.







.



.
" " :



.

" "

.
) Jensen,
(1974 ) (Jensen, 1980
).(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977


-
.


.

.


.

.

.

.



. Rn
:
(.) R n = (1 )R s + I I
:
= Rn
= )(
= Rs ) (
= I ) (

= I
).(.
) (Wien
)
( ) .(Rosenberg et al., 1983
)(
) (. ) (. .
.

 " "

) .(.

) (.
:
)(.
R n = G +E+H
:
= G ) + (
= E ) + (
= H ) + (

) .(.
) . (Rosenberg et al., 1983

.-.
.-.
.
.
.-.

.-.
.-.
.-.
.
.-.

.-.
.
.
.-.

.-.
.-.
.
.-.

) (.
) (Rn
.
) (. .

.
) (Mirage
.
) (sudangrass ) (Temp
) H(
-
) (Hancock
E, H, G .

" "

) .(. ) .(Sellers, 1965

.
- )(SCS
.

) . (.

.
- ):(Blaney and Criddle, 1950
pT
100

=f

)(.

= f :
= T
= p
p ) (.
) (fi -:
n
)(.
ET = k i f i = KF
i =1

:
=ET
= n
= ki -
= K -
fi =F

-
.

" "

) .(.
.

) .(.
.

) .(. ) (P
.

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" "

-


.


) .(Soil Conservation Service, 1970 -
)- ( SCS- :
n
n
)(.
ET = k ti k i f i = K k ti f i
i =1

i =1

:
=ET
k ti = 0.0173Ti 0.314

)(.

:
=Ti i
) (. K
- SCS-

-. SCS-
- SCS-

) (. -
SCS- -
.

) ;Howell et al., 1985; Grebet, 1982
.(Mukammal et al., 1971; Pruitt and Angus, 1960
) (.
) .
(. .

.
) .(. ) (K
- .SCS

)(

)(

-

-
-

)(

.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.

)(

.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
-

 " "

) .(. ) (K
- .SCS

)(

)(
-
-





-
-

) K(
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.
.-.

)(K
.-.
.-.
.-.
-

)( .
.
)( K -
.
)(
)(
" Irrigation Water Requirement, Technical release No. 21, Soil Conservation Service,
"USDA, Sept. 1970

).)
- SCS-
).( ).(
. - SCS -
.

.
.

--



.
SCS

) .(.
-
)) .(SCS .(Jensen, 1974

" "

) .(.
. ..

) .(. )(.
.

- )(FAO
) (.
-

- ) (FAO .
) (Pruitt




. ):(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977
)(.
])ETr = a + b [p(0.46T + 8.13
:
= ETr- /
= P
= T
= a , b
P ) (.
) ) (.
(.
a b
) (step-wise regression analysis

" "

) .(. a
b ) (RHmin
) (n/N ) .(Uday


) (. ) (.
) (anemometer .
- ) (ETr )(.

.




) ( - . ETr
) (.

RHmin
) (n/N .

) .(. ) (p
.

. .

. . .

. .

. .
. .

. . .
. . .

. .
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.
.

. .

. . .

. .

. .

. . .

. .

" "

) .(.
.

) .(. ) (anemometer

.

) .(. ETr -
) .FAO .(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

" "

RHmin .
f
) (.

. f ./
.
ETr ./ .
- )(FAO
n/N

.
) (FAO
) (regression lines .
a ) (.
.(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977) b
a:
)(.
a = 0.0043(RH min ) n/N 1.41
:
=RHmin )(
=n/N
b ) (. )(RHmin
) (Uday ).(n/N

) Frevert al., (1983

) (independent
) .(.
.

.

. ) Frevert al., (1983 )Cuenca and Jensen (1988

b ):(.
) b = 0.82 0.0041(RH min ) + 1.07(n/N ) + 0.066(U day

) 0.006(RH min )(n/N ) 0.0006(RH min )(U day

)(.

:
=Uday /
RHmin n/N ) .(.
FAO .

:
0.2

2 .0
U 2m = U z
z

:
=U2m
= UZ Z
= Z

)(.

 " "

) .(. b RHmin n/N

U-day

U-

RH-min
n/N

.
.
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day
/

- ) (FAO

) Cuenca et al., 1981; Burman et al., 1983; Allen and Brockway,
.(1983
.

).(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977
) Allen and Brockway (1983 Allen and Pruitt
) (1986 - ) (FAO
.
_____________________________________________
)) (. (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977
- -
) (FAO .
:
=
=
:

Tmax = Tmax (daily ) / 31 = 35 C

o

Tmin = Tmin (daily) / 31 = 22 o C

Tmean = Tmean (daily) / 31
or = (Tmax + Tmin ) / 2 = 28.5 o C

:
) (.

p = 0.31

) (.

" "
f = p(0.46Tmean + 8.13) = 6.6 mm/d

) (Muller,1982 :
RHmin = 20 to 50%

n/N = 0.8 to 0.9 m/s

Uday = 2 to 5 m/s

) (. :
ETr = 8.5 mm/d

- :
mm
(31days) = 264 mm
d

ETr = 8.5

. ) (. = RHmin
. = n/N . =Uday/ . =b
) (. .- = a ETr :
ETr = -2.11 + 1.57 (6.6) = 8.3 mm/d = 256 mm/month

_____________________________________________
.


.

.
:
= ) .(
= . ) (
= . ) (


. ) (.

.

) .(.

. .

" "

) (
ETr Epan :
ETr = Kp Epan

)(.

:
=ETr- /
=Kp :

.
=Epan /

.
. ) (.
)( .
)( .

.

).(.
) (.

) .(Jensen, 1974; Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

.

-
) Frevert et al. (1983
) .(.
. Cuenca and Jensen
) (1988 :

) .(. .
Kp = 0.4750.2410-3(U2m) + 0.00516(RHmean) + 0.00118(d) - 0.16
)10-4(RHmean)20.10110-5(d)2-0.810-8(RHmean)2(U2m
) )1.010-8(RHmean)2(d

:
U2m

= /

)(.

 " "

=RHmean
= d
d
).(.
) .(. ) (Kp
.
: :

RHmean %

>

<

>

<

)(

)(

>

<

-
) (. ).(.
.
_____________________________________________
):(.
-
.
:
: =
:
RHmax = 87.9%
RHmin = 47.4%
RHmean = (87.9 + 47.4)/2 = 68%
Uz = 117mi/d
Z = 0.46 m

:
km

1.609

mi

0.2

2.0 m
= Uz

0.46 m

U 2m

:
U 2m = 253 km/d

:
in
mm
25.4
= 11.4mm / d
d
in

E pan = 0.45

" "

) Jensen (1974
):Pruitt (1977

Doorenbos and

ETr (grass ) = k p E pan

) (. :
RHmean = Medium, Case B, U2m = Moderate

) (linear interpolation :
f = 100 m
f = 1000 m

Kp = 0.6
Kp = 0.55

f = 300 m Kp300 :

( ) (300m 100 m
)0.6 0.55
1000 m 100 m

K p300 = 0.6

K p300 = 0.59

) ETr = 0.59 (11.4 mm/d

= 6.7 mm/d

- :
) ETr = 6.7 mm/d (10 day
= 67 mm

_____________________________________________

.


-
.
) .(Penman, 1948 -
.

.
:
)(.
)ET = f (radiation balance + aerodynamic term
- =


) .(Cuenca and Nicholson, 1982
) (Penman, 1946; Penman, 1952
:

(R n G ) + f (u ) e
+
+

= ETr

:
= ETr- /
=
+

)(.

 " "

=
Tmean
=
" "
= Rn /
= G ) + (
/

= 1

)(.

) =f(u
)f(u) = m(w1 + w2 U2m

)(.

:
= m
w1 = w2
= U2m /
= e = es - ea
= es Tair
= ea
ETr )(Penman, 1948 ) (.
- ) (potential evapotranspiration
) (Penman, 1948
-

- .
.
)(FAO

) (FAO
) .(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1975; Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977
-
) (FAO -



- - . ) (FAO
:

ETr = c
Rn +
f (u )e
+
+

)(.

:
= c

c = f RH max , U day / U night , R s , U 2day

)(.

:
=Uday/Unight )

= Rs /
=U2day /

" "

c ) (.
.
G ) (FAO
.

.
) (e
) (Cuenca and Nicholson, 1982

) (. - .

-
. ) (FAO :

ETr = c
Rn +
(0.27 )(1.0 + 0.01U 2m )(e s e a )
+
+

)(.

) (FAO )
(Pruitt, 1975 ) .(.

.

.
) Allen (1987 )(FAO
) (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1975
Doorenbos and

) (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

) (FAO c

-
).(FAO
c ) (.
) .(.
c
) (.
) .(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977 c

) (.
) .(. ) Freveret et al. (1982
) (.
):Cuenca and Jensen (1988

)
)

c = 0.68 + 0.0028(RH max ) + 0.018(R s ) 0.068 U 2day

()

+ 0.013 U day / U night + 0.0097 U 2day U day / U night

+ 0.43 10 4 (RH max )(R s ) U 2day

:
= RHmax
= Rs /
= Uday /

)(.

 " "

=Uday/Unight )
(
c ) (.
) (. .
.

) .(. ) (c

Rhmax=30%

Rs
mm/day
Uday
m/s

Rhmax=60%

/ =

Rhmax=90%

Uday/Unight 4

.
.
.
.

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.

.
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.
.

.
.
.
.

. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
/ = Uday/Unight 3.0

.
.
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.

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.
.

. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
/ = Uday/Unight 2.0
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
/ = Uday/Unight 1.0
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

- )(Wright-Penman Method

) (Wright, 1982
- . -
.
) ( .



. - ) (Wright, 1982 :

) (R n G ) + (15.36) (a w + bw U 2m )(e s e a
+
) + 0.1(L

= ETr

)(.

:
=ETr- /
=L /

. ) 0.1(L /.
) (Wright, 1982 aw

) ( ) .(

) (Wright, 1987 :
2
)(.
} ]a w = 0.4 + 1.4 exp{[(D 173)/58
bw

" "
} b w = 0.007 + 0.004 exp{[(D 243)/80]2

)(.

:
= D
) . (.
-
)(
.

) (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

) .(Pruitt and Doorenbos, 1977: Mahrt and Ek, 1984


.



.

) (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977 -
).(Wright, 1982

) (. ) (. ) (.
) (. ) (.

) Burman et al, (1982 ) Jensen (1974
.

) (mb/C

)(.

= 2.00(0.00738Tmean + 0.8072) 7 0.00116

:
=Tmean
)(

) (mb/C

) .(wet bulb depression :
) e a ) = (Tdry Twet

(e s-wet

)(.

:
cpP
L

)(.

:
= Cp
= P

Cp = 1.0035 KJ/KgC

 " "

= L /
=
. =
) (. :
P
L

= 1.6134

)(.

:
)P = 1013 0.1055(E

)(.

:
= E
) (.
:
)(.
) P = P0 {[T0 (E E 0 )]/T0 }g/ (R
:
= Po
= To ) ( K
= K/m
= R J /kgK
= g ) ( . /
= Eo
= E

./

.
) Burman et al., 1983; Burman
.(et al., 1987
- .
-.

-
.
:
L = 2500.78 - 2.3601Tair

)(.

L / ) (kJ/kg
) .(Burman et al., 1987) (Tair ) (L
).(B-1
) es (
es = 33.8639[(0.00738Tmean + 0.8072)8 0.0000191.8T + 48 + 0.001316

Tmean
).(.

es

)(.

 " "

) .(.

. .

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) .(.

. .

. . . . . .

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. . .
. . .

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. . . . . .
. . . . . .

. . .
. . .

.
.

. . . . . .
. . . . . .

. . . .
. . . .

. . . . . .
. . . . . .

)Rn (mm/d

Rn = (1 - )Rs - Rb

)(.

:
= )(albedo
=Rs
= Rb

:
)(.
= 0.25

" "

-
.
Rs :Rso
]) = 0.29 + 0.06 sin[30(M + 0.0333N + 2.25

)(.

:
= M )= (
= N
) (sin .
) (.
. (Rs/Rso )< 0.7
.
)(.
= 0.30
) (.

.
)(
) (.
) (. .
Rs )(.
) (.
) (./ .
) (J/m2 )(

) (kJ / kg ) .(kg / m3
.
n -
) (Campbell-Stokes ) (.
) Fritz and MacDonald (1949 :
n

R s = 0.35 + 0.61 R so
N

)(.

:
=N
) (. N .
) (. Rso .
.
) . (.
. Rs
.(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977; Jensen, 1974) RA
:
R

R b = a s + b R bo
R so

:
a = b )(.
= Rbo kJ / m2 (d)

)(.

 " "

)(.

4
4
R bo = (Tmax
+ Tmin
)/2

:
=
= -

= 4.8995 10 3 J/m 2 (d )K 4

) .(. ) (N
.

) .(.

 " "

) = .( +



.
.
:
= a 1 + b 1 [e s -dp ]1/2

)(.

:
= a1 , b1 )(.
= es-dp

):(Burman et al., 1983
] ) = 0.02 + 0.26 exp[7.77 10 4 (Tmean
2

)(.

:
= T

:
8

112 - 0.2Tair + Tdp

RH = 100

112 + 0.9Tair

)(.

:
= RH
= Tair
= Tdp
) (. .
+ . ) (RHmax ) (Tmin ) (. Tair
Tmax .
) .(. ) (Jensen, 1974

. .
a
.
.
_
_
_
.
.

B
.._
_
_
.

a1
.
.
.
.
.
.
-

b1
......-

) (. :
(112 + 0.9Tair ) 112 + 0.1Tair

1/ 8

RH
Tdp =

100

).(.

)(.

 " "

) (FAO
) Doorenbos and Pruitt (1977
:

)1 / 2 ] (Tmean )4

R b = 0.9 + 0.1 0.34 0.044 e s-dp

N

)(.

:
=T .
a1 ) (.
) Wright (1982

:
} a 1 = 0.26 + 0.1exp{[0.0154(30M + N 207)] 2

)(.

) Wright (1982 ) (.- b1

) (.
).(.
)) (es - ea(


) .(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977
. -

.

.

).(Cuenca and Nicholson, 1982
) es
(ea ):(FAO
)(
Tmax

Tmin
RH min

RH max

es ) (. ) (. Tmean
: ea
)e a = e s (RH mean / 100

)(.

)(
Tdry

Twet

Tmin

Tmax

) (. :

e a = e s wet Tdry Twet

)(.

 " "

:
=es - wet ) (.
Twet
es ) (. Tmean
)(
Tdewpoint

Tmin

Tmax

es ) (.
ea ) (.
Tdewpoint .
Tmean

-
Tmax, Tmin Tdewpoint
Tmin Tdewpoint .
:
es Tmax + es Tmin

= es

)(.

ea = es dp

)(.

- .

) (. ) (.

).(Jensen, 1974) (FAO
- ) .(G

- ) Jensen et al.,
(1988 ) Wright (1982
:
G = (Tmean T p )c s
)(.
:
= G /
= Tmean
= Tp
= cs / )(

) (Wrigh, 1982 ./ ) .(

.



./) .(Jensen et al., 1988) (
:

 " "

) (Ti 1 Ti +1 ) (Ti +1 Ti 1
t

=G

)(.

:
= G /
= T i
= t
) (.
Jensen et al.
). (1988
) Brutsaert (1982
:
G = crR n

)(.

:
= c r
) Brutsaert (1982 .

G
cr
) .(.

cr
.

):(.
-
) (FAO :
=
=
=
) = (Tmax
). = (Tmin
) =(RHmax
) =(RHmin
=(Uz) z/ . = z
/ ) = (Uday/Unight
) = (Rs//
:
) . :
- -(.
:
o
Tmean = (21 + 9.4) / 2 = 15.2 C
:
RH mean = (98 + 48) / 2 = 73%
z/ :

" "
km

U z = 189 mi / d1.609344
= 304 km / d
mi

/ :
0.2

= 408 km / d

2 .0 m
= 304 km / d

0.46m

U 2m

.
:
4
(408km / d ) = 326 km / 12h
5

= U 2 mday

:
326km 1hr 1000m
= 7.56 m / s

12hr 3600s 1km

= U 2 day

) (.
) ( . :

= 2.00 0.00738 15.2 o C + 0.80272 0.00116

= 1.109 mb / o C

) (. ) (. ) (P
) (L ) (.:
)P = 1013 0.1055 (570 m
P = 953 mb
)L= 2500.78 2.3601 (15.2C
L = 2464.9 kJ/kg

) = 1.6134 (953/2464.9
= 0.624 mb/C

= 0.640
+
= 1 0.6640 = 0.360

/
:

J / m2
41
,
868

cal / cm 2

512 cal/cm 2 /d
L w

= Rs

)21,436 kJ / m 2 / d (1000 mm / m
) 2464.91 kJ / kg (1000 kg / m 3

= Rs

Rs = 8.7 mm/d

.)//.(
) (.
) (.
) (Tmin
.
) (. :
es-dp = 33.8639 {[0.00738 (9.4C) + 0.8072]8
}- 0.0000191.8 (9.4C) + 0.001316
es-dp = 11.8 mb
= 0.325 0.44(11.8 mb)1/2 = 0.174

" "

) (. :
Rbo = 0.174 (4.8995 10-3 J/m2(d)K4) [(21 + 273)4 + (9.4 + 273)4]/2
)Rbo = 5895.642 kJ/m2(d

/:
)5895.642kJ / m 2 (d )(1000 mm / m
) 2464.91 kJ / kg (1000 kg/m 3

= R bo

Rbo = 2.4 mm/d

) (.
) (. .
/:
Rso = (650 + 729)/2 = 689.5 cal/cm2/d
]Rso = 689.5 cal/cm2/d [0.01699 mm/cal/cm2
Rso = 11.7 mm/d

8.7

R b = 1.22
0.18 2.4 mm / d
11
.
7

Rb = 1.75 mm/d

) (.
) (albedo .
Rn = (1 0.25) 8.7 mm/d 1.75 mm/d
Rn = 4.8 mm/d

) ) (. (.
Tmean ) (. : RHmean
es = 33.8639 {[0.00738(15.2C) + 0.8072]8
} 0.0000191.8 (15.2C) + 48+ 0.001316
es = 17.3 mb
)ea = 17.3 mb(73%/100
ea = 12.6 mb

c
) (. :
Rs 9 mm/d

RHmax 90% and

c = 1.26
c = 1.16

Uday/Unight = 4 ,
U2day = 6 m/s
U2day = 9 m/s

U2day 8 m/s

8 m/s - 6 m/s
)(1.26 1.16
9 m / s 6m / s

c = 1.26
c = 1.19

)(.
)c = 0.68 + 0.0028(98%) + 0.018(8.7 mm/d
)-0.068 (7.56 m/s) + 0.013 (4) + 0.0097 (7.56 m/s) (4
)+ 0.43 10-4(98%) (8.7 mm/d) (7.56 m/s
c = 1.22

) (.

-.

" "

) (. -
:
)ETr = 1.19 {0.640 (4.8 mm/d) + 0.360 (0.27
})[1.0 + 0.01 (408 km /d)] (17.3 mb 12.6 mb
ETr = 6.4 mm/d

c . ET

):(.
) (.
- -

) (Tp ..
:
) (.
.
/:
]L = 2464.9 kJ/kg [1 cal/4.1866 J
L = 588.7 cal/g

) (.
) (. Rs/Rso :
RS
8.7 mm/d
=
= 0.74 > 0.70
R so 11.7 mm / d

) (. :
M=5
N=1
}] = 0.29 + 0.06 sin{30[5 + 0.0333 (1) + 2.25
= 0.25

) (.
) (. b1 ) (. :
a1

)a1 = 0.26 + 0.1 exp(-{0.0154[30(5) + 1 207]}2

a1 = 0.31
= 0.31 0.044 (11.8 mb)1/2
= 0.159

) (.
) (.:
Rbo = 0.159(4.8995 10-3 J/m2(d)K4) [(21+273)4 + (9.4 + 273)4]/2
)Rbo = 5387.397 kJ/m2(d
Rbo = 2.2 mm/d

) (.
Rbo :
8 .7

R b = 1.22
0.18 2.2 mm / d
11
.
7

Rb = 1.60 mm/d

): (.
Rn = (1 0.25) 8.7 mm/d 1.60 mm/d
Rn = 4.9 mm/d

) (. ) (.
) (. ):(.
es-Tmax = 24.9 m
es-Tmin = 11.8 mb
es= (24.9 mb + 11.8 mb)/2
es = 18.4 mb

" "
ea = es- dp = 11.8 mb

) (. ) (.
:
}aw = 0.4 + 1.4 exp{-[(121 173)/58]2
aw = 1.03
}bw = 0.007 + 0.004 exp{-[(121 243)/80]2
bw = 0.0074

) (.
:
)G = (15.2 13.6) 0.15 mm/d (C
G = 0.2 mm/d

) (. -
:
)Etr = 0.640 (4.9 mm/d - 0.20 mm/d) + 0.360 [ (15.36)/0.1 (588.7 cal/g
)[1.03 + 0.0074 (408 km /d)] (18.4 mb 11.8 mb
Etr = 5.5 mm/d

.

-
.
. :
ETc = Kc . ETr

)(.

= ETc-
= Kc
= ETr-
) (. Kc
ETr
) (.
Kc .
-
) (SCS
).(Soil Conservation Service, 1970
] ) .[(.

.

.
.
:
)( :
.
)( :
 .

" "

)( :
) : (
) :( ) : (.
)( :
.


) (.
.


Kc . Kci
.
- .
).(.
)(.
.(El Kayal, 1983; Ryan and Cuenca, 1984) Kci
:
If ) (If < 4 :
] K ci = (1.286 0.27 ln I f )exp[( 0.01 0.042ln I f )ETri

)(.

If ) (If 4 :
] exp[( 0.02 0.04ln I f )ETri

) K ci = 2(I f

0.49

)(.

) .(.
) . (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

- ///
) (
/// ).(

// )(
/// )(
///).(

)(

/// )(
///).(

/// ) (

)(

///)( /// ).(

/// )(
/// ).(

/// )(
///)( /// )(
/// ) ( .

///) ( /// )(
/// ).(

)(

) ( ///) (
///) ( ///
)( /// )(

/// ) (

.

" "

) .(.
) . (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977
)( /// )(
///)(
///) ( ///).(

- ///
)( /// ).(

///
)( ///)(
///).(

- /// ) (
///).(

///) ( -
/// ).(

///)(
/// ).(

///)( -
///).(

/// ) (
///).(

///) ( ///)(
///) (
///).(

///)(
///).(

) .(.
) . (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

////)(
///).(

)( /// ).( )(
/// ) .( ///) (
///) ( .

///)(
/// ).(

///)(
///) ///).(

///)(
///)(
///).(

///)(

)(

/// )(
///) (
.

///)(
///).(

///) ( ///
)( ///).(

///)(
///)(
///).(

 " "

) .(.
) . (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

///)(
///)(
///)( -// )(
///).(

///)(
///)( ///).(

/// )(

)(

///)( ///
).(

///)(+
///)(+ ///).(

///)( ///
)( ///)(
///).(
///)(
///).(

///)( ///)(
///).(

) .(. Kc ETr
) . (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1975

:
= If
= Kci
= ETri - /
= ln
-

) (.
.
.

" "

) (. ) (.
. Kci

.

.
Kc
Kc
) (. -
Kc

-
- .
Kc -
.

- -
) (. -.

) .(. ) (Kc

) .(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

/



) (

)(
)(

)(
)(

) (

RHmin

>

)(.

.
.
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.

RHmin

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
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.
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.

<

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.
.
.
.

 " "

) .(. ) (Kc

) .(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

) (
)(

)(

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

) .(. ) (Kc

) .(Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
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.

: Kc
Kc .

) .(. . Kc
Kc
) (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

" "

:
)(.
Kc .
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
)(.
- ETr
:
ETri = 8.4 mm/d

)
( - ETr
) (. Kci :
Kci = 0.35

) (. ) (.
) (. . )(.
. Kci = 0.34

.
) (.
Kc mid . Kc late
).(.
:
) (RHmin

) (. Kc
Kc mid = 1.15
Kc late = 0.6

.

Kc .
Kc late .
Kc
)(.
Kc .
-
Kc
- .ETr
Kc - .ETr
).(.

" "

)(.
Kc ) (.
- ETr :
:
:

ETr
mm/d

.
.
.
.
.

:
)( Kc
Kc KcMay = 0.35
Kc :

=
Kc = .
Kc = .
Kc :
27days
)(1.15 0.35
35days

K c 30 June = 0.35 +
K c30 June = 0.97

KcJune:
3 days
) (0.35) + 27 days (0.35 + 0.97
30 days
30 days
2

= K c June

K c June = 0.63

Kc :


KcJuly:

8 days (0.97 + 1.15) 23days

)(1.15
+
31days
2
31days
= 1.13

= K cJuly

Kc :

K cJuly

 " "

=
Kc = ..
Kc = .
Kc :
14 days
)(1.15 0.60
30 days

K c 31 Aug = 1.15

K c 31 Aug = 0.89

KcAug:
17 days
)(1.15) + 14 days (1.15 + 0.89
31days
31days
2
= 1.09

= K cAug
K cAug

Kc :

KcSept:

0.89 + 0.60
= 0.75
2

= K cSept

)( - ) (ETc
:

ETr
mm/d

Kc

ETc
mm/d

ETc
mm

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

) (.
) (.

. ) (. Kc
- . Kc mean
Kc Kc low
Kc peak .
) (.
.
Kc

- .
).Doorenbos and Pruitt (1977
) (Wright
)
(.
) (.

" "

) (.
.

:
)(.
) K c alf = K c FAO / (K c alf / grass
:
=Kc-alf
=Kc-FAO )
(
=Kc-alf/grass
) (.
- - -

:
)(.
) ETr grass = ETr alf / (K c alf / grass
:
= ETr grass-
= ETr alf-

) .(. Kc
) (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

) (. -
)( - )(.
.
)(.
) (.
.
-
- -
) .(Wright, 1982

" "

)
.(1982

) (basal crop coefficient


.
) .(Wright, 1982
:
)(.
K c = K cb (K a ) + K s
Wright,

:
=Kcb

=Ka
=Ks
) (.



--- ) .(Cuenca, 1988
) - (

.

) .(.
.

) (.
.

. ) (.
.
) .(. -
) . (Wright, 1982
)/(

 " "

)(

)(

)(

)(

#

##

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
)(/
/
/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
)(/

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

)(

)(

*
# . / /
## .
.

) (.

.

.
) (. :
)(.) K a = ln[(AVM / TAM) 100 + 1] / ln(101.0
:
=AVM Kc

:
) .(

AVM = SMC CEW

:
=SMC Kc

=CEW

=TAM
:
.) TAM = FC CEW(
:
=FC

) (. AVM/TAM

.
) .(. ) (Kcb
"" ) . (Wright, 1982

Kcb

- PCT )(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

 " "

- DT

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

) .(. ) (FC
) (SMC ) (CEM ) (AVM .

:
) K S = (K t K cb )exp( t

)(.

:
=Kt
)( .
= .
=t d
Kt
) Burman et al., 1982: Jensen et al.,
(1988
Kt
. ) exp(-t . . . t
. t Ks .
)(1982

Wright

" "

.




.





.
-
- -
) Wright and Jensen, 1972; Nixon et

.(al., 1972 ) (. -
ryegrass .
-

.

-
.





.

) .(. -
) . (Nixon et al., 1972.

" "

) (.

-
-
.

.

.

-
- ) .(Allen and Wright, 1983

- ) Allen and Wright,
.(1983

) .(Devore and Peck, 1986


t ) (students t distribution
.
).(Devore and Peck, 1986

) .(.
( ) . (Nixon et al., 1972.

ETr

)-

:



:
)(.
IR = CWR Pef
:
=IR
=CWR

=Pef

 " "

) (.


.

.
.

.
.




- .
.
) .(.

.
.

) . (. :
) (.) Pef = f (D )[1.25(Pt )0.824 2.93] 10 (0.000955 ET
C

:
= Pef
) = f(D
= Pt /
= ETc- /
) f(D :
3

) f (D ) = 0.53 + 0.0116 D 8.94 10 5( D ) + 2.32 10 7 (D

)(.

:
= D
) .(. -
) . (Anonymous,1970
Pt
mm

= D

ETc
mm

D-mm
). f(D

) (f ) (D

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

" "

).(.
) (. ) (.

-

-


.
ETc Pt

Pef

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.
-

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) (Doorenbos and Pruitt ,1977
-
) (ETc %

- . ETc
) Doorenbos and Pruitt (1977
) (. ETc
ETc
. ETc
- ETc
. .
) (.:

) .(. ETc
) .(Doorebos and Pruitt, 1977

ETc

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)(.
ETc
)(.

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:

) (.

.
:
ETc peak 75% = 1.1(291mm ) = 320 mm

.


.
.
:
de
Nc

[IR c ]d
d = d s c =1

= (.) IR peak

:
=IRpeak
=d
= ds
=de
=c
=Nc
=IRc c
) (.

.
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.



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]) [management allowed depletion (MAD .
MAD


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) (MAD
.
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. Dr
.
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UC82 ):(Cuenca, 1978
(.) D r = 0.59[ ETr ] 121
:
=Dr
=ETr-
).(.

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.
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CEW
.
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) (. .

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(.) i n = MAD(D r )TAM
:

=in
=MAD
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) (.

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.

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) .(.

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(.

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) (.


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.

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.

):(Burman et al., 1982
(.) R = 15.0(100.00/ v )1/3
:
=R
=v

) .(.
) (Moisture Dynamics, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon

.
.
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) .(.
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.
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v = A(NMC/STD ) + B
:
= NMC
= STD
= A , B

) .(Cuenca, 1988

) .(

" "

REFERENCES
ALLEN, R. G. and C. E. BROCKWAY, "Estimating Consumptive Use on a Statewide Basis," Advances in Irrigation and Drainage, Proceedings of the American
Society of Civil Engineers Irrigation and Drainage Division Speciality
Conference, Jackson, Wyoming, 1983, pp. 79-89.
ALLEN, R. G., "A Penman for All Seasons," American Society of Civil Engineers,
Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, vol. 112, no. 4, 1986, pp. 348368.
ALLEN, R. G. and W. O. PRUITT, "Rational Use of the FAO Blaney-Criddle
Formula," American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering, vol. 112, no. 2, 1986, pp. 139-156.
BLANEY, H. F. and W. D. CRIDDLE, "Determining Water Requirements in
Irrigated Areas from Climatological and Irrigation Data," U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Technical Report No. 96, 1950.
BURMAN, R. D., R. H. CUENCA, and A. WEISS, "Techniques for Estimating
Irrigation Water Requirements," in Advances in Irrigation, vol. 2, ed. D. Hillel.
New York: Academic Press, 1983, pp. 336~394.
COUCHAT, P., "Mesure Neutronique de I'Humidite des Sols," (In French), Doctor
of Science Thesis, University of Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, 1974.
CUENCA, R. H., "Transferable Simulation Model for Crop Soil Water Depletion,"
Ph.D. Thesis, University of California. Davis, 1978.
CUENCA, R. H., J. ERPENBECK, and W. 0. Pruitt, "Advances in Computation of
Regional Evapotranspiration, " Proceedings of Water Forum 1981, American
Society of Civil Engineers Speciality Conference, San Francisco, California, vol.
1, 1981, pp. 73-80.
CUENCA, R. H. and M. T. NICHOLSON, "Application of Penman Equation Wind
Function," Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of
Civil Engineers, vol. 108, no. IR 1, March, 1982, pp. 13-24.
CUENCA, R. H., "Hydrologic Balance Model Using Neutron Probe Data,"
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage
Engineering. (In Press)

CUENCA, R. H. and M. E. JENSEN, "Approximating the FAO Coefficients-A

Second Look," work in progress.
DEVORE, J. and R. PECK, Statistics, The Exploration and Analysis of Data. St.
Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co., 1986.
DOORENBOS, J. and W. O. Pruitt, "Crop Water Requirements," Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Irrigation and Drainage Paper
no. 24. Rome, Italy, 1975.
DOORENBOS, J. and W. O. Pruitt, "Crop Water Requirements," Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Irrigation and Drainage Paper
no. 24. Revised, Rome, Italy, 1977.
EL KAYAL, A., "Evaluating the Design and Operation of Irrigation Canals in
Egypt," unpublished MS Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, Utah State
University, Logan, Utah, 1983.
FERVERT, D. K., R. W. HILL, and B. C. BRAATEN, "Estimation of FAO
Evapotranspiration Coefficients," Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 109, no. 2, June, 1983, pp.
265-269.
GREBET, P., "Evapotranspiration Mesure et Calcul," Ph.D. Dissertation,
I'Universite Pierre et Marie Curie et I'Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de
Paris, 1982. (In French)
HOWELL, T. A., R. L. MCCRMICK, and C. J. PHENE, "Design and Installation of
Large Weighing Lysimeters," Transactions of the American Society of
Agricultural Engineering, vol. 28, no. 1, 1985, pp. 106-112,117.
HURD, C., Sprinkler Irrigation Guidebook. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Agency for
International Development, 1969.
JENSEN, M. E., ed., Consumptive Use of Water and Irrigation Water Requirements.
New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1974.
JENSEN, M. E., ed., "Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems,"
Monograph no. 3, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph,
Michigan, 1980.
MAHRT, L. and M. EK, "The Influence of Atmospheric Stability on Potential
Evaporation," Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, vol. 23, February,
1984, pp. 222-234.

" "

MUKAMMAL, E. I., G. A. McKAY, and V. R. TURNER, "Mechanical BalanceElectrical Readout Weighing Lysimeter," Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol. 2,
1971, pp. 207-217.
MULLER, M. J., Selected Climatic Data for a Global Set of Standard Stations for
Vegetation Science. The Hague, the Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1982.
NIXON, P. R., G. P. LAWLESS, and G. V. RICHARDSON, "Coastal California
evapotranspiration frequencies," Proceedings American Society of Civil
Engineers, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, IR 2, 1972, pp. 185-191.
PENMAN, H. L., "Natural Evaporation for Open Water, Bare Soil, and Grass,"
Proceedings Royal Society of London, A193, 1948. pp. 120-146.
PENMAN, H. L., "The Physical Bases of Irrigation Control," Proceedings 13th
International Horticulture Congress, London, England, 1952, pp. 913-924.
PRUITT, W. O. and D. E. ANGUS, "Large Weighing Lysimeter for Measuring
Evapotranspiration," Transactions of the ASAE, vol. 3, no. 2, 1960, pp. 1315,18.
PRUITT, W. O. and J. DOORENBOS, "Empirical Calibration, A Requisite for
Evapotranspiration Formulae Based on Daily or Longer Mean Climatic Data,"
presented at International Round Table Conference on Evapotranspiration,
International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Budapest, Hungary, 1977.
ROSENBERG, N. J., B. L. BLAD, and S. B. VERMA, Microclimate, The
Biological Environment. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1983.
RYAN, P. K. and R. H. CUENCA, "Feasibility and Significance of Revising
Consumptive Use and Net Irrigation Requirements for Oregon," Project
Completion Report, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon State
University, 1984.
SELLERS, W. D., Physical Climatology. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago
Press, 1972.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Technical Release no. 21,
(Revision 2), 1970.
WRIGHT, J. L., "New Evapotranspiration Crop Coefficients," Journal of the
Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, vol.
108, IR 1, June, 1982, pp. 57-74.

) -.( ) (es - ea
:
=
) . =(Tdry
) .=(Twet
)(
-.
/

.

-.
/
-:
= .
= .
= .
/
-.
:

 " "

n/N = 0.72
U2 day = 6 m/s

Tmax= 28C
Tmin= 15C
RHmin= 43%

- /
- .FAO
-. :
Uday/Unight =3
Rs = 12.4 mm
Ra = 7.5 mm

U2 = 165 km
RHmax =55%
Tmean = 21.5C

= .

= 0.705
+

-
.FAO
-. -

-
/ .
.
-. ) (FAO
.
- /
- . .
.

-.
.
.
:
RHmax = 80%
RHmin = 35%
Wind = 315 km/d
Epan=6.1 mm/d

.
-.

.
.
/ .
- /


-.
-
/
.
/ .
.

" "

-. - /
- ) (FAO :
=
=
Tmin = 13C
RHmin = 60%
Rs = 610 cal/cm2

Tmax = 27C
RHmax = 95%
U day = 5.4 m/s

U day
Rs .
-. :
RHmax = 90%
= 0.6675 mb/C
Rs = 9.0 mm
Uday/Unight = 4.0

Tmean = 18C
RHmin = 65%
= 1.0968 mb/C
Ra = 6.1 mm
U2m = 256 km/d

- - ) (FAO
/.
-.
./.
- )(FAO

./ . .
/.

-. ) (FAO -
.
:
Tmin = 22.8C
RHmin = 53%

Tmax = 30.5C
RHmax = 84%
n= 12.1 h

.
-. - .
.
) ( .
:
Tmin = 22.8C
RHmin = 53%
U3.0 = 480 km/d

Tmax = 30.5C
RHmax = 84%
n= 12.1 h

) (advection
- Ea
:

) (R n G ) + (E a
+
+

= ETr

-.
.
.. .