Department of Electrical Engineering

EE216: Computer Aided Design &

Simulations
BEE-1ABC
Course Instructor: M. Ali

Lab-2: BASIC OP-AMP CIRCUITS

Integrators and Differentiators
Name

Reg. no.

Report
Marks / 3

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Lab
Completio
n/3

Viva
Marks /
4

Total/10

Objectives
The purpose of the lab is to study some of the Op amp configurations
commonly found in practical applications and also investigate the nonidealities of the Op amp like finite Gain Bandwidth product and Slew rate
limitations. The circuits studied will include an integrator and differentiator.

Introduction
This laboratory deals with several amplifier circuits. Each of the circuits in the
lab requires some thinking to understand how the circuit works and its
practical limitations.

1. Integrator
The circuit in Fig. 1 is the so-called lossless inverting integrator. As the name
suggests, the circuit generates an output signal that corresponds to the
integral of the input signal over time. The circuit can be analyzed using the
standard Op-amp analysis techniques mentioned in class.

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Fig 1. Inverting integrator circuit

In the frequency domain, the output voltage is described as:

It can be seen that the output is directly proportional to the integral (1/s
term) of the input signal and a steadily changing output voltage is produced
for a constant amplitude sinusoidal input voltage. Notice that the DC gain
(s=0) at the output is theoretically infinite; hence any small DC signal at the
input will saturate the Op amp output over time. In a real integrator circuit, a
large resistor in parallel with the capacitor is required to prevent the
capacitor from storing charge due to offset currents and voltages at the
input. This configuration is known as lossy integrator or a first order
lowpass circuit, which is shown in Fig. 2.

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The output voltage is now given by the following expression:

The DC gain is now finite and determined by the ratio of the two resistors.

2. Differentiator
As the counterpart of the integrator, the differentiator differentiates the input
signal. This configuration is shown in Fig. 3.

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Using the typical linear circuit analysis techniques, the output can be
obtained as:

The output is proportional to the derivative (s term) thus the output voltage
increases monotonically as the frequency increases. Fig. 4 shows the circuit
configuration for a commonly used pseudo-differentiator or high pass filter.

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The output voltage in this case is found as:

Usually the integrators handle signals better than differentiators since

important signals for the integrators are located at low-frequencies while
differentiators process the high frequency signals. However, due to the
limited high frequency capabilities of the devices it is hard to process
properly the high frequency signals. In most of the practical systems,
integrators are used instead of differentiators.

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Problem Statement 1:
Lets suppose we have to implement the following mathematical equation on
hardware:
Y=

1
0.1 s
x
t
( 1+ 0.0001
s
1+0.01 s )

Where t is the input and y is the output of the circuit.

Solution:
We can write the above equation as:
Y
1
0.1 s
=
x
t
1+0.0001 s
1+0.01 s

Now we will split the above equation in two parts i.e.

Y Y t1
= x
t t1 t
Where
Y
1
=
t 1 1+0.0001 s
Y=

1
t 1(1)
1+0.0001 s

And

t 1 0.1 s
=
t 1+0.01 s
t 1=

0.1
t(2)
1+0.01 s

1. First we have to implement Eq. No. 2 which is :

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t 1=

0.1
t
1+0.01 s

We will compare this expression with the basic expression of pseudodifferentiator which is:

We get,

R2
=10
R1
R 1 x C=0.01
We will take R2=10k, then R1=1k and C=10uF

2. Secondly we have to implement Eq. No. 1 which is:

1
Y=
t1
1+0.0001 s
We will compare this expression with the basic expression of a lossy
integrator which is:

we get,
R2
=1
R1

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R 2 x C=0.0001
We will take R2=1K, then R1=1k and C= 0.1uF

Task1. Implement two stage amplifier in PSPICE whose first stage is

differentiator followed by an integrator with the values of res and cap defined
above. You should implement something like this:

Now we are interested in the frequency response of this circuit so select AC

sweep analysis from simulation profile and set the frequency of your input
signal t from 1 to 100k with 50 points/decade. Place the dB Voltage marker
at the output and then simulate the circuit. see the frequency response of
your amplifier. By looking at the frequency response, tell whether this
amplifier is low pass, high pass, band pass or band stop?
Task2. Implement the same circuit on hardware and show the results to your
TAs.

Lab Task

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Design and Implement a filter which passes all frequencies except

frequencies between 100k Hz to 300k Hz. You will have to follow the same
design procedure as stated above. You will have to use one integrator and
one differentiator. You can use any values of resistors and capacitors
available in the Lab.

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