STAT 410

Hypotheses Testing for the Population Mean

Null

Alternative

H0 : 0

vs.

H1 : < 0

Left - tailed.

H0 : 0

vs.

H1 : > 0

Right - tailed.

H0 : = 0

vs.

H1 : 0

Two - tailed.

H 0 true

H 0 false

Type II Error

Type I Error

Accept H 0

( Do NOT Reject H 0 )
Reject H 0

= significance level = P ( Type I Error ) = P ( Reject H 0 | H 0 is true )

= P ( Type II Error ) = P ( Do Not Reject H 0 | H 0 is NOT true )
Power = 1 P ( Type II Error ) = P ( Reject H 0 | H 0 is NOT true )

Test Statistic:

Z=

X 0

OR

T=

X 0

OR

The P-value ( observed level of significance ) is the probability, computed assuming

that H 0 is true, of obtaining a value of the test statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than,
the observed value.
(The smaller the p-value is, the stronger is evidence against H 0 provided by the data.)

P-value >
P-value <

Do Not Reject H 0 (Accept H 0).

Reject H 0.

Computing P-value.
H0 : 0

H0 : 0

H0 : = 0

H1 : < 0

H1 : > 0

H1 : 0

Left - tailed.

Right - tailed.

Two - tailed.

Area to the left of the

observed test statistic

Area to the right of the

observed test statistic

2 area of the tail

H0 : 0

H0 : 0

H0 : = 0

H1 : < 0

H1 : > 0

H1 : 0

Left - tailed.

Right - tailed.

Two - tailed.

Rejection Region:

Reject H 0 if

Z < z

Reject H 0 if

Z > z

Reject H 0 if

Z < z
/2
or

Z > z
/2

Reject H 0 if

x < 0 z
n

Reject H 0 if

x > 0 + z
n

Reject H 0 if

x < 0 z
/2

or

x > 0 + z
/2

Hypotheses Testing for the Population Standard Deviation

Null

Alternative

H0 : 0

vs.

H1 : < 0

H 0 : 2 02

vs.

H 1 : 2 < 02

H0 : 0

vs.

H1 : > 0

H 0 : 2 02

vs.

H 1 : 2 > 02

H0 : = 0

vs.

H1 : 0

H 0 : 2 = 02

vs.

H 1 : 2 02

Test Statistic:
Rejection Region:
H0 : 0

vs.

Ha : < 0

H 0 : 2 02

vs.

H a : 2 < 02

Left tailed.

H0 : 0

vs.

Ha : > 0

H 0 : 2 02

vs.

H a : 2 > 02

Right tailed.

H0 : = 0

vs.

Ha : 0

H 0 : 2 = 02

vs.

H a : 2 02

Two tailed.

n 1 degrees of freedom

( n 1 ) s2
02

Left tailed.

Right tailed.

Two tailed.

1.

A coffee machine is regulated so that the amount of coffee dispensed is normally

distributed. A random sample of 17 cups had an average of 7.91 ounces per cup and
a sample standard deviation of 0.175 ounces.

a)

The coffee machine manufacturer claims that the overall average amount of coffee
dispensed is at least 8 ounces. Find the P-value of the appropriate test.
Claim : 8.

H0 : 8

vs.

H a : < 8.

Left - tail.

s = 0.175.

X = 7.91.

n = 17.

is unknown.
T=

Test Statistic:

X 0

7.91 8
= 2.12.
0.175
17

P-value = left tail.

n 1 = 16 degrees of freedom.
Area to the right of 2.120
is 0.025.
P-value = Area to the left
of T = 2.12
= 0.025.
b)

State your decision ( Accept H 0 or Reject H 0 ) for the significance level = 0.07.
P-value >

Accept H 0

P-value <

Since 0.025 < 0.07, Reject H 0 at = 0.07.

c)

( Type I Error, Type II Error, a correct decision ) was made in part (b).
Do NOT know

Do NOT know if H 0 is true or not.

Cannot determine if our decision was correct or not.

Reject H 0

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d)

Suppose that the true overall average amount of coffee dispensed is 7.9 ounces.
Then ( Type I Error, Type II Error, a correct decision ) was made in part (b).

= 7.9 makes H 0 : 8 false. In part (b), H 0 was rejected.

H 0 true

H 0 false

Accept H 0

Type II Error

Reject H 0

Type I Error

Therefore, a correct decision was made.

e)

Suppose that the true overall average amount of coffee dispensed is 8 ounces.
Then ( Type I Error, Type II Error, a correct decision ) was made in part (b).

= 8 makes H 0 : 8 true. In part (b), H 0 was rejected.

Therefore, a Type I Error was made.

f)

Find the rejection region with the significance level = 0.05.

Rejection Region:

T=

X 0

< t ( n 1 ).

T=

X 8

< t 0.05 ( 16 ).

17

T=

X 8

< 1.746.

17

g)

Construct a 90% confidence interval for the overall average amount of coffee
dispensed by the machine.
X = 7.91.

s = 0.175.

n = 17.

= 0.10.

is unknown.

The confidence interval :

7.91 1.746

0.175

7.91 0.074

17

( 7.836 , 7.984 )

Construct a 90% confidence upper bound for .

X + t

The confidence upper bound :

s
.
n

number of degrees of freedom = n 1 = 17 1 = 16.

= 0.10.

7.91 + 1.337

t = 1.337.

i)

s
.
n

number of degrees of freedom = n 1 = 17 1 = 16.

2 = 0.05.

t = 1.746.

h)

X t

0.175

7.91 + 0.057

17

( 0 , 7.967 )

If the overall standard deviation of the amounts dispensed exceeds 0.15, the machine
needs some adjusting. Perform the appropriate test at a 10% significance level.
Claim : > 0.15.

H 0 : 0.15

vs.

H a : > 0.15.
(n 1) s 2

Test Statistic:

2=

Rejection Region:

2 > 2

02

number of degrees of freedom

n 1 = 17 1 = 16.
02.10 = 23.5418.
The value of the test statistic is

not in the Rejection Region.

Do NOT reject H 0 at = 0.10

( Accept H 0 at = 0.10 ).
( P-value 0.1505 )

Right - tail.

(17 1) 0.175 2
0.15 2

= 21.7778.

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j)

Suppose that the overall variance of the amounts dispensed is 0.03 ounces 2. Then in
part (i), a ( Type I Error, Type II Error, a correct decision ) was made.

2 = 0.03.

Given :

0.03 0.1732.

0.1732 makes H 0 : 0.15 false. In part (i), H 0 was not rejected.

H 0 true

H 0 false

Accept H 0

Type II Error

Reject H 0

Type I Error

Therefore, a Type II Error was made.

k)

Construct a 95% confidence interval for the overall standard deviation of the
amounts of coffee dispensed by the machine.

s = 0.175.

n = 17.

The confidence interval :

95% confidence level

( n 1 ) s

= 0.05

( n 1 ) s
2
1

2 = 0.025.

n 1 = 16 degrees of freedom.
2 = 20.975 = 6.908.

2 = 20.025 = 28.84.

( 17 1 ) 0.175 2 , ( 17 1 ) 0.175 2
28.84

6.908

( 0.1303 , 0.2663 )

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l)

Construct a 95% confidence lower bound for .

s = 0.175.

n = 17.

The confidence lower bound :

( n 1 ) s 2 , .

= 0.05.

95% confidence level

n 1 = 16 degrees of freedom.
2 = 20.05 = 26.30.

( 17 1 ) 0.175 2 ,

26.30

( 0.1365 , )

2.

The overall standard deviation of the diameters of the ball bearings is = 0.005 mm.
The overall mean diameter of the ball bearings must be 4.300 mm. A sample of 81 ball
bearings had a sample mean diameter of 4.299 mm. Is there a reason to believe that the
actual overall mean diameter of the ball bearings is not 4.300 mm?

a)

Perform the appropriate test using a 10% level of significance.

Claim:

4.300

H 0 : = 4.300

vs.

Test Statistic:

Z=

X 0

is known

4.299 4.300
= 1.80.
0.005
81

Rejection Region:

2 tailed.

Reject H 0 if Z < z
= 0.10

H 1 : 4.300

/2

= 0.05.

or Z > z

/2

z 0.05 = 1.645.

Reject H 0 if Z < 1.645 or Z > 1.645.

Decision:
The value of the test statistic does fall into the Rejection Region.

Reject H 0 at = 0.10.
OR

P-value:
p-value = P( Z 1.80 ) + P( Z 1.80 ) = 0.0359 + 0.0359 = 0.0718.

Decision:
P-value < .

0.0718 < 0.10.

Reject H 0 at = 0.10.
OR

Confidence Interval:
is known.

The confidence interval : X z

4.299 1.645

= 0.10

90% conf. level.

0.005

2 = 0.05.

z 0.05 = 1.645.

4.299 0.0009138889

81

Decision:
90% confidence interval for does not cover 4.300.

Reject H 0 at = 0.10.

b)

Two-tailed test

same

Confidence Interval

Accept H 0

Covers 0

Reject H 0

Does not cover 0

State your decision (Accept H 0 or Reject H 0 ) for the significance level = 0.05.
0.0718 > 0.05.

P-value > .

Do NOT Reject H 0 ( Accept H 0 ) at = 0.05.

.
n