Term Research Paper

On
Sociological reasons of tuition culture in residents of of Sarfraz Rafique/Zarrar
Shaeed road Lahore cantonment

Submitted to:
Prof. Dr. Masaud Aslam Mian

Submitted by:
Tafzil Hussain
Institute of Administrative Sciences
University of the Punjab

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise and Glory be to AllahThe Almighty the Most Beneficent and Merciful. It
is Allahs Benevolence who gave the researcher courage, fortitude, perseverance and

devotion to complete this uphill task. We shudder to think that how we would have
completed this thesis without Dr. Masaud Aslam Mian invaluable guidance.
Researches are profoundly obliged to LT Col Tajamal Hussain Retd and
Lt Col Karamat Ullah Bajwa who helped us in getting the data from the residential
area of Lahore Cantonment.
The researchers would like to dedicate the research project to the young
Generation of Pakistan who are our future.

ABSTRACT
This study was done to find out the sociological reasons of tuition culture that
is now prevalent in our society. The researchers had three main objectives in mind
before starting this study.
The universe comprised of the parents of children who study in class 9th or 10the
and they also take tuition. A sample of 50 respondents was selected and self
administered questionnaires got filled.
After data collection and analysis it was noticed that the findings of the study
supported the main objectives. The findings highlighted the fact that the major factor
behind taking tuition is not only the aspirations of the parents to accelerate the
educational performance of the their children but it is also a cultural phenomenon i.e.
Status symbol, parents busy schedule, parents inability to teach their own child etc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION
The Over View
Historical Background.
Education in Pakistan of 21St Century
Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study

15
1-4
4
4-5
5
5
5

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
General
Conceptualization And Operationlization

6-8
6-7
7

3. METHODOLOGY
Universe
Sampling
Tool for Data Collection

9
9
9
9

4. RESULTS OF RESEARCH
General Findings Of The Study
Summary

10-20
10-18
19-20

5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

Conclusion
Suggestions

21-22
21
22

6. REFERENCES

23-24

7. APPENDIX
Questionnaire

25-28
25-28

THE SOCIOLOGICAL REASONS OF TUITION

CULTURE IN RESIDENTS OF SARFRAZ
RAFIQUE/ZARRAR SHAEED ROAD LAHORE
CANTONMENT
1- INTRODUCTION
1.1.

THE OVER VIEW

1.1.1 Education and knowledge have always been the pivot around
which all activities of any society revolve. The education remained
extremely expensive, purely a family affair, totally an individual
responsibility and mostly domain of elites till 17 th century. However it
got institutionalized with the acceleration in

pace of industrial

revolution. Schools, colleges and universities, gradually made it

affordable to the common people of society.
1.1.2

Education is one of the major social institutions for transmitting knowledge,

skills, cultural norms and values to its members. Education in these industrial societies
is largely a matter of schooling. By schooling we mean formal institution under the
direction of specially trained teacher. Different schools of thought have different views
on the role which this institution plays e.g. according to the structural functional
perspective, the function of education is socialization, cultural innovation, social
integration and planning people in the social hierarchy. They also emphasize that the

latent functions performed by institution of education is child care and building of

social networks. The extent of schooling in any society is closely linked to the level of
its economic development and the local culture.
1.1.3. The concept of education has been defined in various ways. Sometimes it
signified the basic skills in certain professions and occupations, some times it is referred
to as the knowledge of the religion of the society and sometimes, it is called learning
behavior patterns of the culture in which a particular member is expected to participate.
The key players in this game are society, institutions, teachers students and parents.
Education is concerned with teaching the members of the
society how they are expected to behave in a variety of
selected situations.
(Wilber B. Brookover 1995, p.3)

Student is a person who independently carries on a

systematic study or a detailed observation of a subject.
(Webster 1967, p.2268)
Teacher is one, who teaches or whose profession or
occupation is teaching, a tutor, an instruction.
(Webster 1967, p.1007)

The teacher trains the minds, assists in the learning the manners and
shapes the morals of the members of the community at their most

impressive age, helps to form first impressions of good and bad social
and antisocial, beautiful and ugly.
(Siyedian, 1957, p.97)

1.1.4. Education is also social process because it takes place through interaction with
other people. Whatever one learns come to us as a result of direct interaction between
teacher and learner.
The teacher works with students on face to face basis, there is
intensively personal contact. The teacher is a person who sees the
students in all of their moods and behaviors. The class is the most
powerful unit of social interaction in the whole educational institution.
(Brembeck 1996, p.437)
1.1.5.

It is regrettable that the teaching has become business.

Teaching today has a greater job market in Pakistan. The report of

newspaper highlighted that a vast number of persons, who are
teaching in various institutions, tuition centres and

schools, are not

even eligible for this profession. They are rather interested in making
money. The paper reports ------I have found at a website a section
where you can locate a tutor for any subject. It was very shocking to
know that the total number of registered teachers exceeded that of
students. It is not only the fault of school authorities who in one way

or the other may encourage students to take up tuition, but also of

those persons, including teachers, who create doubts in the minds of
students about the standard of school education. A tuition nowadays
costs about Rs2,000 and most students tend to receive tuition for five
to six subjects. Moreover, taking tuition in so many subjects every
day causes exhaustion among students and disrupts their social life
as most tuition timings start from two in the afternoon and continue
till 10 or 11 at night.
1.1.6.

Education in the modern times is not only a medium for

transmitting knowledge and skills or teaching the norms, values and

customs but very much a matter of lively hood and earning of bread
and butter. The limited number of jobs and linkage of economics with
qualifications have made the world highly competitive, and every one
desires to seek education, degrees, and qualifications with best
possible grades. It has given rises to the tuition culture in our society.
The

sociological

reasons

of

tuition

culture

at

secondary

school/ordinary level are the focus of our study in this research.

1.2 DATA ABOUT EDUCATION

1.2.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. Pakistan received only 2 of the 21

universities of undivided India, one located in each wing, at time of independence.
39000 Primary schools (29000 in East Pakistan and the rest in the West ), 9000
secondary level school ( 5500 in vest Pakistan) schools. The total educational assets
were 8 colleges, 2 universities and 48000 schools. So, historically speaking it is
perditions to say that foundation was weak from the very beginning.
1.2.2. EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN OF 21ST CENTURY .

At the present total

number of public private institutions at primary level is 156100, middle level is 28716
and at high school level 16059 in the financial year 2003-04. Literacy rate for both
sexes is estimated at 54% in the current year. in 1998. Under the Education sector
reforms the National Literacy campaign envisages making 18.5 million people literate
to enhance the literacy rate to 60% by 2006. The Higher Education Commission (HEC)
was established in September 2002 with a view to guiding higher education policy and
assessing universities and degree awarding institutes in the pursuit of quality education
at the seat of higher learning, both public and private. It is working for the education.
(Dawn, Saturday, June 12, 2004)

1.3

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3.1.

To find out the perception of parents about improvement

in academic performance of their children after tuition.

1.3.2. To view if the commitments and qualifications of parents are a cause of tuition
culture.

1.4

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.

Tuition is not a necessity

forced upon by the education system but an outsourcing of responsibility being done by
the parents who are busy/ nt qualified to teach.

1.5

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Taking tuition is slowly

becoming a social problem, people are feeling the pressure to get their child this special
help to ensure that he gets better grade. It costs in terms of money of parents and time of
the child.

2- REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2.1.

GENERAL. The quality and volume of research work carried out in the world

in the field of education is unmatchable. We will make an effort to review some of the
studies which have been done in this particular field.
2.1.1. According to Easter Anthonys Book The Guidance and Counseling in Class
Room (1957). The students which dont find proper guidance in connection with the
selection of proper subjects, they select irrelevant and tough subjects which are not
compatible with their intellectual horizon.

10

2.1.2. Khurshid Gudrun (1992) writes in context of The Causes of Copying in Exams
and Their Redressal. With reference to examinations, tuition works, that it is not a curse
itself.
2.1.3. Muhammad Hussain (1990) writes in the The Educational Angles one of the
aspects in training the teachers is that when they are not properly trained and the
schools have a dearth of properly socialized teachers, then there occurs educational
deficiency in students. To meet this deficiency the parents fall back on tuition.
2.1.4. A Joint study of Work Bank and British Council conducted in (1996) to assess
the demand for education in low and middle income groups of Pakistan conducted in 8
districts of Pakistan surveyed 563 schools (128 English medium, 427 Urdu medium and
8

regional language medium of instruction______ Out of 563 schools 245 were

Government and 318 were private). It was found that in almost all the schools.
(99.29%) were such where at least 10% of students were taking private tuition.
2.1.5. Gorden (1976) writes that parent involvement is that relationship between parent
and teacher that is reflective of a partnership approach making home school setting
productive in terms of the growth and development of the child.
2.1.6. Scriven (1975) says that basic to any effective parent involvement program is an
acceptance of parents and understanding of the myriad of patently role they perform.
2.17.

Dr. Abdur Rauf Anjum writes Our Loss in Educational System. To the

children of new rich and feudals, education is merely confined to the gaining of degree.

11

2.1.8

Becompechat (2002) concurs with the need for parents to prioritise childrens

use of time. Parents can commit their children to many extra-curricular activities in a
desire to encourage well-rounded development.
2.1.9. (Patten, 2000) parental involvement in childrens education can enhance their
academic performance.
2.1.10. Banaras Khan (1965) talks of low salaries of teachers, Faiz Bukhsh Rana
(1972). explored about teachers attention because of tuition work, Yasmin Mazhar
Khan (1974) also discussed about attention of teachers, and Shaukat Siddiqui writes in
the Education and Socialization of teachers page (245) that it is a pity, that the
concept of tuition in our society has completely changed the meanings and objectives of
education. Tuition is extinct in developed countries. Abdul Ghafoor and Muhammad
Akram (1984) who took the review of tuition in four Secondary Schools of the city of
Kasur found from the teachers can not pay individual attention to the students.
2.1.11.

Riaz Hussain and Muhammad Afzal (1993) took the review of the tuition

on the educational performance of the students in Lahore found that 100% students felt
improvement after taking tuition.

2.2 CONCEPTUALIZATION AND OPERATIONALIZATION OF

CONCEPTS

2.2.1 Tuition

12

When any person or teacher looks after the students or gives

attention on them. Such services of the teachers for which they
got money is called tuition. (Webster 1966: 2213)
2.2.2 Parents
One who has begotten offspring or one who occupies the role of
mother and father. (www.encyclopediabritannica.com)
2.2.3 Secondary School
A secondary more advanced in grade than an elementary
school and offering general, technical, vocational or college
separatory courses.

(Webster 1966: 2051)

2.2.4 Children
Young people of either sex between infancy and youth.
(Fairchild 1955: 39). Plural of a child, meaning a boy or a girl
before puberty. (Collins: 1984)
3- METHODOLOGY
3.1. The study was considered as a casual Research. Sample
Selection, Data Collection & Data Analysis

followed the standard

research methods in practice. We used stratified sampling probability

methods for the analysis of our data and issued questionnaire.

13

3.1.1

UNIVERSE Universe is defines as Total population from

which a sample is selected, the aggregate of all possible cases of the

group under consideration. Thus in this case it was parents of the
students of secondary school level at Lahore.
3.1.2 SAMPLING

Sample is defined as A set of respondents

selected from a specific population. We selected a sample of 50

parents in Lahore Cantonment.
3.2

TOOL FOR DATA

For the collection of data the

researchers adopted self administrated questionnaire as a tool for

data collection. The questionnaire container 34 question was issued
to the parents. (copy attached as Appendices)
3.3. DATA COLLECTION AND FIELD EXPERIENCE.

It would

have been interesting to give the account of field experience how

ever same is not being done for the reason of the restriction of pages.

14

4. RESULT OF THE RESARCH

4.1. GENERAL FINDINGS OF THE STUDY.

The sample

characteristics and, the behavior pattern of the respondents relevant

to our research are given below.

4.1.1

Table 1:

Father/Gaurdians and Mothers Age

Education

Frequency
Father
Mother
2
39
44
10
4
1
50
50

30-39 yrs
40-49yrs
50-59yrs
60-69yrs
Total
4.1.2

Table 2:

%
Father
78
20
2
100

Mother
4
88
8
100

Fathers / Guardians and Mothers Education

Fathers
education
No Schooling
Less then 10th
Class
Matric
FA/FSC
BA/BSC
MA/MSC
Professionals
Total:

Frequency
Father
Mother
3
3
12
34
2
2
50

10
11
20
1
2
50

%
Father
-

Mother
6
6

24
68
4
4
100

20
22
40
2
4
100

15

4.1.3

Table 3:

Father / Guardians and Mothers Occupation:

Occupation
Govt servant
Private
Self Employed
Any other/Hose Wife
Total
4.1.4 Table 4:

Frequency
Father
29
5
13
3
50

Table 6:

Mother
4
2
94
100

Frequency
8
11
2
10
12
7
50

%
16
22
4
20
24
14
100

Frequency
8
28
10
4
50

%
16
54
20
8
100

Size of House

Size of house
5 marla
10 marla
15 marla
1 kanal
2 kanal
Any other
Total

4.1.6

Father
58
10
26
6
100

House Hold Income Monthly

Monthly income
less than 10 thousand
10-14 thousand
15-19 thousand
20-24 thousand
25-29 thousand
30 thousand or more than 30
Total

4.1.5 Table 5:

Mother
2
1
47
50

Number of Children
16

Number of children
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Total

4.1.7 Table 7 :

Frequency
8
16
22
4
50

%
16
32
44
8
100

Age of Child

Age of child
11-13yrs
14-16yrs
17-19yrs
Total

Frequency
13
48
70
131

%
9.92
36.64
53.44
100

The total children are 152. Out of which 131 are in the table remaining
are having age less than 11 or more than 19 years.
4.1.8 Table 8:

Class of child (Secondary Level Only)

Class of child
9th
10th
O Level- Ist
O Level- 2nd
O Level- 3rd
Total

Frequency
13
28
12
8
4
65

%
20
43.08
18.47
12.30
6.15
100

17

4.1.9 Table 9 :

Gender of Child (Secondary Level Only

Gender of child
Male
Female
Total
4.1.10

Frequency
29
36
65

Table 10: Type of School

Type of school
Private
Public
Govt
Total

4.1.11 Table 11:

4.1.12 Table 12:

Frequency
13
34
18
65

%
20
52.30
27.70
100

Medium of Instruction in School

Medium of Instruction
English
Urdu
Total

Frequency
50
15
75

%
76.93
23.07
100

Frequency
31
10
16
8
65

%
47.71
15.39
24.6
12.3
100

Monthly Fee of School

Fee of school
1-1000
1001-2000
2001-3000
3001-4000
Total
4.1.13

%
44.6
55.4
100

Table 13: Person from Whom Child Takes Tuition

Type of tutor
Class incharge
School teacher
Any other teacher
Total

Frequency
2
5
58
65

%
3.08
7.69
89.23
100

18

4.1.14

Table 14: The Place where Child Take Tuition

Place of tuition
Child's home
Teacher's house
Academy
Any other place
Total

4.1.15 Table 15:

Frequency
21
19
25
65

%
32.31
29.23
38.46
100

Table 16: Time (duration) of Taking Tuition

Duration of tuition
less than 1 year
1-2 years
More than 2 years
Total

4.1.17

%
7.69
84.62
7.69
100

Tuition Fee per Month

Tuition fee per month

100-1000
1100-2000
2100-3000
3100-4000
4100-5000
Total
4.1.16

Frequency
5
55
5
65

Frequency
25
36
4
65

%
38.47
55.38
6.15
100

Table 17: Time of Taking Tuition

Time of tuition
1 hour
2 hours
3 hours or more
Total

4.1.18 Table 18:

Frequency
21
20
24
65

Percent
32.31
30.77
36.92
100

Number of Subjects for which the child Take Tuition

19

Number of subjects
4 subjects
Mor than 6 Subjects
Total
4.1.19

Frequency
24
41
65

%
36.92
63.08
100

Table 19: Name of Subjects for which Child takes

Tuition
Name of subjects
Physics
Chemistry
Bbiology
Math
English
Urdu
Any other
Total
4.1.20

Frequency
41
41
41
41
65
65
65
395

%
11.425
11.425
11.425
11.425
18.10
18.10
18.10
100

Table 20: Reason for Taking Tuition

Reason for taking tuition
Yes
No
Do not know
Total

Frequency
38
2
10
50

%
76
4
20
100

4.1.21 Table 21 Importance given to child by Teacher due to

Taking
Favorites by teacher
Yes
No
Do not know
Total

Frequency
4
36
10
50

%
8
72
20
100

20

4.1.22 Table 22:

Year

Syllabus is not covered in an Educational

Uncovered syllabus
Yes
No
Do not know
Total
4.1.23

%
78
2
20
100

Table 23To What extent Tuition brought betterment in Childs Performance

Betterment in
performance
to great extent
to some extent
not at all
Total
4.1.24

Frequency
38
2
10
50

Frequency

20
42
3
65

40
84
6
100

Table 24:
How much time the Parents give spend with their child for
helping him/her in studies
Parents spent time
less than 1 hour
1-2 hours
More than 2 hours
No coaching
Total

Frequency

10
2
38
50

20
4
76
100

21

4.1.25

Table 25 :

4.1.26

Table 26:
Question

Why dont you teach your own child

Why Did The Child Needs Tuition

Replay

Have time to teach?

Have Qualification to teach?

Yes
15
10

No
35
40

Yes
30
20

%
No
70
80

22

2.1.27

Table 27

ADVANTAGES

Question

Reply
Yes
No
Improves academic performance 41
3
Improves childs confidence
38
5
Improves social status
42
4
Make child independent
30
15
Makes child social
25
18
Make childStatements
more organized
45
1
Frequency
Teaches time management
45
1
Yes
No
Forces child to work after school 48
Forced by
teacher
48
46
Gives parents
more
free time
20
Needed for good grade
50
Child is week
6
44
Any other reason
-

IDK
6
7
4
5
7
4
4
2Yes
228
100
12
-

%
Yes No
82
6
76
10
84
8
60
30
50
36
90
2
%
90
2
No
96
16 9240
88
-

Replay
Yes No
47
1
45
3
42
5
8
35
39
7
39
7

IDK
2
2
3
7
4
4

Yes
94
90
84
16
78
78

%
No
2
6
10
70
14
14

IDK
4
4
6
14
8
8

25
42

20
8

50
84

10
-

40
16

IDK
12
14
8
10
14
8
8
4
44

IDK (I Dont Know)

4.1.28Table 28

DISADVANTAGES

Question
It is an economic burden
It creates dependence on the tutor
It creates logistic problems
Does not leave time for games/sports
It does not leave time for extra reading
It does not leave time for TV, films,
(general Knowledge), etc.
It does not leave time for internet
It reduces time for parent child interaction

5
-

23

4.2

SUMMARY. The purpose of the research was to find out the reasons of tuition

culture in residents of Sarfraz Rafique / Zarrar Shaheed Road Lahore Cantonment. The
universe of research comprised of the parents of those children who are studying in
Secondary/O Levels and taking tuition. Sample of fifty respondents was taken through
random sampling. Data was collected through questionnaire. The percentages and
frequencies and important finding are given below:
4.2.1. 96% of the respondents (father) were above 40 years of age, thus quite mature.
4.2.2. 76% of fathers had education level of BA/BSC and above.
4.2.3. 56% of fathers were government servants.
4.2.4. 54% of respondents were living in 10 Marla houses.
4.2.5. 16% respondents had monthly income less than 10 thousand.
4.2.6. 46% of mothers had education as BA/BSC and above.
4.2.7. 94% of mothers were house wives.
4.2.8

53% of the children were studying in public schools (Lahore Garrison Education

System).
4.2.9. 77% of children were studying in English medium schools.
4.2.10. 47% of children were paying school fee less than Rs.1000 per month.
4.2.11.

90% were taking tuition from teachers other than their school teacher.

4.2.12. 84% of children were taking tuition at academies.

24

4.2.13.

39% of the children were paying tuition between Rs.3000-4000 per

month. (Mostly O level)

4.2.14.

39% of children were taking tuition for the period of one year or less.

4.2.15.

37% of children were taking tuition for more than 3 hours daily.

4.2.16.

63% were taking tuition for six or more subjects.

4.2.17.

78% responded that the syllabus is not covered in school.

4.2.18.

84% responded in yes that tuition brings betterment in the educational

performance of the child.

4.2.19.

20% of respondents were spending less than 1 hour daily in helping their

child in study.
4.2.20.

A significant number of respondents were in favour of the advantages of

tuition.
4.2.21.

70% of respondents that they do not have time to teach the child.

4.2.22.

80% of respondents had qualifications BA/BSC and above but felt that

they do not have enough skill/knowledge to teach.

25

5-CONCLUSION AND SUGESSION

5.1

CONCLUSION.

The questions asked in the research cover number of

aspects but we have restricted the conclusions to the conformation of hypothesis. The
relevant conclusion are given below.
5.1.1. The majority of parents think that tuition improved academic performance of
their child, to a great extent and it is therefore required for better results.
5.1.2. The taking tuition is more of a phenomena which is basically prevalent in
society because of a rat race or a cultural issue.
5.1.3. The tuition enhances the performance of the child, gives them self confidence
and raises the social status of the family.
5.1.4. It makes the child independent and makes him sociable. At tuition the child
meets his peers other than his class fellows that brings him out of the dull and drab
routine of his study. Thus he has a lot of new experiences.
5.1.5. Tuition is financial burden.
5.1.6. The parent neither have time nor requisite skill to teach the child.
5.1.7. It creates dependency on the tutor.
5.1.8. Tuition makes the child confined to his books like a book worm and he/she finds
no spare time for playing, recreation and gaining general knowledge.

26

5.2

SUGGESTIONS.

Keeping in view the scope of the study, we

recommend further research in the same area and make number of suggestions.
5.2.1. The present study was confined to the urban area of Lahore Cantonment
in a locality where majority of retired army officers is residing and research is
not reflection of entire urban area. Therefore research be carry out in other areas
also.
5.2.1

The research may also be carry out in small cities and rural areas.

5.2.2

The effort should be made at government level to insure that syllabus is

covered in school and teachers provide guidance to the students.

5.2.3

The parents should spare time to monitor performance of their child.

5.2.4

Government must revise educational policy and the syllabus at

secondary level.
5.2.5

Government must increase the salaries of the teachers.

27

6- REFERENCES
6.1 BOOKS
Anjum, Abdur Rauf Dr. (1998). Our Loss In Educational System, Institute of National
Studies, Islamabad.
Bempechat, J. (2002). Getting Our Kids On Track; Educating Children for the Future.
San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
Brembeck, Cole S. (1971). Social Foundations of Education. New York, John Willey
and Sons Inc.
Brookover, W.B and D.A. Gottliseb (1955). Sociology of Education. New York,
American Co.
Goode, W.J. and Paul, K. Hatt. (1952). Methods in Social Research. Mcgraw Hill,
Kogakusha, Ltd.
Kazi, Aftab. A. (1987). Ethnicity and Education in Nation Building. University Press of
America, Lanham, New York.
Naseem, Jafar. Quddus. (1990). Problems of Education in Pakistan. Royal Book
Company, Karachi.
Neuman, W. Lawrance. (1997). Social Research Methods. Allyn and Bacon, American
Co.
Talessa, Hemlata. (2002). Sociological Foundations of Education. Kanshka Publishers,
New Delhi.
Websters Third New International Dictionary 1966, Edited by Philips Babcock Gove
and the Marriam-Webster. Massachusetts: G. and C. Marriam Company.
6.2 JOURNALS
Saleemi, Fauzia Dr. (2001). Illiteracy Causes And Proposals; Educational Angles,
( July-Aug): p.22.
Servin, G. (1975). Teachers Working With Parents In School. Peabody Journals of
education , (Jan-March):p.69.
6.3 NEWSPAPERS
Economic Survey (Review Year 2003-2004). Daily, The Dawn, Friday,11 June 2004.
Saif Uddin, Maria. (2002). An Article on Research Culture In Pakistan. Daily, The
Dawn, Sunday, Sep. p.23.
6.4 UN-PUBLISHED PAPERS
Ahmed, Zulfiqar.(1971). Survey on Private Tuition and Helping Books; An Unpublished
Masters thesis I.E.R, University of the Punjab Lahore.
Akram, Muhammad Janjua.(1984). Review Of The Trend Of Tuition In Four Secondary
Schools Of Kasur; An Unpublished Masters Thesis, I.E.R, University of the
Punjab, Lahore.

28

Anthony, Esther. (1991). A Comparative Study of the Opinions of

Parents and Teachers About Tuition; An Unpublished Masters
Thesis, I.E.R, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
Hussain, Riaz. (1993). Review of the Impact of Tuition on the Educational Performance
of 8th class students; An unpublished Masters Thesis, I.E.R. University of the
Punjab, Lahore.
Kalsoom, U. et al (1980). Causes of Mass Failure in S.S.E. of students of Govt. H.S.S,
Lahore Division; An Unpublished Master Thesis, I.E.R, University of the
Punjab, Lahore.
Munir, Muhammad, et al. (1965). A Survey study of Failure in S.S.E as seen by the
teachers in Sheikhupura Distt; An unpublished Masters Thesis, I.E.R, University
of the Punjab, Lahore.
Rana, Bukhsh Faiz. et al (1977). A Survey study of the causes of students failure of the
classes 6th to 9th of the Municipal H/S Rashidabad, Multan in Annual
Examination 1972; An Unpublished Master Thesis, I.E.R, University of the
Punjab, Lahore.
6.5 WORLD WIDE WEB
Gordon, I.J. (1969). Reading the Children Through Parents Education Virgina;
Available URL: Eric: Document Reproduction Services (June, 17,2004)
Mukarram, Fauzia. (2002). Private Tuition Syndrome Remedy or Revile. Available URL:
http//www.encyclopedia.com/education (Accessed 25 July, 2004)
Patten, P. (2000). How Parents and Peers Influences Childrens School Success.
Available URL: http//www.npin.org/pnews (Accessed 29 November, 2003)

29

7- APPENDICES
QUESTIONNAIRE
The following information is collected for MA research paper, conducted by the
students of the Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab.
Kindly fill in the questionnaire by filling in the blanks, or by circling the
appropriate option.
PERSONAL

Respondent (Father or Guardian):

1.

Age:

Education:

Occupation:

3.

4.

a.

Government Service

c.

Self Employed

b.

Private

d.

Any other

Household Income per month (the reply is optional )

a.

Less than 10,000

d.

20,000 to 24,000

b.

10,000 to 14,000

e.

25,000 to 29,000

c.

15000 to 19000

f.

30,000 to above

What is the size of your house(the answer is optional)

a.

5 marla

d.

1 kanal

b.

10 marla

e.

2 kanal

c.

15 marla

f.

any other _______

Wife:
5.

Age:

Education:

6.

Occupation:
a.

Government Service

c.

Self Employed

b.

Private

d.

Any other
30

7.

How many children do you have?

Age of child

Gender

Class

Remarks

Please give following information about your child / children in Matric/O- levels
11.

Type of school in which the child studies.

a.

12.

Private

b.

Government/public

b.

Urdu

Medium of Instruction in School:

a.

English

13.

School fee per month. (Reply is optional)

14.

By whom the child is taking tuition?

15.

a.

School Teacher

c.

Any other

b.

Class In charge

What is the mode of this tuition?

a.

Childs home

b.

Teachers home

c.

Academy

c.

any other

16.

Total amount of tuition fee paid per month

17.

How many years child has been taking tuition

18.

19.

a.

Less than 1-year

c.

More than 2 years

b.

1 year to 2 years

How many hours does the child take tuition?

a.

One hour

b.

Two hours

c.

Three hours

d.

More than three hours

Number of subjects the child is taking tuition in:

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 5

f. 6

g. 7

h. 8

i. 9

31

20.

21.

Subjects for which the child is taking tuition:

a. Physics

b. Chemistry

c. Biology

d. Math

e. English

f. Urdu

g. Economics

h. Computer

i. Any other___________

Do you feel that one of the reasons for taking tuition is that the teachers do not
teach properly in school
a. Yes

22.

b. No

c. Dont know

Do feel that the child who takes tuition from his own school teacher is favored
by the teacher?
a. Yes

23.

b. No

c. Dont know

Do you feel that one reason for taking tuition is that the syllabus cannot be
covered in a school year?
a. Yes

24.

25.

b. No

c. Dont know

How do you assess your childs academic performance in general?

a. Bad

b. Average

d. Very good

e. Excellent

c. Good

Do you think the tuition has really improved your childs academic
performance?

26.

a.

Yes it has improved a lot

b.

Yes it has improved

c.

No it has not improved at al

How much time do you and your spouse spend helping your child with his/her
studies daily.

27.

a.

Less than one hour

c.

More than two hours

b.

One to two hours

If you do not give time to your child for helping in study, why?
a. Are u qualified to teach your child? Y / N
b. Do you have time to teach your child? Y/N
32

28.

Why did you feel that your child needs tuition?

a. Forced by teacher? Yes / No
b. Since every one is taking tuition? Yes / No
c. Child is weak? Yes / No
d. Any other reason/s_______________________________________.

29.

In your opinion what are the advantages or disadvantages of taking tuition.

a.

Advantages
Tuition Improves academic performance

Yes

No

Dont know

b.

Tuition Improves childs confidence

Yes

No

Dont know

c.

Improves social status

Yes

No

Dont know

d.

Makes child independent

Yes

No

Dont know

E.

Makes child social

Yes

No

Dont know

f.

Makes child more organized

Yes

No

Dont know

g.

Teaches time management

Yes

No

Dont know

h.

Forces child to work after school

Yes

No

Dont know

i.

Gives parents more free time

Yes

No

Dont know

Disadvantages
a.

It is an economic burden

Yes

No

Dont know

b.

It creates dependence on the tutor

Yes

No

Dont know

c.

It creates logistic problems

Yes

No

Dont know

d.

Tuition does not leave time for games/sports

Yes

No

Dont know

e.

It does not leave time for extra reading

Yes

No

Dont know

f.

It does not leave time for TV, films, (General

Knowledge), etc.

Yes

No

Dont know

g.

It does not leave time for internet

Yes

No

Dont know

h.

It reduces time for parent child interaction

Yes

No

Dont know

33

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise and Glory be to Allah Almighty the Most Beneficent and Merciful. It is
Allahs Benevolence who gave the researcher courage, fortitude, perseverance and
devotion to complete this uphill task. We shudder to think that how we would have
completed this thesis without Madam Asma Assads invaluable guidance. She was our
designated thesis advisor by the Department of Sociology. She left no stone unturned to
help us in achieving our goal. Throughout the research work she was very systematic,
considerate and affectionate towards us.
The

researchers

are

obliged

to

the

library

staff

especially

Mr. Mushtaq Ahmed & Mr. Zafar Iqbal (Library Assistant) for their cooperation in
finding out the research material. We are also very grateful to Mr. Ghulam Fareed
(Administrator Computer Lab) for his help in data analysis and documentation.
Researches

are

profoundly

obliged

to

Mr.

Mukhtar Ahmed

and

Mr. Naeem Mohsin (Ph.D. Scholars Department of Special Education) for their time
and invaluable guidance. Thanks are also due to Mrs. Mommo Farooq (Ph.D. Scholar
NUML University Islamabad) for her invaluable suggestions.
The researchers would like to dedicate the research project to their beloved
parents and siblings who had always been by their side with their encouragement,
support and prayers, coaxing them towards the accomplishment of their goal.

34

ABSTRACT
This study was done to find out the sociological reasons of tuition culture that
is now prevalent in our society. The researchers had five main objectives in mind before
starting this study.
The universe comprised of the parents of children who study in class 9th or 10the
and they also take tuition. A sample of 75 respondents was selected and self
administered questionnaires got filled.
After data collection and analysis it was noticed that the findings of the study
supported the main objectives. The findings highlighted the fact that the major factor
behind taking tuition is not only the aspirations of the parents to accelerate the
educational performance of the their children but also because it is more of a cultural
phenomenon i.e. Status symbol, parents busy schedule, parents inability to teach their
own child etc.

35

ABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Topic
Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study

119
1
16
17
18

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2028

3. CONCEPTUALIZATION AND OPERATIONLIZATION

2932

4. METHODOLOGY

3338

Universe
Sampling
Tool for Data Collection
Construction of Questionnaire
Pretesting
Data Collection and Field Experiences

33
33
35
36
37
37

5. GENERAL FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

3969

6. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

7077

Summary
Conclusion
Suggestions
REFERENCES

70
73
76
7879

36

APPENDIX

8093

Questionnaire (Urdu + English)

Scoring Sheet

80
88

LIST OF TABLES

No.

Title

Page

1.

Father/Guardians age

39

2.

Fathers /Guardians Education

40

3.

Fathers /Guardians occupation

40

4.

House Hold Income Monthly

41

5.

Size of House

41

6.

Mothers Age

42

7.

Mothers Education

42

8.

Mothers Occupation

43

9.

Number of Children

43

10.

Age of Child

44

11.

Class of Child

44

12.

Gender of Child

45

13.

Type of School

45

14.

Medium of Instruction in School

46

15.

Monthly Fee of School

47

16.

Person from Whom Child Takes Tuition

47

17.

The Place where Child Take Tuition

48

18.

Tuition Fee per Month

48

37

19.

Time (duration) of Taking Tuition

49

20.

Time of Taking Tuition

49

21.

Number of Subjects for which the Child Takes Tuition

50

22.

Name of Subjects for which Child Takes Tuition

51

23.

Reason for Taking Tuition

52

24.

Importance given to child by Teacher due to Taking Tuition

52

25.

Syllabus is not covered in an Educational Year

53

26.

Parents Perception of Childs Performance

53

27.

To What extent Tuition brought betterment in Childs

Performance

54

28.

How much time the Parents give spend with their child for
helping him/her in studies.

54

29.

Why dont you teach your own child

55

30.

Why did the Child Needs Tuition

56

31.

Q24, Q25 (Cross Tabulation)

57

32.

Tuition Improves the Educational Performance of Child

59

33.

Tuition Improves Childs Confidence

60

34.

Tuition Improves the Social Status of Childs Family

60

35.

Tuition Makes the Child Independent

61

36.

Tuition Makes the Child Sociable

62

37.

Tuition Makes the Child Organize in his Work

62

38.

Tuition Teaches the Child better use of Time

63

39.

Tuition Forces the Child to work after School

63

40.

Tuition Provides the more spare Time to the parents of

Child

64

41.

Tuition is a Financial Burden

65

38

42.

Tuition Teaches Dependency on Tutor

65

43.

Tuition Creates Logistic Problem

66

44.

Tuition Gives no Time for Games

66

45.

Tuition Gives no Spare Time for Extra Study

67

46.

Tuition gives no time for General Knowledge

68

47.

Tuition reduces the Interaction between Child and Parents

68

48.

Tuition gives no Spare Time for Taking Rest

69

39

REFERENCES

40