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Some verbs change their spelling when s is added in the third person singular.
a.
Verbs
ending
in
The English letters a, e, i, o and u are generally referred to as vowels. The other English letters
are generally referred to as consonants.
When a verb ends in y immediately preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to ie before the
ending s is added. In each of the following examples, the consonant immediately preceding the
final y is underlined.
Bare Infinitive
study
studies
fly
flies
carry
carries
However, when a verb ends in y immediately preceded by a vowel, the y is not changed before
the ending s is added. In each of the following examples, the vowel immediately preceding the
final y is underlined.
Bare Infinitive
say
says
enjoy
enjoys
buy
buys
b.
Verbs
ending
in
When a verb ends in o, the letter e is added before the s ending. For example:
Bare Infinitive
do
does
echo
echoes
go
goes
c.
Verbs
ending
in
ch,
s,
sh,
or
When a verb ends in a sibilant sound such as ch, s, sh, x or z, the letter e is added before
the s ending. For example:
Bare Infinitive
pass
passes
push
pushes
watch
watches
fix
fixes
buzz
buzzes
Infinitive
ING form
to feel
feeling
to go
going
to work
working
to sleep
sleeping
Spelling exceptions
The following exceptions exist when spelling words ending in ING:
1). If the verb ends in an E we remove the E and add ING.
Infinitive
ING form
to live
living
to have
having
to make
making
to take
taking
People are living longer now than they were 100 years ago.
2). If the verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant and
add ING.
Infinitive
ING form
to stop
stopping
to sit
sitting
to plan
planning
to get
getting
to swim
swimming
3). If a two-syllable verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we do not double the final
consonant when the stress is on the first syllable.
Infinitive
ING form
to happen
happening
to enter
entering
to offer
offering
to suffer
suffering
What is happening?
4). But, we do not double the final consonant when the verb ends in W, X or Y or when the final
syllable is not emphasized.
Infinitive
ING form
to fix
fixing
to enjoy
enjoying
to snow
snowing
Infinitive
ING form
to lie
lying
to die
dying
to tie
tying
6). If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + L, we normally double the final L and add ING.
Note: In the United States (US) they do not double the L when the accent is on the first
syllable.
ING form
ING form
(UK)
(US)
to travel
travelling
traveling
to marvel
marvelling
marveling
Infinitive
7). If the verb ends in a stressed vowel + R, we double the final R and add ING.
Infinitive
ING form
refer
referring
defer
deferring
8). If the verb ends in an unstressed vowel + R, we do not double the final R and add ING.
Infinitive
ING form
to offer
offering
to suffer
suffering
to whisper
whispering
Infinitive
ED form
to play
played
to wait
waited
to work
worked
to rain
rained
Spelling Exceptions
The following exceptions exist when spelling words ending in ED:
1). If a word ends in an E we just add the D to the end.
Infinitive
ED form
to live
lived
to love
loved
to smile
smiled
to dance
danced
2). If the word ends in a Consonant + Vowel + Consonant, we double the final consonant and
add ED.
Infinitive
ED form
to stop
stopped
to admit
admitted
to plan
planned
to refer
referred
to commit
committed
I referred the students to the website where they could practice some more.
3). If a two-syllable verb ends in a Consonant + Vowel + Consonant, we DO NOT double the
final consonant when the stress is on the FIRST syllable.
Infinitive
ED form
to happen
happened
to enter
entered
to offer
offered
to suffer
suffered
What happened?
4). BUT, we DO NOT double the final consonant when the word ends in W, X or Y or when the
final syllable is not stressed.
Infinitive
ED form
to fix
fixed
to enjoy
enjoyed
to snow
snowed
It snowed yesterday.
5). If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + L, we normally double the final L and add ED.
Note: In the United States (US) they DO NOT double the L when the accent is on the first
syllable.
ED form
ED form
(UK)
(US)
to travel
travelled
traveled
to marvel
marveled
marveled
Infinitive