. This type of erosion makes soil unfit for cultivation.
SHEET EROSION: When top soil gets eroded from very large areas due to fast
flowing rivers or due to heavy monsoons, it is called sheet erosion..
Soil erosion by wind: Soil erosion by wind mainly occur in dry areas such as western
Rajasthan and Southern Punjab where strong wind blows away the loose sand in
the form of dust and as a result top soil is removed.
Soil erosion by Human activities:
Deforestation or indiscriminate cutting of the trees is one of the main reason of soil
erosion.
overgrazing of pastures by animals.
improper method of cultivation.
m. What are the causes of soil erosion in:
i) Shiwaliks or the Outer Himalayas: Destruction of vegetation is the main cause of
soil erosion in hilly areas because when vegetation is removed, the soil surface
becomes loose and is more easily removed by running water.Due to this , a large
amount of debris domes down the slopes of Shiwaliks and chokes up the rivers and
causes floods. Hence, land slides and land slips are very frequent.
ii) North-Eastern parts of India: Heavy rainfall which leads to frequent floods is
responsible for soil erosion in Assam, West Bengal and hilly regions of North-east.
iii) Arid regions of India: In deserts and dry regions like Rajasthan, Southern Punjab
and south-western areas of Haryana, where there is little or no vegetation, wind is
the most powerful agent of soil erosion, blowing away fine particles of sand
depositing them in other areas making both areas unproductive.
iv) Hilly areas of the South: In this region, steep slopes, heavy rainfall and
unscientific methods of cultivation are responsible for the soil erosion.
n. Name a part of India where:
a. Wind is the main agent of erosion - Rajasthan
b. Water is the main agent of erosion - Meghalaya
o. How is the migration of sand dunes from Thar desert checked?
By building shelter belts, the migration of sand dunes from Thar desert checked.
p. Name any four states which have been affected by gully erosion.
* Red soils are rich in iron contents , hence, they are red in colour.
* It is loamy in deep depressions and in uplands , it consists of loose gravel a
highly coarse material.
* It is deficient in lime, nitrogen, phosphorous and humus but fairly rich in potash.
* The productivity of the red soils increases with regular use of fertilizers.
* They are porous in nature but not retentive to moisture.
* They are suited for dry farming as it does not require much moisture.
b. Why are red soils not suitable for agriculture? or State two reasons for the low
productivity of red soil.
Red soils are not suitable for agriculture because these are not retentive of moisture
and are deficient in nitrogen, lime, phosphoric acid and humus. It is light in texture.
c. With reference to red soils in India,
i) Name two states where it found. ii. State two disadvantages of this soil.
It is found in Tamil Nadu/Karnataka, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Goa.
i. It is poor in humus, nitrogen, lime, phosphorus
ii. It is coarse, porous, crumbly and does not retain moisture . It needs irrigation
support for
cultivation as it is loose and aerated.
d. Red soil is red in colour. Give reason.
Red soil is red in colour due to the presence of iron oxides.
e. Give three reasons for the low fertility of Red soils.
# Red soils are less fertile as they lack nitrogenous, phosphorous and organic
matter.
# On uplands, they abound in loose gravels and are less fertile.
# Their coarse grains lack sustenances of fertility.
f. Where are Red soils found in India?
Red soils are found in the states of Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Goa, eastern part
of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, and on the Chhota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkand.
g. Mention some properties of Red soils.
* Red soils are formed in situ by weathering of the ancient crystalline and
metamorphic rocks.
* Red soils are rich in iron contents, hence, they are red in colour.
* The productivity of the red soils increases with regular use of fertilizers.
* These soils are deficient in nitrogen, lime, phosphoric acid and humus.
* They are rich in potash, porous, friable but not retentive of moisture.
* They are suited for dry farming as it does not require much moisture.
i. Name the state in India which mostly has red soil.
Tamilnadu and Karnataka
j. State two disadvantages of red soil.
* The soil lacks in nitrogen, organic and phosphoric acid contents and is less fertile.
* Red soils are porous in nature but not retentive to moisture.
k. Give three reasons for the low fertility of the Red soil.
* Red soils are less fertile as they lack nitrogenous, phosphorous and organic
matter.
* On uplands, they abound in loose gravels and are less fertile.
* Their coarse grains lack sustenance of fertility.
BLACK SOIL
6.a. Mention two characteristics of black soil. Why is this soil agriculturally
important?
# The black soils are made of extremely fine material.
# These soils are rich in nutrient.
# It develops cracks when dry which helps in aereation.
# It has a self-ploughing quality.
It is agriculturally important because it is rich in lime,iron and potash. Because of
high clay content, these soils expand when wet and become difficult to plough.
During the dry season, the black soils shrink and develop big cracks which help in
air circulation. The moisture-retentiveness makes them suitable for dry farming.
Black soil is also called regur soil or cotton soil. Cotton is the most important crop
grown in these soil. After alluvial soils it occupy largest areas in the country. It covers
16% area of the country.
b. Name an area of black soil in India. Mention two crops grown in this soil.(2)
Deccan Plateau is an area of black soil in India. Two crops grown in this soil are
cotton and sugarcane.
c. Black soils are called Black Cotton Soils. Why?
Black soils are called Black Cotton Soils because these soils are most suitable for
the cultivation of cotton.
d. How black soils or Black cotton soils or Regur soils are formed? Which minerals
are found in regur soil? Name the most important crop grown on it.
Black soils are formed in situ, that is , formed where they are found. These soils are
formed from solidification of basic lava spread over large areas of Deccan Plateau
during volcanic activity. Hence, these are formed by weathering of Deccan Trap.
Lime, iron, potash, alluminium, calcium and magnesium carbonate. It is deficient in
phosphorous, nitrogen and organic matter.
The most important crop grown on it is cotton.
e. Name the soil known for its self-ploughing quality and capacity to hold moisture.
Name one cash crop for which it is most suited?
Black soil. The cash crop that grows best is Cotton/sugarcane.
f. How is Regur soil formed? Mention four important properties of Regur Soil. Name
two states where Regur soils are found. Name two cash crops grown best on these
soils.
These soils have been formed due to the solidification of lava spread over large
i. Name a rock from which black soils are formed? Write on characteristic of this
soil? What is the advantage of clay contents in Black soils.(2)
Igneous rock. The soil has a great capacity to retain moisture.
Clay contents increase the capacity of black soils to retain moisture. During dry
period, they develop deep cracks which help in aeration or air circulation.
j) Name one crop & one mineral associated with B lack soil. Name two states in
India where this type of soil is found. Crop: Cotton, Mineral: Iron State : Maharashtra
and Madhya Pradesh
k. Name one soil of volcanic origin commonly found in India.
The black soils are of volcanic origin.
l. Mention an two advantages of the black soil. OR What is the advantage of clay
contents in black soils?
* The black soil has the ability to retain moisture which is due to its clay contents.
* During dry period, they develop deep cracks which help in aeration or air
circulation.
m. Name the soil which occupies largest area after alluvial soil.
Black soil or Regur soil.
n. What are the advantages and disadvantages of black soil or clayey soil?
ADVATAGES: * As it has the ability to retain moisture, so the moisture is released to
the plants during
dry spells
* During dry period, it develops deep cracks which help in aeration or air circulation..
DISADVANTAGES: Very difficult toplough when wet because it becomes sticky
when wet.
ALLUVIAL SOIL
7.a. How is alluvial soil formed? Why is this soil agriculturally important? (3)
Alluvial soil is formed by the deposit of silt brought down by rivers. This soil is
agriculturally important because it is very fertile.It is rich in potash, humus and lime
and soil is renewed every year by rivers.
b. What type of soil is widely distributed over the Gangetic Plain?
Alluvial soil is widely distributed over the Gangetic Plain.
c. Name the transported soil most widely found in India. State the two sub
cateogories into which it is generally divided. What are local names and which one
of them is superior to the other?
Transported soil most widely found in India is Alluvial soil.
Sub-categories Old alluvium/Bangar, New alluvium/Khadar.
Khadar is more superior to them, as the floods replenish it.
d. What are the differences between the alluvial soil found in the upper course of
rivers and that found in the lower courses?
In the upper course of the river, the soil particles are somewhat bigger in size and
are more coarse. Soil particles are large and not uniform. The soil in this region is
less fertile.
In the lower course of the river, the soil particles are fine and less coarse. Silt and
clay are found in abundance. the soil in this region is more fertile.
e. By what other name alluvial soil is known? Justify your answer.
Riverine; because it is mainly found in river basins.
f. How are the soils of Gangetic Plains formed?
Alluvial soil is formed by the deposit of silt brought down by the rivers Ganga and
Brahamaputra. This soil is agriculturally important because it is very fertile.It is rich in
potash, humus and lime and soil is renewed every year by rivers.
It is the process by which soluble substances such as organic and mineral salts are
washed out of the upper layer of soil into a lower layer by percolating rainwater
g. Name one Indian soil that has been formed by leaching. (1995)
Laterite soil.
h. Name the soil which is formed due to high temperatures and heavy rainfall with
alternating wet and dry periods. Name two states where this type of soil is found.
(1991)
Laterite soil. Found in the highland of Western Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Assam and Kerala.
i. With which type of soil is the term leaching associated? Name two regions in India
where this type of soil is found.
Ans: Leaching is associated with laterite soil.
TWO REGIONS: 1. Assam Hills 2) Hill summit of Eastern and Western Ghats
j. How laterite soils formed? Why is it acidic in nature? Give one difference between
laterite soil and regur soil.
Laterite soil is formed by weathering of rocks under monsoon climatic conditions.
It is acidic in nature because alkalis are leached out.
Laterite soil is of coarse texture while Regur soil is fine textured.
k. Give one difference between Laterite soil and Regur soil.
Laterite soil is of coarse texture while Regur soil is fine textured.
l. Mention two important characteristic of laterite soil. (2)
* Laterite soils are leached soils because alternating dry and wet spells cause the
soluble silica to be
removed.
* Laterite soils are acidic in nature, coarse and crumbly in texture.
* Due to lack of nitrogen, potassium and organic elements, laterite soils lack fertility.
* They are poor in most minerals.
* They are porous in nature.
* These soils support pastures and scrub forests.
* With the use of manure, coffee, rubber, cashew, etc., can be grown on these soils.
m. Why is laterite soil unsuitable for agriculture or less fertile? Name an area in India
where this soil is found. (2)
Laterite soil is unsuitable for agriculture due to its high content of acidity and inability
to retain
moisture.
It is poor in nitrogen, phosphorous, potash and lime.
It is formed as a result of leaching which r enders the topsoil infertile. The soil
becomes hard like a brick when it dries up.
n.Give two reasons responsible for low fertility in laterite soil. (2)
* It is formed due to leaching.
* It is poor in lime, phosphorous, nitrogen and potash which are fertile ingredients of
a rich soil.
o. Name the type of soil found on the summit of the Eastern Ghats. How is it
formed? (2)
Laterite soil. Laterite soil is formed by leaching.