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Airport Engineering
5. , 6. Lecture
26.. 10
26
10.. 2012
03.. 10
03
10.. 2012
Introduction to
Airport
p Engineering
g
g
Text Books
- Planning and Design of Airports
Airports, Third
Edition Authors
Authors:: Robert Horonjeff and Francis
X.
X Mckevey,
Mckevey McGraw
McGraw--Hill Book Company
Company.
- Civil Engineering Hand Book , Author
Author:: W. F
Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Introduction to
Airport
p Engineering
g
g
Guidelines & Regulations
Aerodromes, Annex 14 to the convention of
International Civil Aviation, International
Aviation Administration
Administration, Montreal
Montreal, Que
Que,
Canda. Second EditionEdition-July 1995
1995..
Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation,
Federal Aviation Administration. Washington,
D.C, Advisory Circular AC No.:
No.:150
150//53205320-6D
Airport Design, Federal Aviation
Administration. Washington, D.C, Advisory
Circular AC No
No.::150
No.:150
:150//5300
5300--13
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Introduction to
Airport
p Engineering
g
g
A i ti Organizations
O
i ti
Aviation
Aircraft Characteristics Related to
Airport Design
Airport Configuration
Runway System
Structural Design of Airport Pavements
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS
The Organizations directly involved in U.S.
U S and
international airair-carrier transportation and general
aviation activity have an important influence on
airport development as well as on aircraft
operations.
operations
These organizations can be classified into four
groups, namely,
international government agencies
agencies,, federal
agencies, state agencies and industry or trade
organizations
organizations.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS
ICAO
FEDERAL AGENCIES OF U.S. GOVERNMENT
CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD
CAB
FAA
AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS
STATE AGENCIES
The States are involved to varying degrees in the many
aspects of aviation, including financial assistance, flight
safety enforcement,
safety,
enforcement aviation education
education, airport
licensing, accident investigation, zoning, and
environmental
e
o e ta co
control
to
AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS
Airport
System
Terminal
Area
Aircraft Characteristics
Code Element 2
Code
Number
Runway Length
(m)
Code
Letter
Wing
Span (m)
< 15
Outer main
Gear Wheel
Span (m)
< 4.5
800 - <1200
1200
15 - < 24
4.5 - < 6
24 - < 36
6-<9
36 - < 52
9 - < 14
52 - < 60
9 - < 14
Aircraft Characteristics
The wingspan
ingspan and the ffuselage
selage length
influence the size of parking aprons, which in
turn influences the configuration of the
g
terminal buildings.
Size also dictates the widths of runway and
taxiways and the distances between these
y , and it affects the required
q
traffic ways,
turning radius on pavement curves.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Payload
Trip fuel
Fuel
reserve
Short
Range
66
24
Medium
Range
59
16
21
Long
Range
44
10
42
Range
Aircraft Characteristics
Ch
Characteristics
t i ti off Principal
P i i l Transport
T
t
Aircraft
Aircraft Characteristics
Ch
Characteristics
t i ti off Principal
P i i l Transport
T
t Aircraft
Ai
ft
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Aircraft Characteristics
Wh l C
Wheel
Configuration
fi
ti
Wheel Configuration
Example 1: BOEING 747
747--200
Wheel Configuration
Example 2: BOEING 757
757--200
Aircraft Characteristics
St ti W
Static
Weight
i ht on th
the Main
M i Gears
G
and
d the
th Nose
N
Gears
The distribution of the load between the main
gears and
d th
the nose gear depends
d
d on th
the ttype
of aircraft and the location of the center of
gravity of the aircraft.
For any gross weight
F
i ht there
th
is
i a maximum
i
aft
ft
and foreword center of Gravity to which the
aircraft can loaded for flight in order to
maintain Stability.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft Characteristics
St ti W
Static
Weight
i ht on th
the Main
M i Gears
G
and
d the
th Nose
N
Gears
The distribution of the weight between the
nose and main gears is not constant
constant.
For the design of pavements it is normally
assumed that 5 percent of the weight is
supported on the nose gear and the remainder
on the main gears.
Thus if there are two main gears, each gear
supports 47.5
47 5 % of the total weight
weight.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Aircraft Characteristics
St ti W
Static
Weight
i ht on th
the Main
M i Gears
G
and
d the
th Nose
N
Gears
For example
example, if the takeoff weight of an aircraft
is 300,000 lb, each main gear is assumed to
support 142,500
142 500 lb.
lb
If the main gear has four tires
tires, it is assumed
that each tire supports an equal fraction of the
weight on the gear
gear, in the example 35,625
35 625 lb.
lb
Aircraft Characteristics
M i Landing
Main
L di Gear
G
Dimensions
Di
i
Airport Configuration
Airport Configuration
Airport Configuration
The airport
Th
i
t can b
be
divided into two
principal elements:
The landing
Th
l di area
(runways and
taxiways)
Landing
Area
Terminal
Area
The terminal
Th
t
i l area
(apron, buildings,
car parking areas,
hangers, etc).
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Airport Configuration
Airport Configuration
I general,
In
l the
th runways and
d the
th connecting
ti
taxiways should be arranged so as to:
1- provide adequate separations in the air traffic
pattern.
pattern
2- cause the least interference and delay in the
landing, taxiing, and takeoff operations.
3 provide the shortest taxi distance possible from
3the terminal area to the ends of runways.
4- provide
4
id adequate
d
taxiways
i
so landing
l di aircraft
i
f
can leave the runway as quickly as possible to the
t
terminal
i l area
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway System
R
Runway
S
System
t
Structural
St
t
l Pavement
P
t
supports the aircraft with
respect to structural
load, maneuver ability,
control, stability and
other operational and
dimensional criteria
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
R
Runway
S
System
t
The Shoulder
Th
Sh ld adjacent
dj
to the end of the
structural pavement
resists jet blast erosion
and accommodates
maintenance and
emergency equipment.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
R
Runway
S
System
t
The blast pad is an area designed
to prevent erosion of the surfaces
adjacent to the end of the runways
which are subjected to repeated jet
blast The ICAO requires a 100 ft
blast.
(~30m) blast pad as a minimum
length It can reach 400 ft (120m)
length.
depending on the type of Aircrafts.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway System
The runway safety area is an area
which is cleared, drained. It includes
the structural pavement, shoulders and
blast pad. It must be capable of
supporting emergency and
maintenance equipment as well as
providing support for aircraft should be
veer off the pavement for one reason or
another. The minimum length of this
area required according to ICAO is 275
ft (~83m) beyond each end of the
runway. It can reach 1000 ft (300m)
depending on the type of Aircrafts
Aircrafts.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway Configuration
Many runway
configurations
g
exist.
Most
configurations
are
combinations
of several basic
configurations.
The basic
configurations
are:
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Runway Configuration
Single Runway
Runway
This is the simplest of the runway configurations
Hourly Capacity (in VFR conditions) =
50 100 operations
In ((IFR)) conditions = 50 70 operations
p
Runway Configuration
E
Examples
l for
f a Single
Si l Runway
R
Runway Configuration
Parallel Runways
Runway Configuration
E
Example
l for
f Parallel
P ll l Runways
R
Spacing = far (Staggered Threshold)
Runway Configuration
Intersecting Runways
Runway Configuration
E
Example
l ffor IIntersecting
t
ti Runways
R
Runway Configuration
Open--V Runways
Open
Airport Configuration
T i
Taxiways
Airport Configuration
Aprons
Aprons
Airport Configuration
Aprons
Aprons
Structural Design
g of Airport
p Pavements
CBR- Method of Design for Flexible
CBRAirport Pavement
Pavement Design Using Elastic Layer
y
Theory
FAA Design Procedure for Flexible
Airport Pavements
Load Classification Number ((LCN))
Procedure
ICAO-- (CAN/ PCN) Procedure
ICAO
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
St
D i P
d
Steps
off FAA -Design
Procedure
Obtain forecasts of annual departures by
aircraft type
Determine for each type the required
pavementt thi
thickness
using
k
i the
th appropriate
i t
design curve with the forecast number of
annual departures for the aircraft
Select the aircraft requiring the greatest
pavement thickness as the design aircraft
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
St
D i P
d
Steps
off FAA -Design
Procedure
Convert the annual departures of all
aircrafts to equivalent annual
departures of the design aircraft by
the following formula:
Log Req = log (Ri x Fi) x {Wi/W}0.5
St
Steps
off FAA -Design
D i P
Procedure
d
P
Pavement
t Thickness
Thi k
Requirements
R
i
t
Fi
Figures
62 16 62 22 are the
62.1662.22
th FAA design
d i charts
h t ffor
different aircraft types.
The charts have incorporated the effects of load
repetitions,
p
, landing
g gear
g
assembly
y configuration,
g
,
and the wandering (lateral distribution) effect of
aircraft movements.
With subgrade CBR, gross weight, and total
equivalent annual departures of design aircraft as
input, the total pavement thickness required can be
read from the appropriate chart
chart.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement Design
and Evaluation.
Advisoryy Circular
AC No. 150/53206C. With
permission.)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement Design
and Evaluation.
Advisoryy Circular
AC No. 150/53206C. With
permission.)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement Design
and Evaluation.
Advisoryy Circular
AC No. 150/53206C. With
permission.)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement Design
and Evaluation.
Advisory Circular AC
No. 150/5320-6C.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement Design
and Evaluation.
Advisory Circular
AC No
No. 150/5320150/5320
6C..
Pavement Design
and Evaluation.
Advisory Circular
AC No. 150/53206C.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement Design
and Evaluation.
Advisory Circular
AC No. 150/53206C.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
P
Pavement
t Thickness
Thi k
Requirements
R
i
t
Each design chart also indicates the required thickness
of bituminous (asphalt) surface course.
The minimum base course thickness is obtained from
Fig. 62.23.
The FAA requires stabilized base and subbase courses
to be used to accommodate jet aircraft weighing 100,000
100 000
lb or more.
These stabilized courses may be substituted for granular
courses using the equivalency
factors in Table 62.13.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Airport Pavement
Design and
Evaluation.
Advisoryy Circular
AC No. 150/53206C, p. 53. With
permission.)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
St
Steps
off FAA -Design
D i P
Procedure
d
The FAA suggests that the full design thickness T be
used at critical areas where departing traffic will be
using the pavement, 0.9T be used at areas receiving
arriving traffic such as high-speed turnoffs
turnoffs, and 0.7
0 7T
be used where traffic is unlikely.
Th
These
reductions
d ti
in
i thickness
thi k
are applied
li d tto b
base
and subbase courses.
Figure 62.24 shows a typical cross section for
runwayy p
pavements.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
St
Steps
off FAA -Design
D i P
Procedure
d
For pavements receiving high traffic volumes and
exceeding 25,000 departures per annum, the FAA
requires that the bituminous surfacing be
increased by 1 in. (3 cm) and the total pavement
thickness be increased as follows: 104, 108, 110,
and 112% of design thickness (based on 25,000
annual departures) for annual departures of
50,000, 100,000, 150,000, and 200,000,
respectively.
Landing
Gear Type
Av. Annual
Departure
Max. Take
off Weight
W i ht
Kips
B 727727-100
Dual
4500
160
B 727
727--200
Dual
9900
190..5
190
B 707707-320
320B
B
327
DC - 9 -30
Dual
5500
108
B 747
747--100
700
CBR = 10%
Base Course
CBR = 80%
Sub Base
CBR = 30 %
Max.
Total
Landing
Av
Av.
Take of Pavement
Gear
Annual
Weight thickness
Type
Departure
kips
in (cm)
Dual
4500
160
19 (48
48))
Dual
9900
190..5
190
28..5 (72
28
72))
B 707
707--320
320B
B Dual
D lT
Tan 3200
327
26 (66
66))
DC - 9 -30
Dual
108
19 (48
48))
B 747747-100
Dual DT Prof.1200
700
Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
27 (69
69))
5500
Dual Tan
(Fi =1.7)
D l (Fi
Dual
= 1)
3200
327
Wi =38
38..83
5500
108
Wi =25
25..65
1200
700
Wi =41
41..25
Equivalent
Dual Wheel
Gear Depart.
Ri x Fi
B 727
727--100
4500 x 1=4500
B 727
727--200
9900 x 1=9900
Single
Wheel
Load (W
( W i)
(kips)
Wi = 38
W = 45.
45.24
3200 x 1.7=5440
Wi =38
38..83
2890
DC - 9 -30
5500 x 1=5500
Wi =25
25..65
655
B 747
747--100
1200 x 1.7=2040
Wi =41
41..25
871
16536
B 707
707-320B
320
B
SUM
27380
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Equivalent
Annual Depart.
By Design
Aircraft Req
2220
9900
Pavement Design
and Evaluation.
Advisoryy Circular
AC No. 150/53206C. With
permission.)
Pavement Thickness
~ 30 inch = 76 cm
Pavement Design
and Evaluation.
Advisoryy Circular
AC No. 150/53206C. With
permission.)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
PavementBase
Design
= 13.5
13 5 8 =
5.5 in. ~ 14 cm
and Evaluation
Advisoryy Circular
AC No. 150/53206C. With
permission.)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Minimum Base
Thickness = 15 inch
38 cm
Airport Pavement
Design and
Evaluation.
Advisoryy Circular
AC No. 150/53206C, p. 53. With
permission.)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement:
Asphalt Layers
= 8 in
~ 20 cm
Base Course
= 15 in
~ 38 cm
= 39.5 in ~ 100 cm
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia