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CHAPTER
Third Edition
LRFD Method
ANALYSIS OF TENSION
MEMBERS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
3b
FALL 2002
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Slide No. 2
(a)
(c)
(b)
B
A
C
E
Slide No. 3
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Slide No. 4
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Slide No. 5
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Controlling Section
In order to determine the controlling
section, both paths ABE and ABCD must
be investigated .
Accurate checking of strength along path
ABCD is very complex.
However, a simplified empirical relationship
has been proposed by Cochrane and
adopted by in the AISC LRFD Manual.
Slide No. 6
LRFD Specification
The LRFD Specification and other
specifications use a very simple method for
computing the net width of a tension
member along a zigzag section.
The method is to take the gross width of
the member regardless of the line along
which failure might occur, subtract the
diameter of the holes along the zigzag
section, and for each individual line the
quantity given by s2/4g.
Slide No. 7
LRFD Specification
In determining the critical section among
various paths, the one that gives the least
value after subtracting the holes, and the
quantity
2
s
4g
(1)
Slide No. 8
C
E
s2
4g
s2
Net length of ABCD = length of ABCD 2(diameter of hole) +
4g
Note: for standard bolts, add 1/8 in. to hole diameter,
Slide No. 9
Example 1
Determine the critical net area of the -in
plate shown using the LRFD Specification.
The holes are punched for -in bolts.
A
1
2 in
3 in
11 in
3 in
1
2 in
E
D
3 in
Slide No. 10
A
1
2 in
2
Example 1 (contd)
3 in
11 in
3 in
1
2 in
2
3 in
Slide No. 11
Example 1 (contd)
1
2 in
3i
3i
1
2 in
3i
s2
1
net length of ABCEF = length of ABCEF 3(hole dia. + in) +
8
4g
3 1 (3)
= 9.125 in (controls)
net length of ABCEF = 11 3 + +
4 8 4(3)
2
Slide No. 12
1
2 in
2
Example 1 (contd)
3 in
11 in
3 in
1
2 in
2
3 in
s2
1
net length of ABEF = length of ABEF 2(hole dia. + in) +
8
4g
3 1 (3)
= 9.625 in
net length of ABEF = 11 2 + +
4 8 4(6)
2
Therefore,
1
The neat area An = 9.125 = 4.56 in 2
2
Slide No. 13
Example 2
Determine the minimum net area of the plate
shown assuming 15/16-in diameter holes,
and the holes are punched for nonstandard
1
7
1
2 in 1 in
bolts (i.e., add 1/16 in).
PL 12 in
8
8
4
A
1
2 in
B
1
2 in
12 in
4 in
3 in
Slide No. 14
A
B
1
2 in
2
Example 2 (contd)
1
2 in
8
1
2 in
2
12 in
7
1 in
8
4 in
3 in
1
7
2 in and 1 in,
s= 8
8 and g = 2.5 in, and 4 in
1
in)
16
15 1
net length of ABCD = 12 2 + = 10.00 in
16 16
Slide No. 15
Example 2 (contd)
1
7
2 = 2.125 in, and 1 = 1.875 in
8
8
A
B
1
2 in
1
2 in
8
7
1 in
8
1
2 in
3i
2
s2
1
in) +
16
i =1 4 g
15 1 (2.125) (2.125)
+
net length of ABECD = 12 3 + +
4(4 )
16 16 4(2.5)
2
= 9.734 in
Slide No. 16
Example 2 (contd)
A
B
1
2 in
2
1
2 in
2
12 in
1
2 in
8
7
1 in
8
4 in
3 in
2
s2
1
in) +
16
i =1 4 g
15 1 (2.125) (1.875)
+
= 9.671 in
net length of ABEFG = 12 3 + +
4(4)
16 16 4(2.5)
controls
Therefore,
2
1
The neat area An = 9.671 = 2.42 in 2
4
Slide No. 17
Example 3
For the two lines of bolt holes shown,
determine the pitch s that will give a net
area DEFG equal to the one along ABC.
D
2 in
E
6 in
2 in
2 in
G
s
Slide No. 18
Example 3 (contd)
2 in
E
6 in
2 in
2 in
G
s
3 1
net length of ABC = 6 (1) + = 5.125 in
4 8
2
s2
3 1 s
= 4.25 +
net length of DEFG = 6 (2 ) + +
8
4 8 4(2 )
Requirement : net length of ABC = net length of DEFG
5.125 = 4.25 +
s2
8
s = 2.65 in.
Slide No. 19
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
10
Slide No. 20
8
4 1/2
3
3
7
4
2 1/2
3
6
3 1/2
2 1/4
2 1/2
5
3
2
1 3/4
4
2 1/2
3 1/2
2
3
1 3/4
2 1/2
1 3/8
2
1 1/8
1 3/4
1
1 1/2
7/8
1 3/8
7/8
1 1/4
3/4
1
5/8
g
g1
g2
Slide No. 21
t
t
g = g a + gb = g a + gb t
2
2
(2)
11
Slide No. 22
CL
t A
ga
t
2
CL
t
2
gb
Slide No. 23
Example 4
Determine the net area An for the angle
given in the figure if 15/16-in diameter
holes for nonstandard bolts (i.e., add 1/16
AISC Manual
in.) are used.
1
L6 4
(A = 4.72 in2)
1
2
1
2
4
1
2
12
Slide No. 24
Example 4 (contd)
s2
t
4g
Governs
Slide No. 25
Q
6 leg
1
2
1
4
C
D
3
4 leg
13
Slide No. 26
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 4 (contd)
Using Eq. 2:
1
1 1
1
g = g + g1 t = 2 + 2 = 4 in,
2
4 2
4
Path ABECD:
2
(3)2 1 = 3.94 in 2
15 1 1 (3)
4.72 3 + +
+
16 16 2 4(2.5) 4(4.25) 2
Slide No. 27
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
14
Slide No. 28
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Slide No. 29
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Ae = UAn
(3)
Where
U = reduction coefficient
An = net area
15
Slide No. 30
Slide No. 31
U = 1
x
L
0.9
(4)
Where
x = distance from centroid of element being
connected eccentrically to plane of load transfer
L = length between first and last bolts in line.
16
Slide No. 32
Slide No. 33
C.G. angle
x
C.G. angle
17