Ci.

Bk.

TEACHERS COLLECTION

TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY

DURHAM, N.

Racd

C.

A?AS ML

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

2015

https://archive.org/details/geographyreaders51 wins

GEOGRAPHY READERS

COUNTRIES

DISTAI^T

ASIA, AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

BY
I.

O.

WINSLOW

cL^

BOSTON,
D. C.

HEATH &

U.S.A.

CO.,
1910

PUBLISHERS

WINSLOWS
GEOGUAPIIY LEADERS
Tiir Eahtii

and

Its Peoim.r

The United States

Our American NEicnnons
Europe
Distant Countries

Copyright,
D. C.

1010,

HEATH A

dv
C^O.

PREFACE
The

occupy niicUlle ground

between the customary text-books and geographical Ieaders,
and to combine the essential advantages of both.
The two extremes, whether employed separately or together, fail to meet the practical needs of the average schoolThe text-books adhere to the scientific method, at a
room.
The teacher
sacrifice of the practical or pedagogical method.
purjDose of tins series

is

to

finds it difficult either to assign a definite lesson for

from the books or to use

and discussion.

much

tain so

them

In their completeness the text-books con-

that selection

teach the whole

study

for class exercises in reading

is

is difficult,

and the attempt

to

disastrous.

Geographical readers, in the form of stories of travel,

go so far to the other extreme that they also fall outside
of the daily task of the geography teacher.
Courses of

study very properly call for definite concepts and

After serious attention has been given to these, there
little

facts.
is

but

time to spare in the regular curriculum for lighter

reading.

There is need of books that shall select the essentials and

them forth in such an explicit and straightforward man-

set

ner that they

may be

easily used, both for preparatory read-

ing and for study and recitation.

It is the design of these

books to supply that want. Since they occupy a unique
position, they should not be judged according to existing
standards, Imt according to practical needs.
Care bas been taken to make the series genuinely progres-

sive.

Each book builds upon the foundation

111

laid in previous

PREFA.CE

IV

books.

Suck topics

as have been treated in earlier books are

omitted, or brielly mentioned for the purpose of review, or

from a more mature standpoint. In choice of words

and style there is a gradual advancement through the series
corresponding to tlie advancing ability of pupils of the

ti-eated

several grades.

Unusual attention has been given to the industrial and

commercial aspects of the subject, in the belief that these
are of fundamental importance and of natural interest to
Tlie fact that political geography, or the geogclnldren.

wrought out in close connection with

such industrial and commercial development renders it more
significant and more easily remembered.
Topics of fundamental importance are fully explained in
the text, but many minor points, which may be easily ascertained or inferred by pupils, are reserved and given at the
end of each chapter, either in the form of questions or brief
statements accompanied by questions.
These exercises,
supplemented by map sketching and other work that is
here and there suggested, will provide definite lessons for
ra])hy of locations,

is

the study period, Avhich

many

teachers find

it

difficult to

arrange.

The review questions

ment

relate to j^rincipal points explained

and may be employed either

for the daily assign-

of lessons or for occasional review.

It is believed that

in tlie text,

these questions, together with the exercises given in connection with each chapter, include as

mentary grades should be expected

much

as pupils of ele-

to learn.

CONTENTS
PAGE

Asia

10

Siberia

Turkey

in

Arabia,

Iersia,

16

Asia

and Afghanistan

India

and

Indufstries

Review
China

Cities of India

.26

........

3.5

45
.54

58
68

Chinese Industries

............
.............
........
....
..........
..........
............
........
.............
............

Remote Provinces and Smaller Countries

79

Jaiian

84

Africa
Egypt

101

Northern Africa
The Desert of Sahara

107
116

.12.3

The Sudan

129

Central Africa

139

Southern Africa

150

Australia

Large Islands of the Pacific

165

.174

Small Islands of the Pacific

Review

181

Appendix

188

Population and Areas

Index and Pronouncing Vocabulara'

......

185

188

190

LIST OF

MAPS
i>Ar,E

f'oAiMF.iiciAi, IMai

Asia (colored)

Africa

(colored)

Austrama

of

Wokli)

facing

...........
...........
..........
tiik

(col(ir(>(I)

(colored)

VI

4-5
105
107

DISTANT COUNTRIES

DISTANT COUNTPJES
Our interest in the study of geography lies first in
onr own country, and after that in the countries most
Although Europe

nearly related to us.

is

separated

from America by the broad Atlantic, a very large proportion of the American people are familiar with that
continent,
their

and hold

it

in high esteem, because

own former home

or the

To some people the more

home

either

it is

of their ancestors.

seem less
important, because they are far away, and have not
distant lands

reached the degree of civilization that

is

common

in

Europe and America.

At the present
rapidly changing.

time, however, these conditions are

Nations of the Far East are surpris-

The

ing the world by the rapidity of their progress.

fact that

we

ourselves have

Hawaiian Islands,

in the

come

into possession of the

midst of the Pacific, and of

the Pliilippines, thousands of miles farther away, has

made

the opposite side of the earth seem

much

nearer

than before. At the same time a great increase in

commerce between our shores and remote regions has
rendered these of greater practical interest to us.
I

We

Asia

often think of Asia as situated fav to the east,

beyond the continent of Europe. We forget that it

reaches so far around the earth that it almost touches
our northwestern possessions.
1

It

is

only about

fifty

DISTANT COUNTRIES

miles from the farthest point of Alaska, across Bering

Strait, to the Asiatic coast.

Asia

is

territory

tlie

large.st

North

than

combined.

of the continents.

America and

Sontli

one third of

It contains nearly

It

all

has more

America
the land

In the Heart of the Himalayas

surface of the earth.

In longitude

Mediterranean Sea to Bering

thonsand miles.
ical regions

In latitude

it

reaches from the

Strait, a distance of
it

six

extends from the trop-

near the equator to a point within a few

decrrees
of the
O

North

Pole.

In the northern and western parts of this great continent are vast plains, but in the central and southern

portions are the highest mountains in the world.

the plateaus
sea-

among

Even

these mountains are higher above the

than the highest peaks of

many mountain

ranges.

ASIA

The mountains
than

of Asia are of

many mountain

systems.

more recent formation

The crust of that part

;ToboIsk

i^KEST/

Kuenh

,^qha_.

STAN
of Aden

ASIA
1000

Madras
Scale of Statute 3Iiles

Capitals of Countries;

Other Places:
Principal Railways;.
Proposed Railways:

(^Comorin

CEYL(

Colombol

TwE M.-N. W0BK5

70

Lorfgitade West

80 from G

lyuskiry~^\

I'Va

\l-

NEW SI^ERIAV^
\ ISLANDS^

ARCT\C

ar]iA-

Liiknu

SaukAyJ*

wMaidalaMy

130

DISTANT COUNTRIES

of the earth

still

is

slowly

l)eii(ling,

and

this causes the

mountains and the islands neai' the coast

crust breaks and slips from time

As the

among

are violent eartlnpiakes, especially

to rise slowly.
to time there

the islands.

Throughout the central and northern parts of Asia

the extremes of temperature are not much modified hy
In the north the

the sea.

summers

are

warm, but very

At a point on

and the winters extremely cold.

Lena River, near the Arctic Circle, the average
temperature in January is about sixty degrees l.)elow
This is a lower temperature than is found in any
zero.
short,

the

other part of the

known

world, and that point

called the Cold Pole of the earth.

summers

are

may

be

In central Asia the

warm, but the great elevation

of the land

South

of the lofty

ca-uses the winters to be

very cold.

TTimalaya Mountains the land descends to a low plain,

and the

A
'fihis

cliimite

tropical.

is

large part of central Asia has

region

is

far

-a

from the ocean, and

very dry climate,

is

surrounded by

mountains that withdraw^ the moisture from the winds

before they reach the interior.

The

Avinds

Their cause

is

of

southern Asia are called

monsoons.

similar to that of the land and sea breezes

that l)low along

many

shores.

In

summer

the monsoons

blow toward the land, and in Avinter from the land

toAvard the sea.

and the
of air

air alcove

Duriim'
O the Avarm summer the land
it become heated.
Cooler currents

from the sea then move toward the shore and

pass under the AAarmer and lighter currents.

the reverse occurs.

The laud

is

In Avinter

then cooler than the

ocean, anil there are ui>AAvard currents of Avarm air over

ASIA

the ocean, and beneath them colder currents that

come

from the land. These monsoons have a marked effect

upon the climate of southern and southeastern Asia and

upon the desirability of those regions for habitation.

More than one half of all the people of the world live
This

in Asia.

is

not because of the great

continent, large portions of

which are

size of

that

so uudesiral^le

Scene on the Plains of Northern Asia

About

that they have few inhalDitauts.

six sevenths of

the population live in the coastal sections of the south

and

east.

valleys

is

aljundant
it

In those regions the

very

fertile

supply of

soil in

the great river

and the monsoons bring an

These conditions render

rain.

possible for a dense population to support

Under such
earliest

peoples

favorable

who dwelt

in that part of

increased vastly in numbers and

ment
our

in civilization.

own time were

Many

made

of

the

the world

great advance-

most useful arts of

and practiced by the

of the

discovered

ancient people of Asia.

itself.

circumstances some

]:>ISTANT

8
It

rising

COUNTRIES

has often Ijeen an advantage to a people,

from

Ijarbarisin, to

Ije

situated

where distinUance
It was not

come from ueigldjoring peoples.

Indians who lived in the most open ami

fertile parts

of

America

conld not
the

when

made

that

the

greatest

prog-

ress,

those

l)iit

could

Ii

not

be

easily

reached by hosSo,

tile tril)es.

Asia,

in

it

was the people

whose

conn-

were

trie s
1)

o u n (1 e d

monnta

Ijy
i

seas, or deserts

that

attained

the higliest civCopyright by Underwood & T^iiderwood, N.Y.

Primitive Life in the Early

Home

of the

Aryans

ilization.

Asia,

In

in o r e -

over, the regions with natural harriers had the added

advantage of favoralde soil and climate.

long ago the ancestors

most of the present Europeans emigrated from Asia.
Some of them are supposed to have come from the highlands of central Asia.
That is now a very desolate
It is generally lielieved that

of

region, l)ut there

is

reason for believing that in ancient

times the climate was

much

better than

it is

now.

ASIA

In modern times the peoples of Europe have far outstripped the inhabitants of xAsia.

among

cation

than

Asia.

in

In Europe communi-

the different countries has

Europeans

have

been easier

developed

naviga-

tion and have ob-

tained the benefits

of intercourse with

the

world.

entire

The peoples

of Asia

have been inclined

remain

to

in

condition.
them
Some of
fixed

have relimous
o

scru-

against

de-

parting from

the

pies

custom s of the past.

The
ments
Asiatic

governof

most

countries

Great Stone Image of Buddha

have been absolute

little

The masses of the people have had but

enlightenment.
They are mostly divided among

four

great

monarchies.

religions,

Confucianism,

and

called

Brahminism, Buddhism,

Mohammedanism.

of

these

have some influence for good, but they teach

many

All

notions that to us seem mysterious or absurd.

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

Name
Name
Name
Name
Name

five seas tliat

border on the eastern coast of Asia.

in order the seas, gulfs,

and bays south

of Asia.

the large rivers of Asia that flow into the Arctic Ocean.

three rivers that belong to the Pacific slope.

the principal rivers that flow into waters south of

.Asia.

DISTANT COUNTRIES

10
0.

I\It.

mouutain

Everest, a peak of the

in the world.

8.

Name
What

.0.

How

7.

10.

rivers,

Himalaya IMountains,

In what part of Asia

is

the highest

is it?

the countries of Asia.

country near the easteni coast comsists of i.slands?

does the iiopulation of Asia compare with that of Europe?

Sketch a map of Asia, showing the mountain ranges, the

and the boundaries of the countries.

Siberian
2.

largest

Mammoth

Siberia

Tlie portion of Asia that belongs to Eiissia

larger than the whole of the United States.

the great northern country

known

is

much

It includes

as Siberia,

and sev-

eral provinces farther south.

In its surface and climate Russia in Asia is much like

European Russia. It is a continuation of the great
plain of northern and central Europe.
In the north is
the tundra, which is frozen to a great depth.
Mosses
and lichens grow upon the surface in summer, but beneath is a mass of ice that is nearly four hundred feet
thick in places.
In this frozen mass entire bodies of
huge animals called mammoths have been found with

SIBERIA
their flesh perfectly preserved,

11

though they must have

been buried in the frozen tundra for thousands of years.

Animals such as these can live only in a warm climate,

and this probably indicates that the Far North was once
warmer than it is now. Much fossil ivory from the
tusks of the

mammoths

has been found in Siberia, show-

ing
great numbers of
O that O

them once

Mounted Cossack,

lived there.

Siberia

These cold regions are inhabited by a few scattered

people, most of whom belong to the Yellow^, or Mongolian,

They live by hunting and keep reindeer and

do some of the Eskimos of North America.

Race.

dogs, as

South of the tundra

is

the great forest

farther south are the broad regions of fertile

and
lands and
belt,

the arid steppes.

Siberia
tain as

Among

is

very sparsely inhabited.

many

the original natives are

Cossacks.

It does

people as the single state of

The

latter are

up the greater part

not con-

New

A^ork.

the Tartars and the

very fond of horses, and

of the Russian cavalry.

make

DISTANT COUNTRIES

12

'niere

sent

are

there

nmnhers

many

in

Sil)eria wlio

from Russia

have

l)een

Enrope.

Great

men and women, who have been

accused

as

of

people

exiles

in

of criticising the government, or of stirring np rebellion,

have been arrested and transported to this Ijleak country
At
hundreds or thousands of miles from their liomes.
]iresent, liowever,

fewer ^jeojde are exiled than formerly.

Released Convict Village, Siberia

and the worst criminals are sent to the island of Sakhalin, the northern part of which belongs to Russia.
Recently many Russians and others have gone to
Siberia from choice, to settle there and take advantage
of the great natural resources of the country.

however, has been

settled

tracts of fertile soil,

immense timber

of Auiluable metals, l)ut the

reaching
to

desiral)le

market long

count'w.

])oints

prevented

There

are large

and mines

difficulty

the

of

land,

forests,

slowly.

and

The

and expense of

sending products

development of the

SIBERIA

13

Russia is now giving great attention to the improvement

The Trans-Siberian Railroad

of its Asiatic possessions.

was
is

built

by the government entirely across

Siberia.

This

the longest continuous line of railroad in the world.

It reaches

from

St.

Petersburg to the Pacific coast, a

distance of six thousand miles, about five thousand of

which are

in Siberia.

Settlements are springing up on

Manchuria

Station on Trans-Siberian Railroad,

the fertile lands along the line of this and other railroads
that have been constructed.

Machinery

and products can be sent

market.

to

is

easily imported,

It is

not unusual to

American-made farm
implements and other manufactured articles. These a.re
shipped from our Pacific coast to ports of eastern Asia.
Lumbering in the great forests has become an important industry, and there is an extensive trade in furs.
The land where the forests have been cleared away is
good for agriculture, and on the open plain immediately
south of the forests there is generally rain enough for
see at railway stations in Siberia

DISTANT COUNTRIES

14

farm

On

crops.

the steppes,

of live stock feed

farther south, herds

still

upon the grasses that grow

in the

rainy season of spring.

In the province of Turkestan, south of the steppes,

there

is

farm

a sufficient supply of moisture, and various

produced

cro|)s are

In that province and

tliere.

the provinces farther south considerable cotton

is

raised.

Siberian Tarantass

connecting

railroad

with

the

Caspian

Sea,

and

called tlie Trans-Caspian Railroad, has been built to aid

in the

development of the region.

region southwest

great

Central Asia.
spots here

and

It

Kirghiz Steppes.

who do

is

there.

chielly

The

of

Siberia

is

known

an arid desert with

central portion

is

as

fertile

called the

The inhabitants are Tartar

herders,

not live in permanent homes, but move about

with their horses, camels, sheep, and

The cities and towns of

few and widely scattered.

cattle.

Asiatic Russia are, of course,

The most important

the port of Vladivostok, the Pacific

city

is

terminus of the

SIBERIA
Trans-Siberian Railroad.

15

It is the port of

entrance of

eastern Siberia, and has been provided with strong fortifications.

Its

of other ports

harbor freezes in winter, but in the lack

on the Pacific the Russians regard

very important.

On

it

as

account of the development of the

industries of Siberia, the trade of Vladivostok is rapidly

increasing.

Trans-Siberian Railroad Terminus, Vladivostok

Port Arthur, a seaport farther south, formerly belonged to the Russians, but they lost

it

in the recent

war with Japan.

Irkutsk

is

regarded as the capital city of Siberia.

It

has long been the center of caravan trade between China

and Russia, but

since the building of the railroad

much

of this trade has been abandoned.

1.

in

What

natural boundaries separate Russia in Asia from Russia

Europe?
3.

What
What

4.

IVhere

2.

ocean and seas border upon Siberia?

islands are north of Siberia?
is

the peninsula of

Kamchatka

DISTANT COUNTRIES

16

islands are near the extremity of this jieninsula?

").

(i.

Where

7.

What

8.

J^ake Baikal

of Siberia
!t.

is

the island of Sakhalin?

are the three largest rivers of Siberia?

is

the largest fresh-water lake in Asia.

In

what part

is it ?

Where

are the provinces of

Bokhara and Khiva?

how

About

10.

much

farther south

Port Arthur than

is

Vladivostok
11.

Considerable

manufacturing
is
done at Irkutsk and

About how

Tomsk.

apart are these

far

towns?
12.

an

Tashkend is
town

iinpoitant

respect

in

to

trade

and inanufactui'ing.
In what province is
situated

it

13.

Sketch

an

outline niajr of Siberia,

Greek Church, Siberia

showing the chief

towns,
and

rivers,

railroads.

3.

The

Turkey

territory of the

in

Asia

Turkish Empire in Asia

times as large as the part of Turkey that

It is

very irregular in form.

names but

A
tlie

Portions of

is in

it

is

ten

Europe.

have special

indefinite limits.

large section in the form of a peninsula, between

Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea,

is

known

as

more truly the home of the

Turkish people than Turkey in Europe. It was from
this part of their empire that they crossed to Europe
Asia Minor.

This region

is

TURKEY
and made

their conquests.

IN ASIA

17

East of Asia Minor are the

moLintainous highlands of Kurdistan and Armenia.

narrow country on the eastern coast of the IMediterranean Sea is called Syria.
A strip drained by the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers has the name jMesopotamia.
Turkey also includes the Avestern, south Avestern, and
long,

northeastern portions of the great peninsula of Arabia.

Turkish Abater Carriers

Turkey is mostly coAmred Avith short mountain

The climate is generally very
ranges and plateaus.
dry except along the coast, Avhere the AAinds from the
Asiatic

seas bring; moisture.

The prevailing conditions among the people

those existing under Turkish rule in Europe.
tries are in a
is

very baclvAvard

state.

Much

resemlile

Indus-

of the Avork

done by the methods that Avere used iu ancient times.

This

is

largely because the region has been repeatedly

laid Avaste

by

Avars,

and one nation

after another has

ASIA

18

ruled over

The Greeks occupied

it.

several centuries before Christ.

Romans, and then

tribes of

parts of Asia Minor

After

them came the

Tartars from

the

north

gained possession.

Another reason for want of progress has been the

])olicy of the Turkish government, which has oppressed
the peo])le by taxation, treated them with crnelty, and
rendered them no assistance in making improvements.

Ruins of Temple of Diana, Ephesus

Many important
Asia Minor.

events of ancient history occurred in

Ruins of

and temples that have been

the various peoples who have

cities

excavated bear witness to

dwelt there.

In parts of this region there

of

many

races.

is,

In western Asia

at present, a mixture
I\Iinor,

Turks, Arme-

and Kurds have long been in almost ceaseless

Tlie Kurds are a branch of the Yellow Race.
Tliey have lived in this mountainons district for many
centnries.
More than two thousand years ago the
nians,

conflict.

TURKEY

IN ASIA

19

Armenians overcame them, but the Armenians were

afterward conquered

l:)y

lu Asia Minor the

the Turks.

soil

is

generally very

on account of )md government

ancient times.

it

produces

fertile,

less

Imt

than in

The farmers live in villages as in some

and many of the farms are long dis-

countries of Europe,

tances from the

At
harvest time

homes.
the

tax gath-

erer

is

take

sure to
for

tlie

government a
large

part

the

crops.

of

Wheat and
cotton are the
chief products.

In

many

of

the valleys are

irrigated

or-

chards yielding
figs, olives,

and

other fruits.

In some

re-

Copyright by Vnderwood & Underwood, N. V.

Inlaid Pearl

Work, Damascus

gions the land

is

best suited to herding, and

many

sheep and goats are

raised.

Most

of the

manufacturing

is

done by hand.

Wool

is

dyed and woven into beautiful rugs and carpets

that have a wide reputation. Fine shawls are made from
skillfully

ASIA

20

the

liair of

fabrics.
it

may

Some

goats.

'Ihis

work

is

require several

Pearl tishiug

is

silk, also, is

woven

done so slowly and carefully that

months

to

make

a single rug.

an importaut industry

of the Persian Gulf.

It is

iu the

waters

the chief occupation of thou-

sands of villagers along the Turkish shore.

found inside the

into Turkish

shells of oysters.

Pearls are

In the center of each

Copyright by Keystone View Co.

Beirut, Syria

Ijeautiful

round pearl there

is

always a tiny particle of

sand or some other hard substance.

when such
a

It

is

supposed that

a particle gets into a shell, the oyster builds

smooth covering around it to prevent it from irritatAs one coat after another is added to the pearl, it

ing.

gradually increases in

size.

Oysters, yielding pearls of

various kinds and colors, are found in the shallow waters

near India and Australia and in some other parts of the

world,

ljut

the pearl ])eds of the Persian Gulf are the

TURKEY

IN ASIA

21

Besides the pearls, the shells are also

most valuable.

of great value for the

manufacture of jewelry and for

other ornamental purposes.

In Asiatic Turkey are several old and interesting

Smyrna, on
cities, though none are of very great size.

one of the leading ports of

important commercial cenan
the Mediterranean.
It has a sheltered harbor, and is connected with
ter.
the interior by railroads. It exports many rugs and figs.

the coast of Asia Minor,

is

It is

on the Syrian coast, has recently come into

prominence as a commercial seaport. It is an important
Beirut,

center for the railroads that are being extended into

various sections of the empire.

The ancient
van
as;es

trade.

city of

It is

that faithful

Damascus

is still

a center for cara-

the starting point for annual pilgrim-

Mohammedans make

to their sacred

city of Mecca, the birthplace of the prophet

For thirteen centuries

it

Mohammed.

has been regarded as the duty

of the followers of the Prophet to

make

this pilgrimage

ASIA

22
at

some time

in their life.

About two hundred thousand

people every year endure great hardship in crossing the

Many have perished on

Mohammedans believe that if they

nine hundred miles of desert.

the

journey,

but

die in the attempt to reach the

Holy

City, they will be

immediately taken to a beautiful paradise. There is

now a railroad from Damascus to Mecca, built largely
to

accommodate these throngs of Mohammedan

Pilgrims on the

Way

to

travelers.

Mecca

Bagdad is situated in a fertile spot covered with gardens and palm groves. It will probably become an important center of trade as the industries of the plains

Mesopotamia are developed.

The ancient cities of Babylon and Nineveh were in
Mesoi)otamia. The only traces of them now are mounds
Excavations made among these ruins have
of laiins.
added much to our knowledge of ancient times.
The land in the valley of tlie Tigris and Euphrates
rivers is very fertile and by the use of irrigation once
of

supported a large population.

It

is

believed

to

be

TURKEY

IN ASIA

23

producing grain enougli for

million

capable

of

people.

The Turks have neglected the resources

of this

Germany have

all be-

region, hut England, France, and

come

interested in

it

nities for agriculture,

fifty

on account of the great ojDportncommerce, and colonization. Each

of these three countries has obtained the right to build

railroads into the valley.

new railway

is

to extend

from the town of Scutari, on the Bosporus, through the

city of Bagdad, to the head of the Persian Gulf.

Native Boats used on the Tigris

Mesopotamia
sufficient
irrio-ation
o

a level region, and the rivers have

water for irrigation.

ditches will be

constructed.
at

is

Some

of

the ancient

renewed and others

will be

It is proltable that this great valley will

some time become one

of the chief grain-producing

reffions
of the world.
o

small section along the coast of Syria

familiar portion of the Turkish

Holy Land of Christendom.

was the Promised Land

is

Empire because

the most
it is

It is called Palestine.

into

the
It

which the Jews entered

ASIA

24

a powerful people and had learned

Avlien the}" l)ecanie

God. Tliis is the land in which Christ

and many Christian people throughout the
it to view the scenes of Bible history.

to IjelieA^e in one

was

l)orn,

Avorld visit
.\t

the time of

under the

Roman

the

of

lurtli

goA^ernment.

Christ,

Palestine

Persians and Egjptians had held control over

The Heart

one liundred and

Avidth

of

through
Tlie

and

it,

Dead

hundred

ahout

fifty

fifty

It is

it.

Jerusalem

of

miles long, and has an average

The Jordan River runs

miles.

valley

its

Avas

During previous periods

is

the loAvest on the earth.

Sea, into Avhich the Jordan

floAvs, is

thirteen

feet loAver than the Mediterranean.

Interest in Palestine naturally centers in Jerusalem.

The present

city

is

upon the

an accumulation of

many

site of

the ancient one, but

centuries has buried the build-

ings of the time of Christ several feet beneath the present

surface.

Jenisalem

is

built

upon a plateau and

is

sur-

TURKEY
rounded by a high
with

flat roofs.

narrow

streets.

^vall.

IN ASIA

25

The houses are mostly

of stone,

They are closely crowded together on

Where Solomons Temple once stood

an immense Turkish mosque, called the Alosque of

Omar. The population of the city is composed of Turks,
Armenians, Jews, and many visitors from all the Chrisis

tian countries of the world.

The Church
1.

The

island of Cyprus

is

of the

tributary to Turlcey, but

taut naval station of Great Britain.

2.

AVliat

mountain

is

Holy Sepulchre

AVhere

is it

is

situated

also an imjior?

near the meeting point of Turkey, Persia, and

Russia V
d.

In what direction from Beirut

4.

About how long

5.

Aledina contains the tomb of

is

Damascus?
Damascus to Alecca?
Alohammed. In what direction

is

the journey from

is

from Mecca ?
6. Aleppo is an important city.
In what direction is it from Damascus ?
7. Name the town that is the terminus of the Bagdad Railway, near
the head of the Persian Gulf.
8. From Hodeida much of the famous IMocha coffee is exported.
In what direction is Hodeida from IMocha?
9. Sketch a map of Turkey in Asia, showing the rivers, cities, and
it

surrounding bodies of water.

DISTANT COUNTRIES

2C

4.

Arabia, Persia, and Afghanistan

Arabia, Persia, and Afghanistan are three countries

of coinparativelj small importance.
of their territory the climate

very productive.

is

The people

customs and methods of

life

In the greater part

dry and the

soil

is

not

and their
are very simple and crude.
are ignorant,

Wilderness of Sin, Arabia

The large peninsula of Arabia is a plateau bordered

by mountains on the south and west. Narrow sections
around the coast receive the greatest amount of moisture.
Some of these fertile sections are under the control
of Turkey; others l)elong to Great Britain.
A large part
of the interior, which is Araljia proper, is a sandy desert.
No rivers flow through it and no railroads have been
built across it.
Here and there a little underground
water comes to the surface, and in certain places water

AND AFGHANISTAN

ARABIA, PERSIA,

can be obtained by digging wells.

This desert region

27
is

about one third as large as the United States.

It

seems strange that

an}' people should

make such

an undesirable region their aljiding place, but the an-

have dwelt there for

This is not because of any lack of strength
centuries.
and hardihood. The Arabians have fine forms, great
cestors of the present inhabitants

Bedouin Sheik and Attendants

and much intelligence. Their Idstory illustrates

the fact that long-continued surroundings and customs,
however hard, tend to remove the desire for change.
Though Turkey claims Arabia as a part of its dominstrength,

ion, it really controls

only the region bordering on the

coast.

Petty Aralnan

interior

among

chiefs, called

sheiks, divide the

themselves.

The Arabians who inhabit the desert are called Bedouins.

They live in tents and care for herds of camels
and horses. In some sections, also, many herds of

DISTANT COUNTRIES

28
cattle, sheep,

driven from

and goats are

Tliese herds are

to be seen.

the seasons change.

])lace to place as

In some of the valleys, especially in the northern part,

the soil

fertile

is

and can he

irrigated.

In such places

the inhahitants dwell in villages and raise grain, coffee,

dates,

and other

crops.

They

live

mostly in flat-roofed

houses made of sun-dried bricks.

Camels in Arabia

Aralhans are fond of trading, and deal

one another.
hut

They trade

sell coffee, dates,

Aralna

and wool

much with

with the outer world,

to foi'eign merchants.

supposed to have been the original

is

the horse and the camel.

of horses

little

The people

and take great pains

home

of

still

very fond

in raisijig them.

Arabian

are

horses are reo;arded as amons? the finest in the world.

The camel

is

the necessary beast of burden for convey-

ing goods long distances across the desert.

Long

of these patient animals are continually passing

the interior and the towns of the coast.

consider the meat of camels very choice.

trains

between

The Arabians

ARABIA, PERSIA,

AND AFGHANISTAN

along the southeastern coast of the Arabian

strip

peninsula,

named Oman, was once an independent

dom, but

is

The

city of

the British.

now under
It

and

king-

the control of Great Britain.

Aden, on the southern

coast, also belongs to

has very strong fortifications to guard

the entrance to the

of Arabia,

29

is

Red

Sea.

It is the chief seaport

a very convenient coaling station for

Aden

and west between the ports of Europe

and Australia. Coffee, dates, and
other products are brought on camels to Aden, where
ships passing east

and those

of Asia

they are shipped to distant markets.

open to the ships of

all

nations,

It is a free port,

and has Ijecome a great

distributing center.

Persia

and

is

a high table-land surrounded by mountains,

mostly Mohammedans.
in

The native Persians are

They are courteous and refined

consists largely of desert.

There are also many Turks in Persia.

The government has been an afjsolute monarchy
manners.

DISTANT COUNTRIES

30

Not long ago, however,

a revolution occurred, and the Shah granted to the
people a constitution and a parliament. Afterward
under a ruler called the Shah.

stiff e

were

arose between different factions, and other nations

oliliged to interfere to preserve order.

Russia owns the land north of Persia, and would be

glad to secure rights in that country in order to obtain

on

a port

the

Persian Gulf,
1-)ut Great Britain

anxious

is

to retain control
of

the

w^aters

between

Persia

and Arabia. In
the year 1907
these

two na-

tions

entered

into an agree-

ment that Persia

should continue
to be a separate

nation, but that

it

Palace of the Shah, Teheran

should be

fluence

Great Britain and Russia.

di-

vided into two

ZOneS of in-

under

Russia has charge over the

northern part and Great Britain over the portion nearest

the Persian Gulf.

The Persian peasants have a hard struggle

to obtain

ARABIA, PERSIA,

AND AFGHANISTAN

In the regions near the Caspian Sea and along

a living.

amount of land
most places water

the southern shore a small

by

31

irrigation,

with great

but

in

difficulty.

are produced.

Some

grain, cotton,

is

cultivated

is

obtained

and tobacco

Persian fruits are of excellent quality.

Weaving Persian Carpet

Much

camels hair cloth and many beautiful carpets

and rugs are manufactured by hand and sold to foreign

merchants.

Most

of the people live in

mud

huts, in villages sur-

rounded by walls as a protection against robbers. There

are few roads across the country, and most of the merchandise
animals.

is

by caravans of camels and other pack

Persian caravans often consist of hundreds of
carried

camels, each fastened by a rope from a ring in

to the saddle of the one in front.

its

nose

DISTANT COUNTRIES

32

Along the coast

})carl

of Persia are foniul

many

pearls

and

shells like those along the opposite coast of Arabia.

Tehei'an, the capital city,

houses

made

of

sun-dried

Mohammedan

beautiful

and hence

laid out a

mostly composed of small

bricks.

It

One

mosques.

once fancied that he could

Interior of

is

make

Chamber

contains some

the shahs

of

his city look like Paris,

House

in a Persian

few very wide

streets,

but most of

the streets are narroiv and neglected.

Tabriz
the

soil

is

in a region

wliere the climate

is

good and

It is also in a favorable situation for

fertile.

trade with other countries.

Afgluuiistan

than Persia or

is

a country eveii less favored by nature

Araltia.

ren sand and rocks, and

It is

It is largely
is

covered with bar-

hemmed

cold in winter, but hot and dry in

in Ity

mountains.

summer.

AND AFGHANISTAN

ARABIA, PERSIA,

The Afghans are Init

world.
Tliey manage to

little

subsist

produce from the scanty tracts of

inhabitants consist of wandering
of sheep, goats,

and

hair.

known

to

the outside

upon what they can

Most of the

fertile land.
tril)es,

and camels, and make

who keep
articles of

Their ruler, called the Ameer,

Nomads

33

is

herds

wool

an absolute

in Afghanistan

monarch, and controls his sulpects chiefly througli

The people are brave, but

cruel,

and

fear.

fight with fierce

hatred against foreign invaders.

The country

lies

Ijetween Russian possessions on the

north and the British possession of India on the southeast,

and both Russia and Great Britain have

gain control

of

it.

On

this account

sometimes called the Buffer State

tried to

Afghanistan

is

between Russia

DISTANT COUNTRIES

34

The famous Khyber Pass on the Afghanis-

and India.
tan frontier

the only place in the mountains where a

is

hostile force could enter India

from the north.

It is

kept strongly fortihed and guarded by a British garrison.

Caravan at Khyber Pass

1.

Name

2.

Why

3.

London

bodies of water around the Aralnan peninsula.

tlie

Aden sometimes called the Gibraltar of tlie East ?

On what waters does a vessel sail in carrying goods from Aden
is

to

4.

Where

5.

In

are the Elburz IMountains ?

fi.

what part
In what part

7.

Ispahan

part of Persia

is

of Persia

is

of Persia

is

the capital city?

Tabriz?

noted as a center of

IMohammedan

In what

learning.

is it ?

8.

What

h.

Kabul-; the capital of Afghanistan, is on a fertile plain

great mountain range extends across Afglianistan

route of trade between central Asia and India.

on the
In what part of Afghan-

istan is it?

10. Herat is in' a strong military position, and has been called the
Gate of India. In what direction is it from Kabul?

INDIA
11.

35

Give reasons vrhy Russia and Great Britain would like to have

possession of Afghanistan.
12.

Sketch a

map

of Persia

and Afghanistan and

locate the important

towns.

Persian Brick-makers

India

5.

The country
Hindustan,

is

of
in

India,

sharp

which

is

sometimes called

contrast with

the

countries

and western Asia. It has a warm climate

and fertile soil, and supports a dense population.
The lofty Himalaya Mountains on the northern borof northern

der are

covered with

perjietual snow.

Among

these

mountains are more than one hundred peaks over four

miles high, and above an altitude of three miles the snow

The name
the Abode of Snow.

never entirely melts.

signifies

almost every variety of climate

distance below the

snow

line

of this

mountain range

Upon its long slopes

may lie found. At some

maple, oak, and chestnut

DISTANT COUNTRIES

36
trees,

and wild

berries, suggest the climate of tlie cooler

portions of temperate regions.

The southern
of the valleys of
I'ivers.

warm, low plains

the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra

slopes descend to the

These plains are covered with

for long ages has been carried

Among

the

down from

Snow Peaks above

The southern part

of India

is

table-land.

It is often called the

southland.

On

this

i)lateau

fine soil

that

the mountains.

the Clouds

a plateau, or elevated

Deccan, which means

the soil

is

and

excellent

the rainfall abunda.nt.

The monsoons blow over India

from

the

south-

west in summer and from the northeast in winter.

summer winds bring

the Indian Ocean

a great

amount

of moisture

and produce an abundance

the tnountain slopes near the western coast.

mer wind generally leaves a supply of

rain

The
from

of rain

on

The sum-

upon the table-

INDIA

37

upon

lands also, but after leaving these produces but

little

the lowlands of the northern liver valleys.

When

air currents reach the cold

is

the

Himalayas, their temperature

much that the rainfall is again very great.

among these mountains directly north of the

reduced so

region

delta of the

Ganges

is

believed to be the rainiest place

Himalayan Laborers

At one point there is a rainfall of about forty

months of July and August.
This great amount of rain and the melting suow of the
mountain glaciers supply the large rivers, and from their
in the world.

feet every year, chietiy in the

waters the lowlands are irrigated.

In winter the monsoon from the northeast gathers

moisture from the

on the eastern
This

fertile

Bay

of

Bengal and deposits rain

slopes.

country has been for centuries the home

of the Hindus.

These are a dark-skinned people, but

their language and history indicate that they belong to

DISTANT COUNTRIES

38

the Caucasian Race.

It is probable that their ancestors

Other
once lived in the region north of the Himalayas.
but
west,
the
toward
emigrated
race
the
luanches of
the

Hindus found

their

way

across the mountains to

the

Not

south.

only was the natural

fertility

of

the region favorable,

but

its

sepa-

ration from other

countries

Id

mountains and
seas afforded

them

considerable

pro-

tection

against

foreign

invasion.

They

therefore

and
prospered
developed a remarkable form of
Young Hindu Prince

civilization.

Cen-

they

turies
ago
had a written language and a literature. They liad a
well-organized government, and built some of the most

beautiful temples in the world.

Although India is only about one half as large as the

United States, it contains about three times as many inhaljitants.
There are in India about two hundred people
per square mile, while in the United States the average
is

not far from thirty per square mile.

The

three hundred million inhabitants of India are

INDIA

39

by no means a united people. They include more than

twenty nationalities. More than two hundred million
are Hindus and about sixty million are Mohammedans. Through the efforts of missionaries several
million have adopted the Christian religion.
The peoples of India have many peculiar customs and
strange religious beliefs.

The common

religion of the

Bullock Cart of a High-caste Brahmin

Hindus

is

this life

is

Brahminism.
an

evil,

that

It teaches that existence

it is

that the one thing desirable

all life

from which we came.

in

a virtue to suffer pain, and

is

to return to the source of

This

reli2;ion

teaches the

doctrine of castes, or fixed classes of society, according

which the Hindu must always live among the same

class of peo])le and follow the same occupation as his
father.
The Brahmins belono; to the hio;hest of all
to

castes.

one.

No

one can be a Brahmin unless his father was

Certain kinds of

work

are performed by the

mem-

DISTANT COUNTRIES

40

any work
Members of the highest
polluted if any one of lower

hers of particular castes, and uo one can do

tliat

belongs to another caste.

castes regard themselves as

caste touches them.

This unfortunate system tends to

discourage progress, and ever since the belief and practice

l:)ecame

common, the Hindus have

I'emained practically

in a lixed condition.

Twenty Thousand Hindu Pilgrims waiting

In the belief that the Ganges River

at the

is

Ganges

sacred, millions

have made pilorder to become cleansed from

of Hindus, for several thousand years,

grimages to

its

banks in

They not only drink the water and bathe

in it, but carry it away in casks for hundreds of miles.
Many build their homes near the river, so that when
their sins.

they die the ashes of their cremated bodies

into its waters.

may

be cast

INDIA
Another

belief

is

41

that after death the spirit exists

again, either in the form of another

On

that of a lower animal.

regard

it

human

being or in

this account the

as a sin to kill an animal of

Hindus

any kind, or

to

Sheep and goats are raised for their wool,

are kept to serve as draft animals, and camels

eat meat.
cattle

are used to

some extent

for transporting goods.

Elephants of State with Trappings

The elephants

when tamed,

of India are

remarkably

are of great value.

They

intelligent,

veying loads, for plowing, and for doing work that

quires great strength,

lumber yards.

They

and

are used for conre-

such as piling large timbers in

are

so

and capture of wild elephants

government.
But there are other animals
of terror to the inhabitants.

useful that
is

now

tlie

hunting

controlled by the

in India that are a source

In some places there are

vast jungles of tangled thickets, and these are the haunts

of tigers, panthers, wolves, hyenas, wild dogs,

dangerous
animals.
o

In the

and other

darkness of nie-ht
o

tis;ers
o

DISTANT COUNTRIES

42

often steal into the villages, spring silently

victims, and carry

single

them

off to

has been

tiger

upon

their

the neighboring jungle.

known

to

visit

village

night after night, until more than one hundred people

have

]jeen

away.

carried

Sometimes entire villages

have been aban-

doned by their
inhabitants

be-

cause of repeated

visits

In the

beasts.

whole

wild

of

India

of

thousand

several

persons are eaten

by

wild

every

animals

and

year.

nearly twenty

thousand
killed

are

by poison-

ous snakes.

Long ago Engmerchants

lish

settled along the

Temple

at

Khatmandu

coast of India to

carry
with the natives.
creased, the

As

British

on

trade

the numbers of such settlers in-

government was called upon to

and finally, in 1858, the whole

protect their interests,

country became a part of the British Empire.

King

of

head of

The

England is also Emperor of India. At the

the government is a Britisli Governor-general,

INDIA
called the

are British,

country are

43

Some of the officials under him

Parts of the
but most of them are natives.

Viceroy.

still

ruled by native princes, but all these

princes have British advisers.

The method

of the British in ruling India has l)een,

not to force the people to adopt changes in government

at once, but rather to guide

and advise them

Government Buildings

mana2:ement of their own

in the

at Calcutta

affairs.

It

is

remarkaltle that

such a vast number of native people have been peacefully

governed by such a small numlter of foreign

officials.

There are only about six or seven thousand white people

engaged in government service among three hundred
million natives.

Some

of the native leaders

have endeavored to arouse

many
among them is

their people against the British, but there arc so

different classes

impossible.

If

and castes that union

British

rule

should

cease,

strife

bloodshed wmuld be likely to break out at once.

and

The

masses of the people are too ignorant to appreciate the

DISTANT COUNTRIES

44

The

benefits of their present government.

founded

many thousand

They have

telegraph lines, and irrigation

l)uilt chnrclies,

works, and

improved vaidous industries of

The work has been comparatively

A
1.

In

tlie

slow, for

it

people.
is

very

overcome the prejudices of the natives.

ditiicidt to

British have

schools and colleges in India.

\^llat

Village in India

zones does India lie?

On what

countries does

it

border?

by the peninsula

.'S.

t\'hat waters are separated

1.

How

5.

AVhat countiy of North America

of India?

far nortli of the equator is its southern extremity?

is

in about the

same latitude

as

India?
(i.

Explain

why

the climate of that country

is

much

cooler than the

climate of India.

India drier in winter than in

summer?

7.

lAdiy

8.

10.

IVhy does the monsoou blow toward the land in summer?

What is the greatest length of India, from north to south?
IIow far is it across India, from the Persian border to Siam

11.

Name

li.

The Indian Em]iire

9.

jiarts of

is

three large rivers of India.

includes Baluchistan

the empire are they?

and Burma.

In what

INDUSTRIES AND CITIES OF INDIA

6.

India

Industries and Cities of India

almost entirely an

is

About nine tenths

the

cultivating

45

agricultural

country.

of the people obtain their living

by

amount

of

It

soil.

requires a large

produce to supply such an enormous population, but the

so productive that in ordinary years there

land

is

much

to spare for export.

is

Native Plowing

India has the most extensive irrigation works in the

They extend over more than one fourth of the

They are constructed not only where

world.

cultivated land.
rain
is

is

deficient

deficient in

throughout the year, but also where

summer

are kept growing

It

by

only.

it

In such regions the crops

irrigation during the dry winter.

seems surprising that, notwithstanding the natural

the land, most of the people are very poor.

fertility of

One reason
crowded.

for this

Many

the fact that the population

is

upon very small farms, which

in

is

live

DISTANT C(4UNTRIES

40

favoraljle seasons yield but little

their

SLi]:)ply

sell

or

to

families.

store

There

is

for future use.

more than enough

much

not

to

surplus to

Consequeiitly,

when

drought occurs,
unless the land
is

irrigated, the

people are reduced

On

to starvation.

account

their

of

religious prejudice

against taking the

fourths

three

the

animals,

of

lives

of

inhabitants

would

ooner

starve than eat

Even

meat.
there

such

were

if

no

prejudice,

but little land

could

spared

be

for pasturing live

Pounding Rice

stock.

In the river valleys and along the coast the

food

is

land

is

rice.

common

This can be easily raised wherever the

low enough to

l)e

flooded with water.

In the

])rovince of llunna, once a separate country, but

the eastern part of

produced, and

where
millet.

rice will

much

India, a great
is

exported.

amount

On

of

now

rice

is

the higher land,

not thrive, the people generally live upon

INDUSTRIES AND CITIES OF INDIA

Wheat
plains

of

wheat

thrives on the central plateau

tire

dry

much
now ranks among

In prosperous years

the northwest.

shipped to Europe.

is

and on

47

India

the great wheat-producing countries of the world.

During the American Civil War, when the supply of

cotton from our Southern States for British cotton

Weaving Cloth
factories

opment

in the Naja Hills

was largely reduced, there was a great

of the cotton industry in India,

produces more cotton than any other except our

still

The usual cotton crop

own.

lion bales, while that of the

five or six times as

One
is

devel-

and that country

of India is about two milUnited States amounts to

much.

of the special products of India

is

indigo,

which

a dyestuff used for coloring cotton and woolen goods

and
that

for bluing in laundries.

grow

gathered

It is obtained

from plants

to a height of four or five feet.

These are

and soaked

in

water.

The indigo passes

DISTANT COUNTRIES

IS

out of the plants into the water, and after the water
is

drawn

the dye

off,

amount

great

prepared for market.

is

of valuable fiber

is

obtained from a

This thrives on the lowlands along

]dant called jute.

the hanks of the lower part of the Ganges River.

grows

jute ])lant

to a height of ten or

Weaving Jute
is

in

in

libers are

manner

feet.

The
It

Southern India

down, and the long

cut

cleaned

twelve

fibers are

separated and

similar to that in which linen

obtained from the flax plant.

About twenty

nnllion dollars worth of jute and articles manufactured

troni

it

are exported

from India every year.

sent mostly to Great Britain and America.

is

They are
The fiber

used in making rugs and carpets, and for bagging,

burlap, rope, and

many

other purposes.

An immense amount
from

great

fields

of

of

opium

poppies.

is

produced in India

Tlie seed pods of the

plant are cut or scratched, and the substance that oozes

INDUSTRIES AND CITIES OF INDIA

out

is

scraped off and dried.

controls the trade in opium.

to sell his crop to the

opium

is

The British government

Every planter is obliged

great part of the

it is

used by millions

government.

shipped to China, where

of Chinese,

who smoke

it.

49

From

this trade in

opium the

British O
government obtains a large
O revenue.

Banyan Tree

The
is

India

finest timl)er of the forests of

especially valuable because

without decay.

woodwork

It is

used in

of warships, because

it

will

many
it is

is

last a

teak.

It

long time

countries

for the

not so easily splin-

and damaged by cannon shots as other kinds

Teak logs are floated down the rivers to
of wood.
mills, where they are sawed into square tindjers, and
these are shipped away to Great Britain and other

tered

countries.

In the forests of India there are also

bamboo, palm, banyan, and sandalwood

The

many

trees.

come from
among the most

greater part of the rubies of the world

the province of Buiina.

valuable of gems.

They

These are

are found near the Irawadi

DISTANT COUNTRIES

50

River, at

The

some distance above the

city of

Mandalay.

rnljies are in a layer of earth at a considerable

depth below the surface.

d'he large island of

by a

strait so

Tills island is

Ceylon

separated from India

is

shallow that ships cannot

]>ass

throngh

often regarded as a part of India, ljut

it.

it is

Picking Tea

really a separate province of Great Britain.

portion consists of mountains,

eight thousand feet high.
ful

It

countries in the world.

almndance of

raiii,

some

is

It

of

Its central

them more than

one of the most beautihas a fertile

and a very warm climate.

produces a large amount of

tea.

plantations on the mountain slopes.

soil,

an

Ceylon

is

grown on

Most

of the tea

This

used in Great Britain, and some of the supply for the

United States, now comes from Ceylon and

Ceylon also produces coffee, cocoa, and rubber.

India.

INDUSTRIES AND CITIES OF INDIA

The

chief city of India

is

Calcutta.

51

It is the largest

of all British cities, with the exception of Loudon.

is

mouth
commerce

situated near the

the

center

of

Near Calcutta are beds

of the

for

the

It

Ganges River, and

great river

much

is

valley.

which is used
to produce steam for factories where paper and jute
fiber

of coal,

of

are manufactured.

Calcutta

Calcutta

English

and
is

is

the residence of the Viceroy and of

merchants and manufacturers.

in other cities of

In Calcutta

India the English quarter, which

separated from the homes of the natives, has

beauty and the conveniences of European

Bombay, on the western

tected hy islands.

many

It is

all

the

cities.

coast, has a fine

harbor pro-

near the chief cotton districts

and manufactures much cloth, besides

away large quantities of raw cotton. Much of
the surplus wheat of the country is shipped from Bombay.
Long lines of railroad lead to the city from
different parts of India, and it is the great center of
commerce between India and Europe, America, and
of the country,

shipping

countries of eastern Asia.

DISTANT COUNTRIES

52

Benares

many

is

tlie

centuries

For

center of learning and culture.

it

has been the sacred city to which

Hindus have resorted.

along the bank of the Ganges.
faithful

It

extends three miles

Stone steps lead

to the river for the benefit of those

who

down

bathe in

its

waters.

Benares from the Top of the Great Mosque

Centuries atjo

Mohammedan Mongols

sttcceeded

in

passing across the mountains from the north and

es-

tablishing an empire in northern India.

Their capital

was Delhi. This was therefore a great Mohammedan center, and contains splendid mosques. In recent
times it has Itecome an important manufacturing city.
city

At Agra, a short distance from Delhi,

brated temple, the Taj

many

Mahal, Avhich

the most ))eautiful building in the world.

by one

of the

Mohammedan emperors

is

as

the cele-

regard as

was erected
a memorial to
It

INDUSTRIES AND CITIES OF INDIA

Beneath the dome are the tombs

wife.

liis

The temple

emperor and the empress.

by gardens of palm trees and

1.

53

is

the

of

snrronnded

fruit trees.

^Vhy did the completion of the Suez Canal give a great stimulus
wheat in India?

to the cultivation of
2.

How

has the building of

to increase the exjrort of

many

railroads across the country tended

wheat?

The Taj Mahal

.3.

Dundee, in Scotland,

is

the greatest center of jute manufactures.

On what waters does a vessel sail in going from Calcutta to Dundee?

4. Much linseed oil is produced in India.
For what is it used?
5. Give reasons why Bombay has a greater amount of European trade
than Calcutta.
6.

Rangoon

7.

IMandalay

is

a great rice-shipping port.

In

what jMrt

of

Burma

is

it?
is

About how

a large city of Burma.

far is

it

from

Rangoon ?
8.

In what direction from Benares

9.

What

10.

is

Madras

is

part of the coast

11.

IMake a

is tlie city of

the chief city of Baluchistan

Lucknow

the most important city of southern India.

situated ?

On what

is it

map

of India,

showing the principal

rivers

and

cities.

DISTANT COUNTRIES

54

REVIEW
1.

How

2.

Desci'ibe the land surface of the continent.

d.

Tell alioiit the extremes of temperature in central

large

is tlie

continent of Asia?

and northern

Asia.
4.

(i.

Why] las central Asia a dry climate?

Explain the monsoons.
How large i.s the jiopulation of Asia?

Russian Peasants
7.

4\liy is

eastern parts
8.

in Siberia

the greater paid of the population in the southern and

Wdiat conditions f;woi-ed progress

Asia?
'W'hy have

among some

of the ancient

jieople of
0.

tlie

people of Europe i)rogressed more than those of

Asia?
10.

Tell about the governments

11.

How

large

is

and religions

12.

Tell about interesting discoveries in

Id.

Tell about the inhabitants of the tundra.

1.

Describe the surface of

tlie

tlie

Siberian tundra.

remainder of Siberia.

Who

It).

were the original natives of Siberia?

Tell about Russian exiles in Siberia.

17.

Why

18.

Tell about the Trans-Siberian Railroad.

1.5.

of Asia.

Siberia?

has settlement of that country been slow?

REVIEW
19.

What

20.

Tell about Turkestan

21.

Describe central Asia and

22.

Tell about Vladivostok.

23.

Tell about Port Arthur.

21.

Tell about the capital city of Siberia.

are the chief industries of the country?

and other southern

2.1.

Describe Turkey in Asia.

20.

Tell about Asia l\Iinor.

its

28.

provinces.

inhabitants.

Interior of a beautiful Residence in

27.

55

Damascus

Give the names and locations of other parts of Turkey in Asia.

Describe the laud surface and climate of Asiatic Turkey.

29.

Give the history and present condition of the people.

30.

Tell about the Turkish government.

Explain the troubles among the peoples of eastern

Explain the agricultural conditions in Asia Minor.
33. What articles are manufactured in Turkey?

31.

A.sia IMinor.

32.

31.

Describe the pearl fishery.

35.

How

36.

37.
38.
39.

are pearls formed ?

For what purposes is the shell of the pearl oyster used
Describe the city of Smyrna.
Explain the growing importance of Beirut.
Tell about Damascus.

DISTANT COUNTRIES

56

tlie

40.

De.scrihe Uie city of ISagdud

tl.

'I'cll

and

its vicinity.

al)ont tlie interest of Euroj^ean countries in tlie region of

Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

42.
Id.

41.
4.").

K3.

Describe iUesopotainia.
Tell about Palestine.

Describe the city of Jerusalem.

])escribe Arabia.
d'ell

about

tlie

Ai-abians.

government

47.

Tell about the

48.

Describe the inhabitants of the desert region of Arabia.

4f).

Tell aliout the inhabitants of the fertile valleys.

What

of Arabia.

5d.

from Arabia?
and camels.
Alhat are the Jlritish possessions on the Arabian coast?
Explain the importance of the port of Aden.

51.

Describe the land surface of Persia.

55.

Of

f)0.

.51.

52.

articles are exirorted

Tell about .Arabian horses

5.9.

whom do the inhabitants of Persia consist?

Explain the government of Per.^iia.
Tell about the agreement between Russia and Great Britain.
AVhat are the chief industries of the people?
'Pell about Persian caravans.

GO.

Desciibe the capital city.

(il.

Describe the surroundings of the city of

02.

Describe the counti-y of Afghanistan.

5().

57.
58.

(id.

Tell about its people

04.

Alhy

is it
is

and their

'Jabriz.

occujiations.

called the JSuffer State ?

05.

IVhy

06.

Describe the Himalaya ^Mountains.

()7.

Describe the river valleys south of the Himalayas.

"What is the Deccan ?
IDiat parts of India receive much rain fi-om the summer mon-

08.
09.

the Kliyber Pa.ss guarded by

tlie

British

soons?
70.

Tell about tbe rainiest region in the woihl.

71.

W1 lere

72.

Give a brief bistory of the Himlus.

'Pell about the density of the population of India.

7d.

does the winter monsoon cause rain

71.

Tell about classes of people in India.

75.

AVliat is the religion of the

7(i.

Explain the .system of castes.

'What do the Hindus believe about the Ganges River?
Why will not Hindus kill animals?
Tell about the elephants of India.

77.
78.
79.

Hindus?

REVIEW

57

81.

Tell about the troubles from dangerous animals.

Explain bow the British gained possession of India.

82.

Explain the present form of government.

83.

State

81.

Tell about the chief occujiation of the people of India.

85.

Explain the system of irrigation.

8(1.

Give reasons

80.

some

of the

improvements made by the

why most

Briti.sh.

of the people are very poor.

Sorting Cocoa in Ceylon

common

87.

What

88.

Ei'om what part of India

8.9.

Tell about the production of wheat.

90.

What

91.

Explain

92.
93.

How
How

91.

State one of the purposes for which teak timber

95.

Name

90.

Where

97.

Describe the island of Ceylon.

98.

Wliat are some of the products of Ceylon

99.

Describe the city of Calcutta.

are the most

led to the

how

is

articles of food in

a great

development

indigo

is

jute produced

is

opium obtained

of the cotton industry in

India?

trees, besides teak, that are

are rulries obtained

why Bombay

100.

Explain

101.

Tell about Benares.

102.

Give

103.

Describe the Taj Mahal.

history of

India?

of rice exported

jiroduced.

is

tlie

amount

tlie

is

common

is

used.

in the forests of India.

an important commercial center.

city of Delhi.

DISTANT COUNTRIES

58

China

7.

Tlie

Empire

part of

of

China, which comprises the greater

eastern Asia,

about the

is

States, inclnding Alaska.

In

its

physical features

closely resemldes the eastern portion of

It

contains

mountainous and

United

size of the

it

our country.

hilly sections

and vast

Upper Yangtse River

The great

which rise among the mounthe western part, have Ijroad, fertile valleys in

plains.

tains in

rivers,

their lower courses.

China
States,

part of

is

and
tlie

in about the
its

climate

is

same latitude as the United

similar to

ours.

large

country has a sufficient supply of rain.

Along the eastern coast there is rain in both summer and winter.
In the interior the summer monsoons bring rain, but the north winds of winter are dry.
The Chinese Empire consists of China proper, or the

CHINA

59

Middle Kingdom, in the southeastern part, including

somewhat
large

the

kestan,

less

than one half of the entire

outlying provinces of

Mongolia, and

territory,

and

Tibet, Chinese Tur-

Manchuria.

China proper

is

divided into eighteen provinces.

The Chinese are descended from mixed peoples.

They belong for the most part to the Mongolian, or
Yellow,

Their ances-

Race.

have occupied

tors

this

por-

tion of Asia for thousands of

In general the Chi-

years.

nese have a

degree

hio;h

of

natural ability and intelligence.

The inhabitants

northern

of

China are larger

in

stature

and of a more vigorous type of

manhood than those in the
southern

AVe

section.

are

most familiar with the people

of the south, because the Chi-

nese immigrants

to

America

are chiefly from that region.

We

should not base onr idea

Woman of North China

upon these
they come mostly from the lower classes.

of the Chinese race

immigrants, for

Nearly three fourths of our Chinese inhabitants are in

the state of California, and the fear that the presence
of so

many would

lead to difficulties in the future has

led to laws forbidding the further entrance of Chinese

laborers into this country.

China

is

so far

away from

us,

and wn

see so

few of

its

ASIA

GO

people, that

we do not

worlds popidation

the country

is

it

contains.

kmnvn

cities,

to ns.

how
The

many

covered with

and has many large

are hardl}"

realize

large a part of the

eastern portion of

thousands of villages

names of some of which

The entire empire probably

the

contains nearly four hundred and fifty million people.

View

There are more people

in

Eastern China

in

China than

in the

whole of

Europe, and more than there are in North America,

South America, and Africa combined. In fact, China
contains more than one fourth of

all

the inhabitants of

the earth.

The Chinese were among the first people of the world

to Itecome civilized.
They invented the mariners compass, the art of making gunpowder, and the production
of silk goods

and porcelain ware. No one of tlie neighhad reached such high attainments as the

Itoring nations

Chinese, and on that account they have generally held

all

foreigners in low esteem.

CHINA
The Great Wall

China

61

an indication of the enterprise and power of the people of former generations.

This wall separates the Middle Kingdom from the
northern provinces, and extends from the sea toward
of

is

the west for a distance of about fifteen hundred miles.

It is thirty feet

high and twenty feet wide, w'ith high

Great Wall of China

towers at regular intervals.

It

runs up and

down

across

the country, even over the peaks of high 'mountains.

It

was

tribes of

built for the purpose of keeping

the north.

back the Tartar

While the wall was being con-

army was necessary to protect the

workmen against those tribes. The wdiole undertaking
structed, a

large

must have required the labor

of millions of

men.

For-

merly Chinese soldiers were continually stationed upon

the walls and in the towers, and

for

many

centuries

they held in check the Tartar horsemen of the northern

steppes.

At

last,

however,

these

became

powerful

ASIA

G2

enough

to

overcome the Chinese and enter the country.

After this the conquering Tartars became

class in China.

the ruling

In the seventeenth centiuy the

The custom

Tartars came into power.

Manchu

of shaving the

head and Avearing the queue originated with them.

The
effect

religious ideas of the Chinese

upon

their civilization.

are Ihiddliism, A\diich

is

also

have had a great

The three great

common

in India

religions

Taoism,

Confucian Temple at Nanking

Avhich teaches the

l.'elief

needs and activities of

in

life,

many gods

such as

fire,

ruling over the

rain, agriculture,

and medicine and Confucianism, which was founded by

;

Confucius.

Confucianism

Among

is .tlie

leading religion of the country.

other principles,

it

teaches the people to rever-

ence the past and to obey the laws of their ancestors.

According to these principles, Chinese children are severely punished for any disrespect to their parents.

The people have gradually become accustomed

to

an

CHINA
acceptance of

all

63

three of the great religions, and

often happens that the same temple serves for

Because of their
ancestors

have

attempts to

l^elief in

the

done,

the excellence of

what

their

Chinese have opposed

make improvements

of

it

all.

any kind.

all

Tlieir

hatred of foreigners has been largely due to fear of the

strive to introduce.
that foreig:uers
changes
o
O
,

Chinese Carpenters

workmen have
new labor-saving
from foreign nations. The same difficulty
in other countries, when newly invented ma-

Aside from religions scruples, Chinese

been

opposed to the introduction of

inventions

has arisen

hand labor. When a

work of a numlter
machine is
For a time
of men, many people lose their occupation.
the
people
as a whole
this is a hardship to the few, but to

chines have taken the place of

adopted that will do the

it is

a great benefit.

ASIA

G4

have clung to their old notions, while

otlier peo[)les liave advanced; and consecjuently Cliina, as
a nation, lias been growing weaker, while other nations
have been o
erowintr
o strono;er.
o
Tlie Chinese

The opportunity

on trade with the vast popvdation of China is much sought by the great commercial
nations ot the world.
As dealings with merchants of
these

to carry

powerful nations increased,

Chinese

it

seemed

proliable.

Officials

a few years ago, that the Chinese Empire would

lie

brought under the control of some foreign power, as

India liecaine a part of the British Empire, or that

it

would he divided among several of the great powers of

Euro})e.
The French had already gained possession of
French Indo-China.

The Russians had obtained Port

Arthur, a strongly fortified seaport, and had been given

the privilege of extending a branch of their Siberian

CHINA

65

Railway through Chinese territory. The Germans had

seized the harbor and adjacent territory at Kianchaii.
The British, also, had obtained privileges at the port of
Weihaiwei. There was danger of a terrible war over the
division of Chinese territory.

But the leaders among the Chinese have become aroused,

and are now rapidly adopting modern improvements and
doing everything in their power to strengthen tlieir nation.
In this they have had the sympathy and assistance of the

United States. Recently railroads have been built, telegraph and telephone systems have been introduced, and

many newspapers have been

Chinese

educational system.

established.

making great

officials are

efforts to

reform their

For two thonsaud years,

many Chi-

nese children have been educated, but their education

has been largely confined to a study of the ancient

writings of Confucius.

have been required

At the end

of their course they

to take severe examinations.

These

ASIA

66

have

l)een

they were
booths, or

conducted in a curious way.

held consisted of a great
cells, in

which students

sat

The halls where

number of small
alone and worked

Success in the examination

upon their tasks.

woidd insure appcjintment to some public office.
lu 1905 these examinations were abolished and a new
Minister of Education was appointed. Tlie government
for da\'s

is

now

establish-

ing schools similar

to

other

those of

nations.

Th 0usan d s

of

Chinese students

have been sent

to be educated in

Japan and
United

in the

States,

Germany, and
England.

province has a governor with

over

all is

power.

is

tion has been so slow

officials

is

supposed to have supreme

so large,

however, and communica-

the Emperor,

The empire

who

The government of China is

an al:isolute monEach
archy.
under him, and

and

difficult

that the central govern-

had l)ut little control o^'er some of the remote

Punishments are very severe. Tlie death penalty is inflicted for offenses that would seem to us trivial.
The Chinese people are naturally industrious and skill-

ment

lias

provinces.

CHINA

67

They have much strength and endurance. Horses

and other draft animals are scarce among them, Imt hufill.

man

labor

and

rivers, carry

cheap.

is

The

many

pull barges along the canals

heavy burdens on their backs, and

and passengers on great wheelbarrows,

transport freight

from one

Men

city to another.

have

Chinese

absurd customs.

women

example, the

had
For

of the

higher classes have had their

feet

bound

a deformed

into

shape, in order to

appear

But

smaller.

practices are

make them

now

such

discouraged

by the government and are

gradually passing away.

is

The ordinary Chinese house

made of mud, with a

thatched roof.

In the large

which there are

many, most of the houses are
of one story and are closely
cities,

of

Chinese Girl with Small Feet

crowded together. Many of

the streets are mere alleys from four to eight feet
wude, and are so crowded with people that it is often
necessary for persons to step into the doorways of shops
Thousands of people spend
in house-boats on rivers and canals.

to permit others to pass.

their lives
1.

2.
3.

the bodies of water along the coast of China.

the countries that border on the Chinese Empire.
Wliat large island lies south of the eastern part of China?

Name
Name

all

ASIA

6S
wliat direction from

China are the riiilipi:>ine Islands?

from Alanila to Canton?
(i.
Wliat large island lies east of China and nortli of tlie riiilij'pines ?
V. Aliout how far is it from the British jiossession of AVeihaiwei to
the Cerman possession of Kiauchau?
8. Xaine a city of the United States about as far north as Peking.
!).
Xame a city of tlie United States that has about the same latitude
1.

Ill

Ahoiit

how

far

is it

across the sea

as the port of Shanghai.

10.

Sketch a

map of

Cliina,

and write the names

of the outlying prov-

inces in tlieir proper locations.

Chinese

8.

The
its

chief

wealth

agricnltural land.

favorable

for crops,

Modes

of

Punishment

Chinese Industries
of

this

great empire

The climate and

and

gions every acre available

in
is

the

soil

consists in

are generally

densely populated

utilized,

even to the

re-

v^ery

summits of the mountains. The rich soil of the great

and river valleys of the eastern portion is of a
3ellow color, and is called loess.
Much of it consists
plains

CHINESE INDUSTRIES

mud

69

deposited bj the rivers.

Such deposits have raised

its bauks
are higher than the surroimdiug laud, like the banks of
the lower Mississippi and some other rivers.
The Hoang
has sometimes overflowed and drowned thousands of
23eople.
The mouth of this river was formerly near that
of

the bed of the Hoaug, or Yellow, River, so that

of the Yangtse, but not long ago it broke through its

banks and took a new course into the Gulf of Pechili.

Farm Laborers near Shanghai

large proportion of the Chinese are farmers.

are very industrious.

Tlie division of the land

They
among

so many gives each family hardly more

than a
mere garden, but through industry and skillful cultivation it is made to yield large crops.
Most of the farm

work

is

done

water buffalo

l^y
is

hand.

In the southern section the

used for some kinds of v/ork, and some-

times donkej's are kept on the farms, but often plows in

the fields are

drawn

M'herever there
ployed.

is

fjy

men.

not sufficient rain, irrigation

Y'ater for the purpose

is

is

em-

often raised from the

ASIA

70
rivers or canals
loes or ])y

One
is

by crude water wheels, turned

l>y buffa-

men.

of the cluef sonrces of

income for the Chinese

the cnltnre of mulberry trees in the

warm
and

valleys,

the

j^ro-

dnction of

silk.

The conntry
produces about

one half of

all

the raw silk of

the world. The

wealthy classes
of tlie Chinese

wear much silk

which is mann-

factnred on
hand looms in

the

home

s.

About one half

Copyright by Keystone View Co.

of the silk prod-

Reeling Silk from Cocoons

nct
conntry

is

ddie masses of the peo})le dress in cotton.

amount

is

required for so

many

millions.

is

it l)y

the

the

women

of the honsehold.

great

Nearly every

farmer raises cotton, and cloth for the family

from

of

exported to Europe and the United States.

is

made

Besides what

cotton and many

The supply for the southChina has come mainly from Great Brit-

groAvn in the conntry,

mnch raw

cotton goods are imported.

ern part of
ain,

and that

States.

for the northern part

from the United

CHINESE INDUSTRIES
The

71

principal food of southern China

is

which

rice,

cultivated on the lowlands near the coast.

is

In the

Yangtse River valley a vast amount is raised. The

is all needed to feed the people at home, hence

crop

the export of rice

Tea
of the

is

is

forbidden by law.

raised on the hillsides

Where
often grown

south.

plants are

and

the climate

in the
is

in the shade of

warm

valleys

very warm, tea

mulberry

trees.

Planting Rice

Tea
of

is

the

common

the surplus

is

beverage of the Chinese, and most

exported to Russia and the United

Haukau and Fuchau are great tea

vicinity of these cities many thousands

States.

the

in picking the leaves, assorting

them,

centers.

In

are engaged

firing

them,

and packing them in chests for the market. At Hankau much tea is prepared in the form of bricks for the
Russian market. The leaves are crushed and moistened,
and then pressed in molds. The bricks are then carried
on camels far away to the north and west.
In the north, where rice does not thrive, millet is

ASIA

72

the chief food, hut the wheat ero})

portance.

Hoang

the

The province

River, resembles

United States.

Grain
))y

of

is still

lieat

will

increasing in im-

Shantung, in the valley of

tlie

prairie regions of the

and ndllet are

nsnally threshed

tlie

great crops.

a stone roller,

drawn

men and women.

Witli

l)y

an ox, or by the tramping of

tlie

is

introdnetion of American farm macliinery Shautnng

become a source

of

immense wealth.

Plow Team, China

One

of the industries of China, of which, the better

no means proud, is the production of opium.

A great amount, also, is imported from India. The hisclasses are l)y

tory of the opium traffic

is,

in the ojjinion of

u])on the reputation of Great Britain.

ably ])rodnced in India, China

many, a

Opium

is

blot

profit-

is the greatest market for

and the British government obtains a large income Ijy
controlling the trade.
In the year 1840 the Chinese endeavored to prevent the British from importing opium
into their country. A great quantity was finally thrown
it,

CHINESE INDUSTRIES

73

from the decks of British ships, as tea

was once thrown overboard from British ships in Boston

into the water

harbor.

This refusal to receive the opium brought on a

war Ijetween Great

Britain and China, and since that time

the British have carried on the trade without restraint.

Crude opiiun
as in India.

is

produced in China in the same manner

It is

a difficult process to prepare crude

opium Traders, Shanghai

opium

own
from
uct

for smoking.

The Chinese prepare not

product, but also most of that which

is

India.
in the

When

the process

is

and

all

onl}" their

imported

completed, the prod-

form of thick sirup and

It is exceedingly (>ostly,

is

is

put up in

jars.

the operatives of an

opium factory are carefully searched before they leave.

The Chinese people have expended more than one
hundred million dollars a year for opium. The habit of
smokiim: it is one of their chief vices. The better classes
and the government officials are much opposed to the

ASIA

74

production and use of

it,

and

i]i

connection with the

recent spirit of inform, edicts have been issued providing

the

for a gradual induction of

forbidding

government

employment

the

service.

of

amount produced, and

opium users in the

Probaldy Great Britain will

assist

by reducing the amount shipjied into China from India.

ddie canal system of

the

world.

China has been the greatest

in

The Grand Canal, which extends from

Grand Canal

at

Ping

Wong

Ilangchau to Peking and Tientsin, a distance of about

one thousand miles, was constructed more than four

hundred years ago. Many smaller canals extend from

the Grand Canal, and still smaller ones from these.
Besides providing a vast
the canals serve

many

amount

other

useful

yield large rpiautities of hsli, for

when Hooded,

of transportation,

purposes.

which the

They

rice fields,

are convenient hatching o-roimds.

Mud

from the bottom of the canals is used on the land for a

fertilizer.
Reeds that grow along the banks provide
material for basket weaving.
It is believed that China contains some of the most

CHINESE INDUSTRIES
extensive coal fields in the world.

It

75

has been estimated

that the coal already discovered would be sutficieut to

last the entire

world for a thousand years.

But

this

coal will be of little value until railroatls are built for

transporting

it,

as English coal

development of the coal mines

to the

is

still

imported.

The

will be of great benefit

country.

There are but

few trees to yield

The

timber.

or

fuel

forests that

once grew have

been mostly cut

down

that
there might be
enough cleared
so

land to produce
food for the people.

Articles of
Chinese
manufacture that are

Wheelbarrow with

common

industry and skill of

America show the natural

the Chinese people.
The manuin

facture of firecrackers illustrates

The small
in

into

man

Clay

into each

the

can

is

patient work.

cylinder.

other end and a

make

and

tied

next spread over one end and

several

Then powder
fuse inserted.

thousand

day, and his pay for the days

cents.

their

cylinders are formed from paper

bunches.

pressed

Sail

is

poured

China-

firecrackers

work

is

only a

in

few

ASIA

76

making

an art

which the Chinese

have excelled fur many centnries. V ery line clay is found
in that country.
It is molded on a wheel into suitable
forms, and then the articles are dried in the sun, dipped
Tlu'

in

of pottery

them a

a li(pdd to give

an oven.

is

in

coat of glaze,

in

After this they are carefully decorated.

Peking, the capital city of the empire,

by a wall twenty-live miles long, thirty

twenty

feet

City,

iiiclosed lyy

is

and baked

One

thick.

is

surrounded

feet high,

section, called

and

the Imperial

The Imperial

another high wall.

City contains the residences of the olhcials and the pul>

lic

buildings.

walled

attractive.

special
the.se

It

cities in

Some

(piarters

said that there are four thousand

is

China.
of

for

The

streets are generally un-

the large

cities,

however, have

the residences of foreigners, and

quarters I'esemble Euiopeau and American

A itiiin

a few years conditions

in

China

cities.

will doidjtless

CHINESE INDUSTRIES
be greatly

and
government

Tlie increase of foreign trade

cliaiigeil.

the encouragement given by the Cliinese

will hasten the introduction of
It is

77

western

ideas.

a satisfaction to the Anmrican people to

that w^e have had

much

conditions in China.

to

For

know

do wnth the improvement of

many years American mission-

street Scene in Peking

aides

have been seeking to enlighten the Chinese people.

when the danger arose that China wmnld

Since the time

be divided
insisted

among

the nations of Europe, America has

upon retaining the

upon the policy

integrity of China,

of the o]ien door.

the empire shall not he divided, and that

open to the trade of

all

nations.

and

This means that

it

Because of

shall he
this,

and

we have never
sought to obtain any of their territory, they are the

hecanse the Chinese understand that

ASIA

78

more

sell

there by

sold

a great

sell

and the more disposed to trade with

more cotton goods i]i China than are

friendly to us

We now

us.

many

all

of

flour,

also

and

in the

River at Canton

AMiy does not China liave food snp 2:>lies to sell to other countries?
Why do the Chinese need to ini[>ort lumber?
^Vhy does it cost a great deal to send goods to many 2>arts of

1.

2.
3.

4.

keroseiie,

locomotives.

House-boats

China

We

lumber,

other countries condjined.

amount

There

is

industi'y has not

good iron ore in China.

been developed.

Give reasons

why

the iron

5 IMost of the American trade with China is through the ports of

Canton and Shanghai. About how far ai:iart are these jiorts ?
(j.
Slianghai is the commercial center of northern China. It now
has a unniber of large cotton mills. It is near the moutli of what river?
7. In what direction from Shanghai is Peking?
There is a railroad from Peking to Ilankau. About how long is it ?
(S.
0. Tientsin is the i>ort of Peking.
In what direction from Peking
.

is it ?

10.

Name

the three largest Chinese cities in the order of their pojni-

lation11.

rivers

Sketch a

and

cities,

map of China jirojicr, showing the most imj^ortant

and the names of the bodies of water along the coast.

REMOTE PROVINCES AND COUNTRIES

9.

79

Remote Provinces and Smaller Countries

The great provinces

of the Chinese

Empire outside

of China proper are inhabited by people akin to the

Chinese, but in their government they are mostly in-

dependent.

The greater part of the province of Tibet is a plateau,

more than two miles above the level of the sea. It is
the highest plateau
in
is

the world.

It

not an inviting

some

In

region.

parts of the year

the climate
dry,

very

is

though

five

rivers

rise

great
there.

The

Tibetans
and

are Buddhists

are very religious.

The

priests

their rulers.

are

They

regard their capital,

Lassa, as a

sacred

city,

and

guard

it v^ery

care-

fully

against

for-

Tibetan Merchants

eigners.

But few white people have ever

l)een permitted

to enter within tlie walls of Lassa.

These people have large herds of yaks, wdiich are animals somewhat like cows, wdth humps on their backs.

ASIA

80

The Tibetans export some

and wool,

gold, silver, salt,

China and India.

is mostly a
wandering herdsmen.

and carry on a caravan trade

'with

Eastern Turkestan, or Chinese Turkestan,

sandy desert inhabited l)y

Mongolia includes the great Desert of Gobi. Its
They own
jjeople are wandering tribes of herdsmen.
many camels, horses, and sheep.

Palace of the Grand

Manchuria

is

Lama

at Lassa

rich in natural resources.

It contains

great timber forests, valuable minerals, and large tracts

of level, fertile land.
states of

It is

about as far north as our

Minnesota and North Dakota, and

than the state of Texas.

the climate

is

The

are wheat, lumber, and live stock.

Canada
wealth.
tice

in the nature
It

larger

rainfall is sufficient,

At present the

healthful.

is

and extent

and

chief products

Mauclinria resembles
of

its

undeveloped

has been brought the more into public no-

because of

tlie

recent

war l^etween Russia and Japan,

the greatest Ijattles of which were fought in Manchuria.

The province continues

to belong to the Chinese

Em-

REMOTE PROVINCES AND COUNTRIES

although the Japanese have a great interest in

pire,
its

81

development.

The whole region south

known
with many

India
gles,

is

of

China proper and east

as Indo-China.

of

It contains great jun-

tigers, elephants,

and poisonous snakes.

The

central portion consists of the independent king-

dom

of Siam.

This

is

a very

warm

country.

Its

low

Royal Palace at Bangkok

The

river valleys are densely populated.

rice.

This

mals, and

is

almost the only food of both

much

of

teak timber, also,

it
is

is

exported.

exported.

great

Many

rivers extend across the lowlands,

and

chief crop

men and

is

ani-

amount

of

canals from the

in the

these overflow, and large sections of

wet season

the country are

The people then travel about in boats. xA

number live in house-boats during the entire year.
In the single city of Bangkok more than half a million
people live in house-boats.
The King of Siam is rich,

flooded.

large

but most of the people are very poor and ignorant.

Like the Chinese, they belong to the Mongolian Race.

French Indo-China belongs

to France.

It is

one of the

ASIA

82

must im])ortaut and successful of the French colonies,

and the French have done much to improve it. It is
It produces rice
like Siam in its climate and resources.
cotton.
of
and teak lumber, and a small amount
The middle portion of the long, narrow strip of the
i\Ialay Peninsula, l)etween the Indian Ocean and the
China Sea,

is

called the

Malay

States.

It consists of a

Street in Singapore

Benumlter of small states under rulers called rajahs.

sides prodiicts common to other parts of Indo-China,
these states contain valuable forests of

The

Straits Settlements,

hardwood

trees.

which consist of the southern

Malay Peninsula and the small islands near,

Tin is the most valuable
are a colony of Great Britain.
About one half of the tin used
product of the region.
in the United States for making tin plate comes from
part of the

Singapore, where the tin of the Settlements is smelted

in the largest tin-smelting works in the world.
a great commercial port of southern Asia.
All the large ships passing east and west through the

Singapore

is

REMOTE PROVINCES AND COUNTRIES

83

Malacca stop there. Besides tin, we obtain

from Singapore pepper and other spices that grow on the
neighboring islands. Pepper berries grow upon climbing
Strait of

Black pepper

shrubs.

is

made from unripe

berries

and

white pepper from ripe ones.

The

island of

Hongkong came

into the possession of

Great Britain in 1841 as a result of the

It is only aljont eleven miles

Victoria

wide.

Opium War.

long and two or three miles

and Harbor

It consists mostl}^ of

at

Hongkong

rocky

hills

and

cliffs,

but

it

has become a center of great importance in the com-

The

merce of the world.

island

port of Victoria upon that

commerce of all
the world and people

a distributing center for the

is

countries.

Ships from

all

parts of

from almost every country are

to be seen at its docks.

In some recent years this has been the leading port of

the world in the

amount

1.

"What country

2.

In wliat part of Tibet

3.

The

how

is

of its

commerce.

south of Tibet?

chief cities of

far apart are they?

is

Lassa?

Manchuria are iMukden and Harbin.

About

ASIA

84

4. AVhat country consists of the large peninsula southeast of

churiaV
5.
In what part of Siam is the chief city of that country?
G.

7.

INIan-

Tn what part of French Iiulo-China is the port of Saigon ?

What large island is on the opposite side of the Strait of INIalacca

from the Straits Settlements?

8. Near what large Chinese port is the island of Hongkong?
9. In what direction from Singairore is Hongkong?
1(1.
About how long is the voyage from Singapore to Hongkong?
11. Al)out how far is it from Aden to Singapore?
I'i.
Sketch a map of French Tndo-China, Siam, and the Malay Feiiiusula, locating the important cities and towns.

Malays weaving Wickerwork

10.

Japan

Japan consists of a long group, or

chain, of islands at some distance from the eastern
It includes several large islands and a
coast of Asia.
great number of small ones, the entire number being
Many of the small islands, hownearly four thousand.
The chain extends from
ever, are of little importance.
Tlie

Empire

of

northeast to southwest for about two thousand miles.

JAPAN
Like

many

85

other groups of islands, these are chiefly of

Every year Japan has as many as

volcanic origin.

fifty

earthquake shocks that are severe enough to be noticeable.

It

not often that great damage

is

earthquakes,

]jut

care

is

is

done by these

taken to build the houses so

that they will not be shaken down.

Festival in Japan

Japan

similar to the British Isles in respect to size,

is

The surrounding waters modify

The monsoons bring
extremes of heat and cold.
in summer and rain or snow in winter.
Since,

population, and climate.

the
rain

however, the empire extends through so

of

latitude,

there

is

many

climate of the far north and that of the south.

has a

warm

Alaska for

climate, Init

us.

degrees

wide difference between the

Yezo

is

for

Formosa

Japan somewhat

Its inhabitants are called Ainos.

lead lives similar to those of the natives of Alaska.

like

They

ASIA

8G

Japan were long ago occupied by people

of the Mongolian llace, wlio were much like the inSeparation from
habitants of the mainland of Asia.
and for
improvement
other countries was favoralJe for
the development of a strong and united nation, as it
was for the early progress of the English people.
The Japanese were like the Chinese in their opposi-

The

islands of

hut in the year 185o Commodore

tion to foreigners,

Japanese Shrine

Perry, with United States warshijjs, entered the harbor

of

Yokohama and

explained to the leaders some of the

The

im})rovements of civilized nations.

result

was that

the Japanese opened their ports to foreign trade.

The strength

of this

empire and

the nations are not to

))e

its

importance

measured by

tlie

islands, l)ut l)y the

number and character

The combined area

of the islands

of California, but the

half as

many

is

among

size of its

of the people.

about equal to that

Japanese people nund^er about one

as those of the

whole United

States.

JAPAN

87

The enterprise and efficiency of these people have

been brought to the attention of the world by their
success in conflicts witli other nations.

The

fact that

they defeated the Chinese in 1805 was an illustration

of the

weakness of a vast

einjjire

that

still

adhered to

the worn-out ways of the past, in comparison with a

Fujiyama

small nation that had come into touch with

provements

The

the im-

of the present age.

result of the great

war wdth Russia

in

1905 was

a surprise to the world, and gave Japan a place

the most powerful

modern

nations.

among

In their determina-

tion to reach ports on the open sea, the Russians

had

turned then attention toward the Pacific, and had extended their railroad to Vladivostok and Port Arthur.
It

appeared to be their purpose to gain control of ports

ASIA

88

on the Pacific coast and to secure a large anioimt of

The Japanese believed tliat if this
should take place, they themselves iniglit become deChinese territory.

pendent upon Russia.

They therefore declared war

foi'

the pur])ose of defending their national existence and

that of the Chinese.
Through tlieir success a check Avas
])laced

upon the amljition

of Jxussia,

and Japan became

Japanese Toy Store

the leading poAver in tliat part of the Avorld.

This Avar

established the fact that the Japanese are good soldiers.

They are very ])atriotic and liave little fear of death.

The oliicers sIioav great forethouglit in all tlieir prejiaratioiis for Avar.

These people
culiar Avays,

still

retain

many

and the mixture

often presents a strange spectacle.

of electricity

and other

among them, they

still

interesting

and

pe-

of the old Avith the ueAv

Althongli the uses

improvements are common

employ many men, instead of

late

draft animals, to draav A^ehicles

and carry burdens.

JAPAN
The

89

success of the Japanese as a nation

to the great care

cation of
children,

is

partly due

bestowed ujjon the training and edu-

They are naturally fond of

and provide them when very young with a
their children.

Education in the schools

great variety of toys.

is

com-

School children in that country leave their

pulsory.

Japanese School Children

wooden
floor

shoes, or sandals, outside the door,

mats

in their stockings to

Japanese pupils have great

in comparison with

yonng Americans.
it

sit

on

do their school work.

difticulties to

contend with,

Fifteen hundred

years ago the Japanese adopted the Chinese

writing, and have kept

and

ever since.

method

of

There are forty-

seven characters in their alphabet, and besides these,

thousands of word signs must be committed to memory.

The Japanese

are

now

thinking of

adopting the

ASIA

90

Roman

alpbaljet of western nations in place of

chnnsy system,
suing

tlieir

their

llinulreds of Japanese students are pur-

studies in

pose of carrying

Europe and America, for the pur-

home

to

Japan the best ideas

of the

enlightened nations of the world.

The

religious ideas and

feelings of the Japanese are

almost as mixed as are those of the Chinese.

Tlieir old-

Shinto Priests

and consists of the worship of distinguished ancestors

hut the more common
called Shintoism,

est religion

is

religion

Buddhism.

is

Shrines and temples are very

numerous throughout the country.

The Japanese are great lovers of nature. They are
proud of their beautiful mountain scenery, and especially of their volcano, Fujiyama, which they regard as
sacred.
They are especially fond of flowers, and trees
flowers
and
are cultivated everywhere.
Most of the Japanese till the soil, but since only a

JAPAN
small part of their land

is

91

suitable for cultivation, tlie

They furnisli an example of the

methods in amaculture.
From land
O

farms are not large.

effect of

that

no greater

is

states

careful

in

area

than one of our smaller

produce enough food to support

the Japanese

forty or fifty million people.

Silk, rice,

country.

and tea are the leading products

Japanese

silk is

of

noted for the strength of

the
its

and is especially used for the manufacture of ribbons and laces.

Tea raised on Japanese hillsides is of a
fine quality.
In common with the Chinese and other
fiber,

Asiatic peoples, the

Japanese make

rice

the

leading

article of their diet.

The
timber.

forests of the

mountain slopes supply excellent

kind of cypress, called the lacquer

used in making furniture and lacquer ware.

tree, is

From

the

ASIA

92

sap

(A

tliis

tree a substance

prepared that produces a

is

very line polish.

'Idle

lisli

industry

is

the fish

tliat

used to

fertilize tlie land.

l)irds called

great importance.

of

Besides

are ol)tained for food, large quantities are

iMiicli

fisliiny:
is
TO

done with

'Fhese are trained to dive into

cormora-nts.

the water and l)ring

O the

to their owners.

fisli

Japanese Dwelling House

Japan contains much

coal,

and

ranks

among

leading countries in the production of copper.

the

It also

produces a great amount of petroleum.

INIucli

imumfacturiug

is still

done

in

Japanese homes,

but factories are being rapidly built and equipped with

machinery for the manufacture of

Much paper
for paper

of fine quality

is

napkins and other

many advantages

silk

made

in

articles.

for manufacturing.

naturally skillful, and labor

is

cheap.

and cotton goods.

Japan.

It is

used

The country has

Tlie people are

There

is

sufiicient

JAPAN
and

coal,

it

is

93

easy to obtain ra^v materials from other

coimtrics to add to those produced at home.

The

capital

and largest

city

is

Tokio.

It

contains

home of the Emperor, or Mikado, and many governIts houses are mostly of wood and
ment buildings.
the

only one story

high,

that

so

the}^

may stand

the

shock

of

earthquakes.

Yokohama
was only a

lish-

villa ore

iiio;

Commo-

when

dore Perry

first

entered

har-

Since

bor.
is

at the

of the

ing

its

bay

to

lead-

Tokio

and has a
ter

it

mouth

l)et-

harbor than

that city,

it

is

an important
Business Street

in

Tokio

port.

Osaka, the second city in

size, is

Ijecoming a center

manufacture of cotton goods.

equipped with machinery from America.
for the

is

raised in Japan, but

and American cotton

is

it

is

Its

are

mills

Some

cotton

of a short-stapled variety,

imported and mixed with

goods.
increase the strength
of the O
O

it

to

ASIA

94

Nagasaki
liar])or.

on a laud-locked, or inoiintaiu-locked,

is

There are coal

fields

conveniently near, and

the great shipyards of the country are located there.

Most

of the

commerce betweeii Jajmn and China passes

through that

}>ort.

The island
but was ceded

to

mostly Chinese,

thousand

Formosa formerly belonged to China,

Japan in 18'J5. The inhabitants are

of

))ut

savages,

there are also al)out one hundred

called

head-hunters,

Avho

are

supposed to be descendants of the original Formosans.

The Japanese are making many improvements in this

island.
They have established schools, Iniilt hundreds
of miles of railroad,

phone

and introduced telegraph and

tele-

lines.

F(jrmosa tea
States, to

is

which

well

it

is

known throughout

the United

exported in large quantities.

JAPAN

95

Nearly all of the worlds supply of camphor comes

from Formosa. Camphor trees resemble oaks. They
are usually left in the forests until they are very old
large.

They

are then cut

down and chopped

that are boiled until the sap passes out

and

and

into chips

of the

wood

form of vapor. Tiie vapor passes through

which it is cooled and condensed. It is then

rises in the

tubes in

Japanese Kitchen

mixed with camphor. The oil is pressed

out, and the camphor is ready for the market.
The southern half of the island of Sakhalin came into
the possession of the Japanese at the close of the war
with Russia. Its chief value lies in the abundance of
fish in its rivers and in the waters around its coast.
The peninsula of Korea projects from the mainland
a kind of

of Asia

oil

toward

attracted

much

tlie

Japanese islands.

attention.

mit Nation, because

its

It

has recently

Korea is known as the Herpeople have preferred to have

ASIA

!)()

little to do with the outside world.

The Koreans have
had a national existence since very ancient times, and
l)ecaiise they have not been subject to the influence of
foreigners, they have retained many peculiar customs.
The ])eople are notably large and strong. They have
been in the hal)it of doing the work that in most coun-

Korean Farm House

done by lower animals, even to a greater extent

Different classes
than the Ohinese and the Japanese.
tries is

among

the Koreans are

Avear long

known by

gowns and very

their dress.

Many

large hats.

Since the Avar with Russia, Korea has been virtually

a possession of Japan.

The Koreans have strongly

re-

sented such foreign interference, but they are becoming

acquainted with the beneflts of modern Avays.

Tlie Japanese are rapidly increasing their
Avith foreign countries.

They have numerous steamship

lines to various parts of the Avorld.

Japan

many

articles of

We

import from

camphor, crockery, and

minor importance. We

raAV silk, silk goods, tea,

mats, Ijesides

commerce

JAPAN

97

send back in exchange wheat, hour, iron,

steel, leather,

and kerosene.
what

AVitbiii

1.

What
What

2.
3.

is

the

parallels of latitude

name

do the Japanese islands

lie ?

Japan ?
between Formosa and the central

of the largest island of

chain of small islands

lies

group of large islands ?

About how

4.

far is

it

across the strait that separates

Japan from

Korea ?

Name some American

5.

cities that are in

about the same latitude

as Tokio.

Texas cot-

6.

ton

sent

.is

to

Osaka from San

Diego, California.

Why

sent

from

is

it

that

port rather than

from San Francisco

7.

how

About

Osaka
from Yokohama?
far is

8.

g e

quantities of tea

and raw

silk are

produced in

tlie

vicinity of Kioto.

AVhat is. the nearKioto

Japanese Women Weaving
from which these
goods maybe shipped to America?
9. In what direction is the port of Kobe from Yokohama?
10. Port
Artliirr was taken by tlie Japanese in the war with
Russia. About how far is it from the naval station at Nagasaki?
11. Sketch an outline map of the largest islands of Japan and
locate the important cities.
est port to

DISTANT COUNTRIES

98

REVIEW
1.

Describe the physical features of Cliina.

2.

Explain the climate of China.

Of \vhat])arts does the Chinese Empire consist?
Tell about the Chinese people.
Tell about the Chinese who have conie to America.

3.

4.
5.
<i.

How many

people are there in China?

7.

A\'hat (lid the Chinese accomplish in ancient times?

8.

Describe the Great Wall of Cliina.

0.

Tell about the Tartars

who

couqnei-ed the Chinese.

Street Scene,

10.
11.

Wo

So, China

What three religions are common in China?

What are some of the teachings of Confucianism?

AVhy have the Chinese been opposed to changes ?

AVhy have Chinese workmen been opposed to the use of machinery ?
14. AA'hy have other nations become stronger than the Chinese ?
1.5.
For what special reason have the great commercial nations been
interested in China ?
10. AAriiat possessions have European nations gained in that country?
17. Tell about recent improvements in China.
12.
1

3.

15.

Explain the system of education.

19.

Tell about recent changes in education.

20.

Describe the government of China.

21.

State

22.

Describe the homes of the Chinese people.

23.

Tell about agriculture in China.

some

of the

methods

of

performing work

in

China.

REVIEW
Hoang

24.

Tell about the

2.5.

Tell about Chinese farniiiig.

River.

26.

IIow

27.

Describe the production of

28.

IIow do the people provide themselves with clothing?

Tell about the principal food of the Chinese j)eople.

29.

the land irrigated?

is

silk.

To what counmuch Chinese

30.
tries

99

is

tea exported

Explain how

31.

brick tea is prepared

and sent

market.

to

Describe

32.

the

province of Sliantung.

Give an account

33.

of the

opium

in

traffic

China.
34.

What

is the
government

Chinese

doing

to

prevent

the

use of opium?
35.

Tell

about

the

Grand Canal.
36.

What

are

vari-

ous advantages of the

Chinese canals?
37.

Why does

China

import coal ?
38.

How

are

fire-

crackers manufactured?
39.

made
40.

How
in

is

pottery

China?

Describe the city of Peking.

43.

?
is meant by the integrity of China and the open door
IVhy are the Chinese disposed to be friendly to Americans?
What goods do we sell in China?

44.

Describe the province of Tibet.

41.
42.

What

45.

Tell about

46.

What

47.

Describe eastern Turkestan.

48.

Tell about ilongolia and

49.

"What are the resources of Manchuria?

tlie

Tibetans.

are the industries of these people?

its

people.

ASIA

100

and climate.

50.

Tell about

51.

Describe Jndo-China.

.52.

'Fell

55.

Tell about the city of llangkok.

its

location

about the people and industries of Siam.

54.

Describe French Indo-China.

55.

'Fell

5(1.

Of what do the

about the IMalay States.

Straits Settlements consist?

58.

Why is Singapore a great

How is pepper produced?

59.

De.scribe the island of

00.

Tell about the port of A'ictoria.

01.

Of what does the Empire

02.

Tell about eartlnpiakes in Japan.

57.

what

commercial port?

Hongkong.
of

Japan consist?

respects is that country similar to the British Isles?

08.

In

04.

Tell about the i.sland of Yezo.

05.

Give a brief history of the Jai^anese.

How were they led to adopt improvements?

06.
78.
07.

Tell about the density of the population of -Japan.

08.

Tell about the success of the Japanese in recent wars.

09.
70.

Give an account of the war with Russia.

some of tlie present customs in -Japan.

Tell about

71.

Describe -Japanese education.

72.

Tell about the religions of -Japan.

Tell about the fondness for nature

88.
74.

75.

among

the -Japanese.

How much

do they produce from their small amount of land

FYr what is -Japanese silk especially used ?

70.

What

77.

Explain the industry of fishing in Japan.

What minerals are found in that country?
Tell about -Jajianese manufactures.

78.
79.

are the uses of the lac(pier tree?

80.

Describe the city of Tokio.

81.

Why

82.

I'lxplain the chief industry of

What

has

Yokohama

Ireconie

an important port?
Osaka.

are the advantages of Nagasaki?

84.

Tell about the island of F'ormosa.

85.

How

87.

is camphor jiroduceil in FYrinosa?

Of what value is the i.sland of Sakhalin?
Why is Korea called the Hermit Nation

88.

Descrilie the Koreans.

89.

What
What
What

86.

90.
91.

is

the relation of Korea to -Japan

articles
articles

do we import from Japan?

do we export to that country?

AFRICA
Africa

II.

Africa
It is
it

is

101

the largest of the continents excejit Asia.

rich in sources of wealth,

and large sections

are agreeable and healthful, yet

it

of

has been the latest

of all the continents to be fully explored

by

civilized

people.

Although it borders upon the Mediterranean Sea, on

which the ships of civilized nations have passed to and
fro since ancient times, and though for centuries busy
lines of commerce liave passed around it to the south,
sections of the interior have only very recently been visited
by the white man. The explanation of this fact is hnmd
in the

and

unusual

difficulties to

be encountered in entering

traveling; across this continent.

Africa has no great chain of lofty mountains, like those

The

mountains are scattered

in small groups, at long distances from one another.
A
large part of the land is a plateau, having a considerable
in other continents.

elevation.

hig;h

Around the border, near the coast, there are

mountain groups. Inclosed within

ridges of hills and

these, tlie southern part

and portions

of

the northern

part form a continuous tableland.

The lowlands

are in the north, in

the great

river

and along the borders of the

On
plateau between the ranges of hills and the coast.
valleys of the central part,

account of the high elevation near the coast, several of

the rivers, instead of flowing directly toward the sea,

make

circuitous courses about the interior until they

reach passages through the bordering ridges.

Since the equator passes only a

little

south of central

DISTANT COUNTRIES

102

two thirds of the continent is in the torrid

where twice in the year the sun at noon is directly
overhead.
Only the northern and southern jjarts are
in the temperate zones.
In sections of the central part
that are l)ut little elevated above sea level the climate is
very warm. But we have learned that temperature depends u})on elevation as well as upon latitude, and can
readily understand that even near the ecpiator on elevated
Africa, about

zone,

plateaus

it

may

as comfortable as in the temperate

Ije

zones.

In the equatorial belt of calms there

rainfall.

is

an abundant

In general, the climate here coiaesponds to that

in the valley of tlie

Amazon

Biver, in South America.

North and south of the equator are alternate periods of

wet and dry weather as the belt of calms moves north and
soutli with the changing seasons.
Farther south the southeast trade winds bring a supply of moisture,

lout so

much

of this falls

among

the hills

and highlands of the east that regions in the west have

an arid climate, and a section near the western coast is a
In the north the northeast trade winds,

Ijarren desert.

liaving passed over Europe

and Asia, instead

of

over

the ocean, are not very moist wlien they reach the coast
of Africa.

They

are also

warmed

in their passage south,

and are therefore more able to retain their moisture,

and so pass over the level lowlands without producing

much

rain.

This explains the existence of the Desert

of Sahara.

Africa has been called the Dark Continent, partly,

has so long been clothed in mystery,

perhaps, because

it

but also because

it is

the

home

of the

Negro Race. Cau-

AFRICA

Relief

casian peoples have for

of north

Map

103

of Africa

many centuries

and northeast Africa, and

in

occupied portions

more recent times

have established themselves in the southern part, but

in the central sections the inhabitants

negroes.

They belong

and semi-barbarous

are

still

mainly

to a great nundDer of barbarous

tribes,

most

of

which are subject

to

DISTANT COUNTKIES

104

kings or chiefs,
another.

who

are continually at

war with one

Millions of negroes, in times past,

have been

taken from central Africa as slaves, and their descendants

are to he found in many countries where slavery has
existed.

There are several special reasons for the slowness of

the settlement and improvement of central Africa by

The

white people.
ally

made

of Africa

liy
is

first

exploration of

new

lands

The

entering hays and rivers.

is

usu-

coast line

generally unbroken, and there are very few

peninsulas along

its

borders

hence there

harbors where exploring vessels might

lie

is

a want of

in safety

and

where colonies might be formed.

and cataracts in
their passage from the plateaus and mountain ridges, and
so are not navigable for great distances from the sea.
On this account there has been no easy means of reaching
jMost of the rivers contain waterfalls

the interior.

Although parts

of the interior tableland are healthful,

the strip of lowlands between the mountain ridges and

White people, not

sea is very warm and damp.
accustomed to such a climate, have often been attacked

the

by deadly diseases before they could pass across to the

higher land.
In addition to these difficulties there are hindrances
similar to those that have prevented the settlement of

the

equatorial

regions

of

South

America, such as

the dense forests, the wild animals, and the barbarous

peoples.

At
Other

the present time conditions in Africa are changing.

jjarts

of the world

have been so

fully explored

Vienna

Rome

^MacWd

^Constantino]

Lisbon,

Strait of

ISICILY

Oihraii^
Tang-ier/

MAOEtRA

IS.

j^ipoli

WORQjte

(Port.)

Mogador<
CANARY

AlexaudritT

Ghadamei

IS.

Medina
TROPIC OF CANCER.

Mecca

Taudeni

Timbuktu

i(

Blan^

'\Vady Halfe

-V

Omdurman.

.Khartum

Bakar^

v\Ade^

Britis^

Gambia#

lFRICA

'Sokol.0

Portuguese

Guinea

Kano/>

El Fasher

Kuka

SUDAN

Fasiioda^

jttshant

Monrovia^^'^

rSinUe

fXkkniJ^

C.Pabnas

r^MERT^XV

FERNANDO PO 1.^

BRITISH j5^

Ginnea
PRINCES

I."

AFRICA'

<

ruinea

loxence.

'

ST.THOMASi

EQUATOR

INOBON

(PorO

(elgian
Loango^
(

^ort.^

6 om<
jCsi^SION

MtlKenJ'

IS.

Leopoldvil^ic^

\GERMAX ,\^Mombasa
.

*';Luluaburs

Itatadi

AS)r

iLoandm

Bagamoyo^Zanzibar
(Rrif.)
AFRICA

^Salaam

^ COMORO
d

A^ G O L

fPprtu'juesl
itVest Afrii;

'S.

Ij

Mozambique
Majunga
y

i6T. HELEN;
(Br.)

GERMAN

AFRICA

TRffpTc Of CAPRICORN'

Scale of.Statute Miles

Caravan Routes:

{Ocsertp^f^.r.

Railroads;

--5=

AFRICA

d onqiirfcsb urj
1!

Other Places:

Capitals:

Tanam

{':
SOfTH--\\EST
yOula^
k 3^LtpRb.oek/^ BECHU.VX'AI/aI^T)]

,Lourenco Marquez

Oy-rtj^ye

E.xplanation of Colors
f;

CT
1~
I

iCupe Towiil^

~i

French

)apc oj G.ooU~Hoj)e

r
r

British

._.

urban

Belgian

German

>

Port
Elizabeth

Italian

Cape Colony

2 Transvaal Colony
3 Orange River Colony

Spanish
Turkish

4 Natal

WORKS

Independent

'

West

Union of South Africa

1

Portuguese

O'

Longitude

10 East fi-om 20"

Greenwich

30

imatavo

AFRICA

lOG

and Ijrongbt under the management of

that

attention

Continent.

It

the world that

recent

is

now

contains so
it

civilized nations,

being centered upon the Dark

much

that

is

desirable to

From

can be no longer neglected.

investigations

it

is

believed that there are in

Africa live or six million square miles of land valuable

for settlement or development, several

hundred thousand

square miles of coal beds, beds of iron ore several times as

North America, very rich deposits of

and vast quantities of valuable lumber, besides
the rich mines of gold and diamonds that are now in
large as those in

co})per,

operation.

have already been constructed from the

Railroads
coast to

some

One

interior points.

the Cape to Cairo Railroad,

is

to

of these,

will probably be

many

as

extend through the

length of the continent, from the Cape of

to Cairo, in northern Egypt.

known

Good Hope

Within a few years there

railroad lines crossing the conti-

nent in different directions.

1.

Xauie the

2.

Name

water that suiTOuiid Africa.

3.

Where

are the Atlas

4.

AVhere

is

Mt. Kilimanjaro?

tVhere

is

the desert of Kalahari

Mountains?
?

Name three capes on the African coast.

What large island southeast of Africa belongs to France?
Name two groups of islands off the northwestern coast of

6.

7.
8.

and

l)odies of

five large rivers of Africa.

what country eacli belongs.

Mdtliin what degrees of latitude does Africa lie?
About how far is it, in a direct line, from the Cape

Africa,

state to
9.

10.

Hope

11.

rivers

of

Good

to Cairo?

Make an
and the

outline

loftiest

map

of Africa,

mountains.

and

locate the largest lakes and

EGYPT
12.

107

Egypt

Thousands of years ago Egypt, in northeastern Africa,

was the home of one of the most higlily civilized peoples
of the earth.
The history of this country illustrates
most forcibly the effect of natural surroundings upon
the welfare of a people. Egypt is the Gift of the

The

Nile.

That

Nile at Cairo

river, in flowing across the desert,

a narrow strip of land and renders

habitation.

The

it

moistens

suitable for

human

country, or the inhabited part of

it, is

about one thousand miles long and only eight or ten

miles wide.

Heavy

rains that fall in the

wet season of spring

in the

mountainous region near the equator, hundreds of miles

south of Egypt, swell the sources of the Nile. The length
of the river

is

so great that the lower jiart of its course

DISTANT COUNTRIES

108
is

uot affected until June.

Then

until October.

After that

it is

it

rises

gradually

usually high enough to over-

banks and cover its flood plain. Soon after this

the water begins to fall, and uncovers the ground which
flow

it

its

The season when the Nile

has thoroughly moistened.

approaches

its

highest point

is

a time of anxiety

the people of the entire country.

among

Failure to overflow

would mean drought and widespread

disaster.

Camels plowing in the Valley of the Nile

Not only the water

the

soil itself is

season a great

for moistening the land but also

the gift of the Nile.

amount

of fertile soil

is

During the rainy

down from

carried

the hills of Abyssinia into the branch of the river called

the Bine Nile, and

much

is

carried through the entire

length of the river to Egypt and the sea.

A part

of this

soil is

spread over the flood plain by the overflow of the

Iiver,

and remains when the water

recedes.

The

thin,

rich layer serves as a fertilizer year after year.

From

the accnnndations of thousands of years the

soil

EGYPT

109

Egypt has reached a depth of many feet. The deposit

at the mouth of the river has formed a delta more
than one hundred miles long. This is extended about
of

of

mud

eight feet fartlier into the sea every year.

cause this deposit at the

month

of the Nile

It was behad a trian-

gular shape, resembling the Greek letter delta, that

received the

name

it

delta.

The Sphinx and Great Pyramid

The
by

its

fertile soil left Ity

usual advantages.

were

the Nile and the Avater provided

overflow have given the inhabitants of Egypt un-

still

At a time when the people

of

Europe

barbarians, the Egyptians had advanced far in

learning and in the practice of useful arts.

They

Imilt

many Avonderful structures, some of Avhich haym been

served until the present time.
Among these are

pre-

the

Sphinx, the obelisks, and the great pyramids, Avhich Avere

DISTANT COUNTRIES

110

the toml)sof kings.

We should not forget that Ave ourselves

have profited by tlie civilization of the Egyptians. The

learning of the Greeks and the Romans, that has ineaut
so much to us, was iu part obtained' from Egypt.
The ruins of
tlie

ancient city of

very

are

Theljes

The

Avonderful.

Great Pyramid of

Cheops

is

marvelous
It

is

another
sight.

about seven

hundred and

fifty

feet square at the

l)ase

and four

hundred and fifty

feet high, and is
])uilt

of

great

l)locks

of

stone.

It

was erected

moie

than three

thousand years
Hall of Columbus,

Karnak

l>efore

Christ.

told that

men

it

the time of

We

are

required the Avork of one hundred thousand

tor tAA^enty years.

Amo)ig the ruins of the temple of Karnak are immense columns and blocks of stone, the raising of
avIucIl must haA'e required skill equal to that of modern
The obelisks are tall, pointed monuments,
engineers.
heAvn out of solid rock.

They

are covered Avith carving

EGYPT
in

111

Egyptian characters giving the names of kings and

One

great events in Egyptian history.

lisks

these obe-

of

has been presented to the United States, and stands

Park in New York City.

The ancient Egyptians understood the art

in Central

of

embalming

the bodies of their dead in

such a

some

way

that the forms of

of these

have

Ijeen pre-

served until the present time;

from

mummies and

these

found in the tombs,

articles

we have

learned

much about

this ancient people.

The

entire

of

land of Egypt

fertile
little

area

greater

is

the

but

than that of

the state of Massachusetts,

but

it

supports a population

of nearly ten million people.

The present

inhaljitants are

mostly descendants

of

the

ancient Egyptians, together

with

negroes,

Arabs,

and

mixed races.
Egypt is nominally subject
to

Turkey, but the

British,

Khedive,

ruler, called the

cally independent of

the Turkish

is

through their merchants and

done much to improve the country.

The

capitalists,

practically gained control.

have

The Khedive

accustomed to follow the advice of British

who have

practi-

governmeut.

Egy|)t

is

officials,
is

now

DISTANT COUNTRIES

112

regarded as under the protection of the British, and

is

called a protectorate, or dependency, of

Because of the great

fertility of the soil

that comes from cultivating

it

These are

and the

when water

immense sums have been expended

of irrigation works.

Great Britain.

is

profit

supplied,

in the construction

l)oth for the

purpose of

conveying water to parts of the desert that the over-

Copyright, 1003, by

The

Dam

at

flow of the river does not reach,

and

during the dry period when the Nile

climate

is

warm throughout

W. H.

Kau.

Assuan

is

to supply

low.

water

Since the

the winter, two or three

crops a year can be secured by irrigation.

The

greatest structure in connection with the irriga-

tion worlc in

Egypt

is

the

dam

across the Nile at As-

This dam was

more than a mile long and over

suan, six hundred miles above Cairo.

completed in 1002.

It is

one hundred feet high.

the

dam

When

the river l)egins to

fall,

holds back a lake one hundred and forty miles

EGYPT

113

long, and this water passes through as it is needed to

supply irrigation canals for hundreds of miles below.

Another immense structure is the barrage near Cairo.

is a lower dam, built across the river to regulate
the rise and fall of the tide in the irrigation of the laud
This

In the barrage are gates that hold back

of the delta.

the water at high tide, and prevent

it

from disturbing

the uniform supply of the irrigating canals.

Irrigating, Sakieh,

Agriculture

is,

of course, the

Egypt, and the climate

crops can

wheat,
cane.

Ite

produced.

is

Egypt

piincipal

industry of

such that a great variety of

Among

these are Indian corn,

rice, and a large amount of cotton and sugar

Egyptian cotton has very long and strong fibers,

and

is sold at a high price in the markets.

Even the
United States, in which cotton is king, imports some
Egyptian cotton for the manufacture of certain articles

for

which our own product

and orchards of other

is

nnsuitable.

Date palms

fruit trees are seen along the Nile.

DISTANT CX3UNTRIES

114

Many

domestic animals are raised in Egypt, including

camels, a variety of buffaloes, sheep, goats, cattle, and

horses.

The Egyptian

peasants, called fellalieen, are an ig-

They

norant hut industrious people.

still

irrigate small

by
water

plots of land

raising

from the Nile in

l)uckets fas-

tened to balanced poles, or

means of a
small wheel
turned by a
donkey or buff)y

falo

camel.

or

Some
hal)its

the

of
of

these

people are about

the same as
those of their
ancestors in the

time of Moses.
Cairo

Street in Cairo

largest

Egypt.
Nile,

It is situated at the

and

is

is

the

city

of

head of the delta of the

the center of trade for the agricultural

products of the narrow valley.

It contains the palace

Khedive and other interesting buildings. The

Egyptians are mostly Mohammedans, and mosques and

of the

minarets are proihinent in their

cities.

On

account

o:^

EGYPT

115

the agreeable climate in winter, Cairo

is

a popular resort

for travelers.

Alexandria was formerly at one of the mouths of the

Nile, but the extension of the delta has left the origi-

nal part of the city at some distance from the sea.

once famous city was

named

This

emperor Alexander
the Great, who concpiered the Egyptians several cenfor the

turies before the birth of Christ.

Before the discovery

Camel Train leaving Cairo

of the ocean route to

Asia around Cape Horn, Alex-

andria was a great center of trade.

center of the learning of

its

time,

It was also the

and had a library con-

taining the choicest works in the world.

These were

who

believed that

destroyed by the conquering Arabs,

their Bible, the
to

know.

At

Koran, contained everything desirable

present, Alexandria

mercial port and the terminus of

1.

Tlie source of the

Nile

is

Lake

is

an important com-

many

Victoria.

steamship

How

far

that lake to Cairo, in a direct line?

2.

On

whicli side of the equator

is

the source of the Nile?

is

lines.
it

from

DISTANT COUNTRIES

IIG
3.

Why

is

the Nile smaller at Cairo than several hundred miles

south of that city

Estimate the distance saved in going from London to Bombay by

way of tlie Suez Canal, instead of around Caj^e Horn.
5. AVhy has the Suez Canal been an advantage to Alexandria?
i.

Wliat towns are at the extremities of the Suez Canal ?

is used in Switzerland.
Suggest steamboat
10.and railway routes by which it may be carried to that country.
8. In what direction is Alexandria from Cairo V
9. Name a city of the United States that is in about the same latitude
(i.

7.

IMuch Egyptian cotton

as Cairo.

Make
and the

cities

map

of Egypt,

and interesting

Entrance

to

13.

Alono' the iiortlieni

showing the Nile River, the Suez Canal,

localities.

Suez Canal, Port Said

Northern Africa
border of Africa, lietweeu the

Mediterranean Sea and the desert, are four countries,

Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli, in parts of which
the climate and the conditions of

from those
is

life

are very different

in the desert 011 the south.

Although rain

scanty in the eastern part of this section, the eleva-

tion of the xVtlas

desiraljle climate.

Mountains gives the western part a

The mountains cut off the hot winds

NORTHERN AFRICA

117

from the south, and cause rain from the Avinds that
come from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean.

Some

of

the present people of these countries are

called Berbers.

They are descendants of the original inwhose name the four countries Avere
Barbary States. The Arabs finally con-

habitants, from

once called the

Arabs in Northern Africa

and are noAA^ the ruling class.

Both Berbers and Arabs belong to the Caucasian Race,
although the Arabs haAm a dark complexion.
quered

the

Berbers,

The Berbers

live

mostly in mountainous

districts, to

They

Avhich they Avere driven by the conquering Arabs.

dAA'ell

in

permanent homes,

in

Aullages.

very industrious farming people, and raise

and

They

are

many

sheep

goats, besides various kinds of fruit.

Many
move

of the

Arabs

live in tents outside the cities,

their herds of animals

knoAvn as Moors,

live

from place

mostly in the

For many centuries these

cities

and

states Avere ruled

and

Others,

to place.

toAvns.

by

pirates.

DISTANT COUNTRIES

118

who

sent ont vessels to

held

tlie

slaves.

They
them as

capture foreign ships.

captured crews for ransom or sold

Other nations for a long time paid trilmte to

them from interfering with

these pirates to prevent

commerce. In the early part of tlie last century the

United States, (Ireat Britain, and France put an end to
the baiharous practice.

Women
Morocco

is

gathering Olives, Morocco

the most valuai^le and important of these

four countries.

Very

little

country until recently.

it is
it

has been

known about

that

Although, at the nearest point,

only ten miles from southern Europe, and althoirgh

has a coast line

of

along which the ships of

centuries,

thirteen hundred miles,

aljout
all

countries have passed for

we have been almost

as ignorant of

it

as

if it

had been situated in central Asia. This is chiefly because foreigners have not been welcome, and traveling
has

l.ieen

dangerous.

NORTHERN AFRICA
Instead

of

119

being a barren desert region, as

people have supposed

many

for the

most

part a fertile country, and has a delightful climate.

Its

hills

it to

be, jNIorocco

and mountains are covered

is

Avith forests,

and

its

The soil is suited to a great

products.
The country now pro-

valleys are very productive.

A'ariety of agricultural

Court of House in Morocco

duces

much

pastures

corn and

support

many

herds of

figs

goats

and olives, and its

and other animals.

Copper, iron, and other minerals are found.

It is

country larger than France or Germany.

The gOA^ernment

of

Morocco

Avas formerly A^ery bad.

an independent state ruled by a monarch called

the Sultan, the management of Avhose government consisted in little more than the collecting of taxes.
The
It Avas

people Avonld bring to the Sultan herds of cattle, flocks

AFRICA

120
of slieep, or loads

of

grain, as a

means

of protecting

themselves from being massacred by the government

soldiers.

own

use,

The Snltan appropriated these goods

doing

little

to bis

or not.liingfor the people in return.

were no railroads or carriage

roads.
Goods w'ere transported on the backs of donkeys
In the want of any effective government
or camels.
Outside the

cities there

The Walls
to

of

Tangier

prevent lawlessness, bandits frequently kidnapped

persons of wealth or importance, carrying them

to the

mountains and bolding them for ransom.

away
Such

countries caused

those

nations to interfere, and by a treaty between

Great

treatment of citizens of

otlier

Britain and France in 1904 Morocco became a French

Since then the French have

protectorate.

made

great

improvements, and other nations have rejoiced in the

overthrow of

The long
and

it

tlie

last barbaric empire.

coast line of Morocco

is

generally unlmoken,

has been necessary to send passengers and goods

ashore from steamers in small boats and in calm weather.

The

chief port

is

Tangier.

We

import goatskins from

NORTHERN AFRICA

121

Morocco through the port of Tangier, and send to that

country cotton goods and kerosene.
Fez is a larger city tlian Tangier. It is the chief
city of Morocco and the home of the Sultan.
Among
jNIohammedans, Fez has long had a reputation on
account of

its

great schools for the study of the Koran.

Harbor

Algeria lost

its

tice of piracy.
is

of Algiers

independence on account of the prac-

It is

now

a province of France.

larger than Morocco, but only

tlie

Algeria

northern part

is

the equal of that country in respect to soil and climate.

A strip along the coast, called the Tell, has rich
farms, orchards, and vineyards.

In the southern part

there are large tracts of desert.

The French have

good roads and

benefited Algeria

railroads,

and

in

by constructing
The

many other ways.

harbor of the port of Algiers has been rendered safe

by the protection of a breakwater. Algeria exports to

Europe dates, wheat, cork, and alfa grass, or esparto

AFEICA

122
grass, wliicli

used for making a coarse kind of paper.

is

It also supplies the

cities

markets of Paris and other French

with early vegetahles.

Tunis

is

a protectorate

of

native ruler, called the Bey,

Although the

France.
is

permitted to continue

The

industries

and

products of Tunis are similar to those of Algeria.

It

in office,

he has hnt

little

]mwer.

Avenue de France, Tunis

produces some of the finest olive

oil

and dates

in the

world.
Tripoli

is

province of

Turkey.

Its

people are

largely engaged in trade in ivory, ostrich feathers, and

other articles, that are brought by caravans across the

desert from the south.

Name

1.

states in the

United States that are in ahont the same

latitude as the comitries of northern Africa.

2.

tend
3.

it?

j^cross wliich of tlie four countries do the Atlas

Mountains ex-

Mogador

is

a small jiort of Morocco.

How

far

from Tangier

is

THE DESERT OF SAHARA

123

Beginning with Tangier, name in order the principal ports of

4.

northern Africa.

The French have

5.

wliicli

is

built a railroad

the present seat of

government.

from the coast to Biskra,

How far from Algiers is

Biskra?

Cork

6.

is

sent

from Algiers to Spain and Portugal.

which it ma}^ be sent.

Xame

a port

in each of those countries to

Early vegetables are shipped to

7.

Marseilles.

tlie cities

of France by

way

of

what

In

direction is that port

from Algiers?
8. Oran is the

trad-

ing port of the western

IIow
from Algiers?

part of Algeria.
far

10.

is it

is
9. Constantine
noted for the proiluc-

tion of fine leather.

what

direction

In

is

it

from Algiers?
IMake an outline

map of northern

Africa,

showing the boundaries

four

the

of

and

countries

their chief towns.

14.

The Desert
of

Sahara

Between the
COUlltl]6S

cllong

Makers

of Leather Goods, Tunis

the northern coast

and the part of Africa that

is

is

the great Desert of Saliara.

as large as the United States,

affected by tropical rains

This

and

is

is

about two thirds

the greatest region

on the face of the earth. Over

most of it rain never falls except in thundershowers, and
these may not occur oftener than once in several years.

of continuous desert

AFRICA

124

The name Sahara means Desert

desert
Tlie

is

not so nearly a plain as

wind heaps up the sand

places resemble

the

often supposed.

is

the

ocean.

View

blown

worn from rocks

in the Desert of

as the

other
of the

wind has

Sahara

particles across their surface.

tains, in places

In

Much

places there are rocks instead of sand.

desert sand has been

some

ridges that in

in

billows of

Plain, but this

range of moun-

more than a mile high, extends across the

central part of the desert from northwest to southeast,

but other parts are below the level of the

It

would be incorrect

entirely barren throughout the year.

support no permanent inhabitants.

falls in certain

men

sea.

to suppose that the

If it

Sahara

were,

it

is

could

In some parts

iain

months, and wandering tribes of herds-

drive their animals from one of these sections to

another as the season changes.

Tlie greatest benefits to both the

permanent popula-

THE DESERT OF SAHARA

125

tion and travelers come from the oases.

These are spots
where underground water rises to the surface of its
own accord or can be ol^tained by artesian wells or t)y
pumping. The effect of this water upon the soil indicates that the desert is very rich in plant food and would
yield abundantly if water could be supplied by irrigation.

An

Oasis

The permanent population of the oases consists of Berand some Frenchmen and other Europeans,

bers, xArabs,

who are engaged

in cultivating

a very important product.

the air

is

The date palm

dry and warm, provided

its

Dates are

thrives

where

roots can find suf-

This tree grows to a height of from

ficient moisture.
fifty to

grain and fruits.

eighty feet, and has a cluster of long and broad

leaves at the top.

The

dates

hang on stems from the

tops of the trees and look like great bunches of plums.

After they have become ripe and partly dried on the

trees,

they are gathered and sent

seacoast or to

some

shipped to market.

railroad

There are

liy

caravans to the

center,

where they are

many

varieties of dates.

AFRICA

12G

Some

are soft, while others are hard

varieties are the

common

camels of the desert.

and

dry.

food of both the

The

natives

date palm for fuel and hmiher,

rise

The dry

men and

the

wood of the
making chairs,

the

its lea ves in

and other articles, and its bark for weaving baskets.

Hands of roving pe(jple called Bedouins live on the
desert in tents, and move their herds of animals from
taldes,

place to
these,
in

place.

Besides

groups of robbers,

times past, supported

themselves by plundering
the caravans of merchants
and other travelers in the
desert.

Not the

least

important

of the desert dwellers are

those

who conduct

the

caravans which for hundreds of years have taken

the place of railroads in

the exchange of goods be-

tween the populous

dis-

tricts in the south and the peoples of other continents.

Tlie camels that

make up

the caravan trains are pecul-

iarly ada})ted to desert regions l^ecause they can travel

through the sand and can carry l)urdens for a

long time without water. They also provide meat and
easily

milk for the desert population.

At

certain points along the northern coast, particu-

and Morocco, European goods

are loaded upon camels and sent on their long jour

larly in Algeria, Tripoli,

THE DESERT OF SAHARA

ney to the south.
sands
of

of

Some

camels and

armed men

caiavan trains consist of thou-

are

accompanied by hundreds

They

as a protection against robbers.

follow certain customary routes

oasis to another,

water.

127

that

lead

where there are supplies

The journey

from one
and

of food

often extremely uncomforta)3le.

is

In the clear, dry atmosphere the midday sun

Sand Storm

is

very

in the Desert

oppressive, heating the sand and the rocks until they

are painful to the touch.

At

night, on the other hand,

the heat passes off into the air rapidly, and

comes very cold.

air

it

often be-

Frequently storms of wind

with sand and drive

it

till

the

with such force that travelers

Sometimes men and animals have been

overcome l)y sand storms and ljuried ont of sight.
A section of the desert, Ijordering on Egypt, is under
British inlluence, but the greater portion is French territory.
It is dithcult to organize a good government for
such a vast region, inhabited by small groups of people
scattered at great distances, but the French have had
cannot proceed.

AFRICA

128

much

and affording protection

success in securing order

They

from robbers.

are also building railroads to points

in the interior.
In a few years tliere will probably be
enough railroads to accommodate most of the traffic
across the desert, and many of the long caravan routes
will be

abandoned.

At the Border of the Libyan Desert

1.

How

The Libyan Desert

10.
.3.

far

far

What

is it

across the great desert?

is

4.

Ghadaines

Some caravans from

is
6.

what
7.

barren and of

little

value.

"Where

is

it?

Spanish territory west of the Sahara borders on the Atlantic?

is

a caravan center.

In what part of Tripoli

is it?

Algeria go to the region of Lake Chad.

that lake from the port of Tripoli

How

Caravans go from Algiers to Timbuktu, on the Niger River. In

is Timbuktu from Algiers?
Kano is a caravan center. IVhat port on the Mediterranean is

direction

the terminus of the most direct route from that center?

In what direction is it
8. Sokoto is the terminus of another route.
from Kano?
On wliat caravan route is it?
9. There is a salt mine at Kawar.
There is another v^aluable salt mine at Taudeni. On what caravan route is it situated ?

THE SUDAN
The Sudan

15.

The
rains

129

tropical region of central Africa, with its copious

and dense

with the
wide belt across the
continent between these two regions is very different
from either, and recpures separate consideration. In this
forests, is in direct contrast

barren wastes of the Sahara.

region there
belt of

rain during portions of the j'ear, as the

is

calms and rain moves north and south.

The

rain-

farming, but not for the growth of

For the most part there are grassy plains

fall is sufficient for

large forests.

Much of the land is high enough

above sea level to have a comfortaijle climate.
with scattered groves.

Leopard

Giraffe

In some places there are

ing the

elephant,

zebra, giraffe,

rhinoceros,

because

it

'black,

was known

black people.
lated

by the

wild animals, includleopard,

lion,

buffalo,

and antelope.

This section of Africa

name means

many

known

to the

as the Sudan.

The

to this region

world as the land of the

Other parts of Africa

l)lack race,

sible to civilized

is

and was applied

but this section

people and so

is

also
is

are

popu-

more

acces-

more familiar

Portions of the Sudan are more

to them.

densely populated

AFRICA

130

tlian the forest regions farther south.

This

is

because

the Sudan can sn|)port a greatei' nuinl)er of people.

which the caravans take their

loads of goods from the northern coast, and l)ecause of
the contact with civilized peo])le provided by the caravan trade many of the inhabitants have become partially civilized.
Tliey have gradually learned to use modern implements and articles of food and clothing and to
Tliis is the region

to

In the Sudan

own pioducts for export to civilized counThe exchange of goods has kept the caravans

prepare their
tries.

loaded in l)oth directions, and will

Ite

sufficient to sup-

port future railrcjad lines.

Many of

the people of the Sudan are farmers, and raise

Indian corn, millet,

fruits,

and many domestic animals.

IMany also are lumters.

The homes
huts

of the people are chiefly small thatched

grouped together in villages or

rounded by high walls.

cities,

and

sur-

THE SUDAN
The region

of the

Sudan may be divided

parts, each containing a center of population

131

into three

and cara-

The most important section of the western,

Sudan consists of the valleys of the Niger and
Senegal rivers. The eastern, or Egyptian, Sudan includes
van

trade.

or French,

the upper valley of the Nile.

interests center about

In the interior the chief

Lake Chad and northern Nigeria.

A Kano Gate

The chief industrial centers of the central Sudan are

Kano, Kuka, and Sokoto. Kano is a city of aitout one
hundred thousand inhabitants. It is surrounded Ity a
wall fifteen miles long, in which there are thirteen gates.
The inhabitants manufacture much cotton cloth. This
they make in a crude way Ijy hand.
They color the
They also make many leather goods
cloth with indigo.
and braid hats of straw. They have a large trade with
merchants from many parts of northern Africa.

AFRICA

132

Kuka
lints.

is

also a walled city,

composed

1'he soil of the vicinity

is

very

of

thousands of

fertile,

and there

are farms and large plantations on which millet, wheat,

and cotton are grown.

In tins region

are killed for their ivory tusks,

many

elephants

which are very valuable.

At such centers of trade caravans continually come

and go for the purpose of buying, selling, or exchanging a variety of goods, including ivory, ostrich feathers.

Caravan entering Timbuktu

ornaments of ivory and

from the Sahara mines.

dates, sugar, baskets, tools,

ver,

and blocks

The great
Imktu.

It

is

of salt

ti-ading center of western Africa

is

sil-

Tini-

situated near the Niger River, on ivhicli

goods are easily distributed.

It

is

also

on the border of

the Sahara, at a point convenient for caravans.

The region

of the Sudan has not very definite limits,

and is sometimes regarded as extending as far as the
Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic coast. Parts of this

coast were long ago visited and explored by people of

several of the leading nations,

and hence

it

is

divided

THE SUDAN
into

many small

133

countries, or colonies.

Several sections

were once named according to the goods that were obtained from the natives, and were known as the Ivory
Coast, the Gold Coast, and the

Among

these countries Liberia

is

Slave Coast.
the chief center of

an American colony.
It was founded in the year 1821 by an association of
American people. At that time it was felt that the
interest because

it

is

practically

Natives in Liberia

slave trade

was very

unjust.

There was a desire to

re-

turn some of the negroes to their native countiy, and a

large section of

land was purchased for their benefit.

This was in the time of President Monroe, after

whom

the capital, Monrovia, was named, and the country was

called Liberia,

which means Laud of the Free.

was hoped that the

civilize

liberated slaves

would be able

It

to

the neighboring tribes.

The experiment, however, has not produced very

great results.

There are about

fifty or sixty

thousand

AFRICA

134

people along the coast

Among

who

are civilized, or partly so.

these are iiLany descendants of those

turned from America.

who

re-

Their influence over the savage

tribes

of

the in-

has been
and they

terior
slight,

have had
difficulties

some
in the

management of
their own government.

There are towns

and plantations
along

the

Among

coast.

the chief

products are palm

palm kerand palm oil.

Nubian Boy riding Buffalo
These nuts grow
in great clusters upon the oil palm tree.
They yield
a great amount of yellow oil, from which the natives
make a kind of Imtter called palm butter. In other
countries the oil is used for making soap, candles, and
artificial butter.
A great amount of both nuts and oil
is sent to European markets.
nuts, or

nels,

Coffee grows wdld in Liberia, and might be very sucif the people had sufficient energy.
Most of the country is covered with dense forests, in
which grow many rubber-producing trees.
Sierra Leone was set apart liy the British as a refuge
for slaves who had escaped from slave ships.

cessfully cultivated

THE SUDAN

135

European nations have trading stations along the

Two of the most important of these are the Britcoast.
ish stations of Freetown, in Sierra Leone, and Lagos,
on the coast of Nigeria. At Cape Verde the French
have improved the port of Dakar. They have bnilt
large piers
of railroads

and docks in order

from the interior.

Embankment on

known

covered with desert plains.

is

to Egypt,

Many

it is

it

the terminus

Khartum

as the

Since

Egyptian
it

belongs

nnder the control of Great Britain.

of the inhabitants of Nnljia are hunters.

They

elephants for their ivory and capture wild ostriches

in order to olttain their feathers.

are

make

the Nile and Palace Gates,

large part of the territory

Sudan

kill

to

Some

of

them

also

farmers, raising on their land cotton, wheat, and

sugar-cane.

Khartum, the

principal city of Nubia,

center of caravan trade.

It

is

is

an important

now connected by

rail-

AFRICA

136

road with Cairo and Alexandria and by water with

jjortant points in eastern Africa.

of the great

on the

It 'will be

Cape to Cairo Railroad.

The

iin-

line

British took

possession of this city in 1899, and since then both the

city

and the region around it have prospered. A large

Khartinn has been covered Avith substantial

part of

buildings

place of

in

the native houses

of

sun-dried

bricks.

A.

ii, Ml,

"A

Passenger Car on the Sudan Railroad

Omdnrman, near Khartum,

gum

that

is

a market for a kind of

is

brought long distances by caravans and

is

used on postage stamps and envelopes.

East of the Egyptian, or British, Sudan

of Abyssinia, in

is

the country

whose mountains and tablelands are the

sources of several of the tributaries of the Nile.

part of this country

climate.

lias

The western

sections of Africa.

A large

beautiful scenery and a healthful

portion

This fact

rich soil that the Nile carries

is

is

one of the most

clearly indicated

fertile

by the

down from Abyssinia and

THE SUDAN
deposits along its banks in Egypt.
sufficient in

Abyssinia there

for irrigation.

'

Among

is

137

Where

rain

is

not

usually plenty of water

the mountains are valuable de-

and other minerals.

have desired to gain control of Abyssinia.
An Italian army once undertook to enter it, but
was sorely defeated by the king and his soldiers.
posits of gold, silver,

Civilized nations

A Home

The

in Abyssinia

natives call the country Ethiopia, a

name

that

down from the ancient country of Ethiwhich occupied a much larger territory. The king
introducing many improvements among his subjects,

has been handed

opia,
is

although they are

still

United States was the

only partially
first

civilized.

The

country to enter into an

agreement for trading with the Abyssinians, who dress

mostly in cotton goods from America.
In

and climate many crops

the natives were inclined to cultivate

such a favorable

would thrive

if

soil

AFRICA

138

Some

them.

coffee

is

exported and sold as

Mocha

Ivory, silver, and gold are important products.

The country abounds in wild animals of various kinds.
Among the most common are the elephant, lion, ante-

coffee.

lope,

and

gazelle.

8.

Zebra and Mule Team, Nairobi

1.

About liow

2.

IVdiich

Timbuktu

giers to

far

is tlie

El Faslier

is it in

a direct line from I^ake

to Tripoli?

is

a caravan center.

In what part of the Sudan

Na!iie the sections of the African coast west of

4.

Chad

greater distance, from Tripoli to Kano, or from Al-

Kamerun

is it?

that be-

long to Great Britain.

5.

Name

(1.

"What sections belong

7.

Name

the sections that belong to France.

all

to other countries?

the sections of this coast in order, stating to

what country

each belongs.
8.

What

Liberia

it

part of

South America

is

in

about the same latitude as

9.
Fashoda is a town of the Upper Nile region. In what direction
from Khartum ?
10. In what part of Abyssinia is the capital, Adis Abeba?
11. Eritrea belongs to Italy.
L^pon what part of Abyssinia does

is

it

boi<ler ?

12.

sinia.

The people called the Somalis dwell east and southeast of AbysTo what countries do the three parts of that region belong ?

CENTRAL AFRICA
Central Africa

1 6.

The

139

equatorial belt of Africa, soutli of the Sudan,

and partly mountainous region

and the lower and more nearly level
the Congo
O River in the west.

consists of the elevated

called East Africa,

basin of

The Congo

Thousand Miles Inland

The Consfo is one of the largest rivers of the world.

It is more than tliree thousand miles long and is twenty
The volume of water that
miles wide at its mouth.
flows from it is greater than that of any other river except the Amazon. Cataracts lieginniug one hundred and
twenty miles above its mouth prevent navigation for
two hundred and fifty miles above that point. Beyond
the cataracts the river

is

navigable for a thousand miles,

and on the Congo and its tributaries together the waterwaj^s open to navigation amount to more than ten thousand miles. All these rivers have lieen of great assistance
in the exploration and development of the country.

AFRICA

140

In some

joarts

covered with

tall

of

the

grass,

Congo basin there

through which it is

are plains
difficult to

travel, but a large part of the region consists of vast

In the forests along the ip^per part of the river

forests.

from one hundred to two hundred feet tall.

These grow so near together tliat their thick foliage
sliuts out the sunlight.
They are usually bound toare trees

Congoese Chiefs curiously Dressed

by a great number of vines and creepers. The

low undergrowth is so much entangled that it is almost
Among the blossoms of
impossible to pass through it.
the trees are swarms of humming bees and richly colgetlier

ored

Initterllies.

In the depths of this forest region wild animals are

not so aljnndant as they are in the more open country

around

its l)orders.

Animals that feed upon grass are

found in regions where grass will grow, and

animals like the lion and tlie tiger, that prey upon

natui-ally

grass-eating animals,

must

live in the

same

regions.

CENTRAL AFRICA
The animal

life of

141

the dense forests consists mostly

and various insects.

Several countries of Europe formerly laid claim to the
Congo territory, but by agreement among the nations it
was placed under the personal charge of King Leopold
In the year 1885 the country was acknowlof Belgium.
edged as an independent state subject to the Belgian
of reptiles,

monkeys,

Congo

king.

In 1909

sovereign rights

Belgium, and

birds,

Chiefs

Hut

in the Interior

King Leopold gave up his personal

in the Congo State to the country of

it is

noAV a Belgian province.

The Congo State

is

about one third as large as

tlie

United States and contains a population of aljout twenty

million negroes.

These consist of a great numijer of

whom, a few }^ears ago, were

separate tribes, most of

savages at war with one another.

great changes
in the Congo
The Belgians
have made O
O
O
O
region.
They have destroyed the slave trade formerly
They have estaldished order
carried on by Arabs.

AFRICA

142

avid have caused millions of

Many
abandon
their
barbarous practices.
savages to
who lint recently were quite uncivilized now hold responsible positions on steamboats and railroads.
4'here have been unpleasant reports that the officials
of the Belgian government have been cruel to the Congo
Prolialdy these reports have been exaggerated,
people.

throughout the valley,

Congoese Women^ working

in Field

and are due in paid to the difficulty that white people

have in managing millions of half-savage natives, Imt
the Belgians have doubtless thought too much of the
profits to be gained from the country and too little of
the welfare of the people.

The native

tribes in the

in small villages located

and surrounded by
often

make

tall

in

Congo valley generally

live

open places in the forests

poles pointed at the tops.

clearings for their huts

by building

around large trees and thus killing them.

with spears and bows and arrows.

Some

of

They
fires

They hunt
them culti-

CENTRAL AFRICA
vate a

little

manioc,

143

land and raise bananas, sweet potatoes,

or Indian corn.
Along the coast
and at the stations, where they meet white people, they
generally wear clothing, hnt in their homes in the interior

rice, millet,

they are almost naked.

In some sections there are tril^es of small neo-roes

O
These are believed to he in the lowest

called pygmies.

Pygmies and

their

Huts

and most barbarous condition of all the inhabitants of

Africa.
Their homes are clusters of low huts in small

They eat
roots and wihl honey and are expert hunters.
They
sometimes even succeed in killing elephants. They are
clearings in the dense portions of the forests.

not so extremely small as has Iteen supposed.

height

is

Their

generally from four to five feet.

Tor the purpose of government the Congo State

divided

into

districts

Belgian commissioners.
king,

who

is

that

are

Each

under the
tribe

has

its

is

charg-e

of

chief,

or

subject to the authority of the commis-

AFRICA

U4
Some

sioner.

Belgian
ist

rule.

of the

remote tribes are not yet imder

Probably slavery and cannibalism

The Congo

valley, like the

production of rubber for

is

ex-

still

among them, bnt these practices are fast disappearing.

its

Amazon

valley, lias the

leading industry.

Rubber

The

obtained in Africa from both trees and vines.

natives prejiare

it

for the market,

and then carry

Successful Elephant

Hunt

their beads long distances

tbrougb the forests and

grass to trading stations, where

it is

Ivory is gathered and shipped

by railroads
same manner; also palm nuts and palm oil.
INIore

than one half of

the ivory of

is

finest is

tall

in the

the world

and the teeth of

Congo valley. Most of the
shipped to Antwerp and to London, where the
used for making billiard balls.

Iroin the tusks of the elephant

the hippopotamus of the

ivory

all

on

forwarded by boats

or

comes

it

CENTRAL AFRICA
In this great region

145

tliere are areas of

that might yield large agricultural crops,

warm, moist climate

Boma

is

Ijut

land

such a

not attractive to white people,

is

only a small number of wdrom

Congo

fertile

now

dwell there.

the capital, or seat of government, of the

Matadi is at the foot of the cataracts of

European steamers reach that point, and rail-

State.

the river.

Bringing Rubber to a Trading Station

roads built around the cataracts

make connection with

Leopoldville, on a wide section of the river called Stanley Pool.

That

city

the valley comes by

The

res;ion

is

sions in Africa,

and

Equatorial Africa.
tlie

is

Congo and its l)ranches.

the Congo State and border-

of the

northwest of

ing on the Congo River

found

the center to which the trade of

way

is

a part of the French posses-

called the

French Congo, or French

In the forests of this region are

chimpanzee and the

gorilla.

largest variety of the ape family.

mal,

more human

The

It is a

latter is the

powerful ani-

in appearance than most monkeys.

Both the French Congo and the German

territory of

AFRICA

146

Kamerim

adjoining

it

by uncivilized tribes
The French and the Germans

are occupied

and many wild animals.

are seeking to develop these colonies,

civilization

on the

On

is

still

mostly conlined

'to

Ijiit

coast.

account of the greater elevation of

eastern portion of central Africa, and

lakes,

contact with

trading stations

it is

its

nmch

of the

mountains and

a region very different from the

Congo

basin.

Dancers in Eastern Congo Region

Great Britain owns

much

of her territory

called British East Africa,

is

land here.

The eastern part

and the

western portion the Uganda.

This great region contains grassy plains, as well as

mountains and
wild animals.

In

and the rhinoceros.

and

fro

and supports a vast number of

the swamps are the hippopotamus

valleys,

Herds

of large elephants

across the country.

move

to

Great numl)ers of deer,

antelopes, gazelles, and other small animals feed in the

grassy open sections, and lions steal out from their

re-

CENTRAL AFRICA
treats

to

prey upon them.

147

Long-necked

giraffes

eat

and twigs from the trees. There are many Ijufand wild hogs, also leopards and hyenas.
The African
Ostriches are numerous in some sections.
wildebeest, or gnu, found here is a strange animal.
Its
body resendjles that of the horse, but its head is like that
of the ox.
The abundance of bis; game makes this the
in the world for lumtsmen.
most attractive region
O
leaves

faloes, zebras,

Natives of British East Africa

The

natives of East Africa are similar to those of the

forest regions of the western part, but in this

country their condition

them keep

cattle

is

somewhat

more open

Many

of

and sheep, wdiich they drive into the

inclosures of their villages at night.

use of the banana plant.

made

better.

The

fibers

They make much

from the stalks are

and the leaves are used

The people make a kind of soap from

into kinds of wickerwork,

for tablecloths.

the sap, and from the fruit a drink resembling lemonade.

AFRICA

148

These natives, like those of other parts of Africa, are

very fond of personal ornaments. The girls wear chains

around

tlieir

necks and ankles and wind wires around

Many

their limbs.

through great

boys wear sticks of wood thrust

lioles in their ears.

The Uganda has a

ery,

and

fertile

healthful climate, attractive scen-

The long

land.

railroad route from

the Cape to Cairo passes across

it, and it is expected

become an important stock-raising country.

to

East African Adornment

German East

Africa, farther south,

able territory as the British portion.

as

large as

Germany

in Europe.

is

not so valu-

about twice

It is

The Germans

are

hastening to civilize the people and to introduce productive industries.

and plantations

They

are establishing trading stations

of coffee, cocoa,

and cotton.

This eastern section of central Africa

is

the region of

CENTRAL AFRICA
Some

149

mountain
peaks, although very near the equator, are always covered
with snow. Lake Mctoria is, next to Lake Superior,
the o;reat mountains and lakes.

of the

the largest lake in the world.

Alombasa

is

the chief city and the capital of British

It is connected by railroad with Lake

and is the port through which goods from the
Uganda and the interior are shipped to Europe.

East Africa.

A^ictoria,

Main

Street in

Mombasa

under the rule of a

It is one of the
subject to Great Britain.

Zanzibar, on Zanzibar Island,

sultan, but

is

is

chief tradino;
o centers of the eastern coast of Africa.
1.

How

far

is

Matadi from Boma?

In what direction

is Leopoldville from IMatadi ?

Loango is a trading station of the French Congo. How far is it
from the mouth of the Congo V
4. Where are the Kamerun Mountains ?
5. Nairobi, on the railroad from Mombasa, is a British military
station.
How far is it from IMombasa?
fi.
tVhat is the name of the port on Lake Victoria at the terminus
of the railroad from Mombasa ?
7. Name the lofty mountains of tliis region that are near the equator.
2.

3.

AFRICA

150

On

8.

whicli side of the equator

is

the greater part of Lake Vic-

toria?

How

.0.

long

is

Lake Tanganyika?

Wliat two towns are on the coast near the island of Zanzibar?
11. Sketch a map of the central portion of Africa, showing the
boundaries of tlie countries and the most important mountains, lakes,
10.

rivers,

and towns.

Mission School in Central Africa

Southern Africa

17.

In passing to the southern part of Africa

we come

a region where favorable conditions of climate and

to

soil

have caused the white

man

eastern coast there

not sufficient rainfall to support

is

to settle.

Except along the

the growth of such dense forests as liave prevented the

settlement of otlier regions.

White

settlers

have been

attracted liy the large extent of open country, as they

liave been attracted to the plains of Argentina, in

America.

The climate

also lias

In a region no farther from the equator

narily

lie

South

been an inducement.
it

would

ordi-

very warm, hut the elevation of the great

tableland renders the climate temperate.

SOUTHERN AFRICA
The climate

of

151

southern Africa, however,

together favorable to

tillers

of the

soil.

is

not

al-

Winds from

the east bring an abundant supply of moisture to the

mountainous regions near the coast, but the great extent

beyond is generally arid, and in the western

of country

Boers on Trek in South Africa

Yet the region

healthful, and a large part yields grass enough for

part of
is

tlie

continent

is

a barren desert.

the industry of grazing.

Two

Europeans have had most to do with

classes of

the development of southern Africa.

who have given

their attention chiefly to

herding, and the English,

of

They are the Dutch,

who have been

farming and
the managers

commercial enterprises.

Long

made a settlement at the southern

extremity of the continent, in Avhat is now Cape Colony.
Troidfles afterward arose with English people, who
ao'o

the Dutch

also settled there,

and the colony came into the

posses-

AFRICA

152

sion of Great Britain.

of Natal,

came

which had

British territory.

Boei-s,

The neighboring smaller colony

l>een settled

by the Dutch, also

many

After this

be-

Dutch, called

emigrated and established the Orange Free State,

now known

as the

Orange River Colony, and the Trans-

vaal Re])ublic, or the Transvaal Colony.

Johannesburg

At a

later time troubles again rose

and the British.

between the Boers

Great numbers of Englishmen and

other foreigners

had come

held the greater

}>art

of

to the

the

colonies,

but the descendants of the Dutch were

class

and were not disposed

in the

government.

and these

wealth of the country,

still

the rulino;

to give to others a share

These conditions led to a great

war, at the close of which, in the year 1900,

all

the

colonies were brought under British control.

This country, with the adjoining British })ossessions

farther north,

is

known

South Africa.

It

southei'ii part of

the

as British

comprises the best portions of the

continent.

The people

of tire colonies

now live

together peacefully.

SOUTHERN AFRICA
In 1909 they were organized under a

which unites them

in one

called

colonies of

which

the
it

Union

constitution,

government somewhat

that of the Dominion of Canada.

properly

new

153

of

The country

is

like

now

South Africa, and the

consists are called provinces.

Alost of the dark-skinned natives of southern Africa

KafRr Family and Kraal

Bushmen,
and Hottentots. The Bushmen and Hottentots are
small and inferior people, but the Kaffirs, some of whom
Ijelong to three distinct classes, called Kaffirs,

are called Zidus, are strong

them

and

intelligent.

Many

of

employed in the industries of the white man.

Wild animals have been a disadvantage to settlers on
are

the frontiers, but as settlement has increased these have

been exterminated or driven awa}x

The lowlands and

coasts are

suited to

and southern
and produce a large

slopes near the eastern

agriculture

amount of various crops. Choice

Loudon market in midwinter.

fruit is shipped to the

AFRICA

154

A
On

great part of the land, however,

is

used for grazing.

the open tableland, called the veldt, are vast regions

where grass grows luxuriantly during the rainy season,

and after becoming dry continues to furnish food for
live stock.
Boer herdsmen there raise large numbers
of cattle, shee}), and goats.
There are also many ostrich farms in South Africa.
Ostrich, feathers

were once obtained wholly from the

Ostriches in South Africa

wild ostriches killed in the Sudan and in South Africa,

but

and

it

has Iteen found profitable to domesticate ostriches

raise flocks of

them,

at regular intervals.
ostrich are plucked as

in order to pluck the feathers

From the
many as

and wings of an
a pound of feathers a
tail

and these are sold at very high prices.

South Africa exports immense rpiantities

year,

liides,

feathers,

Angora

goat.

countries.

and mohair, which

It

imports

many

is

the

articles

The United States sends

to

of

wool,

hair of

the

from other

South Africa

SOUTHERN AFRICA

155

millions oi dollars worth of flour, machinery, hardware,

agricultural implements, lumber,

and other

articles.

In the year 183b some Boers settled in the region where

the city of Johannesburg now is, and another band at
the same time emigrated to the vicinity of the city of
Kimberley. It was afterward found that one of these

companies had settled upon forty miles of gold, and

the other upon one hundred acres of diamonds.

Wool and

The

Cattle Market,

Johannesburg

richest gold field in the world

was discovered in
1884 in a ridge of hills near Johannesburg. In some
years more gold has been taken from this field than from
all the mines of the United States.
Many native Kaftirs

work

in the gold mines,

and many thousand Chinamen

have been brought into the country for the purpose.

In 1867 a traveler in the veldt was presented with

some beautiful pebbles l)y a farmer, who had found them

along the banks of a river.
The traveler afterward
discovered that one of these pebbles was a A^ery valuable
diamond.

This incident led to a

Iona; search that re-

AFRICA

156

suited iu the discovery of mines from which

most

of the

diamonds of the world have since been obtained.

Thousands of laborers, mostly native Africans, work
underground in the mines, blasting out the soft rock, or
C'jlue

ground, that contains the diamonds.

After this

rock has been brought to the surface and exposed to the

air for several

months,

it

softens,

and then wuishing ma-

Diamond Mine, Kimberley

chines separate the line clay, leaving only coarse sand

and gravel, with diamonds scattered through the mass.

Then this matter passes over a diamond sorter, wdiich
Diamonds have a tendis a table covered with tallow.
ency to stick to a greasy sulistance, and since they are
so heavy, they settle to the l;)ottoni and remain in the
The
tallow, while the sand and gravel are shaken off.
hand,
the
gravel
by
diamonds were formerly picked out of
l3ut it has been found that this machine is much more
reliable

than the human eye.

Laljorers in the
lies,

diamond mines

live,

with their fami-

in large inclosures called compounds.

These are

SOUTHERN AFRICA

157

surrounded by high fences to prevent the theft that might

the laborers were to come and o
sro at will.
In the
compounds are all necessary conveniences and provisions

occur

if

for comfort, including

swimming

pools, hospitals for the

and even churches. When laborers enter, they agree

remain for a certain time, and many remain voluntarily

sick,

to

for several years.

After

Work

is

Over,

Diamond Mine Compound

Aside from the gold mines and the diamonds, the

development of South Africa lias only begun. There
are as yet but few railroads, and products are usually

drawn long

by slow teams of oxen. One disadvantage is the want of good harbors along the coast. The
best harbor is at the Portuguese city of Lourenco Marquez, in Delagoa Bay.
This is a nearer outlet for the
distances

goods of the Transvaal than are the English ports of

Cape Town and Port Elizalieth, on the southern coast.

The greatest natural wonder of South Africa is the
Victoria Falls of the Zambezi River.
The width of the

AFRICA

158

more than a mile, and the height nearly three

hundred and fifty feet. Below the falls the river runs
through a deep gorge for forty-five miles. The Cape to
falls is

Cairo Railroad
falls,

and

it is

crosses the gorge

within sight of the

believed that a portion of the vast water

Victoria Falls

some time Ite nsed to drive the trains.

The bridge, fonr hundred and twenty feet above the

power

wdll at

water,

is

the highest in the v/orld.

The small country of Natal has been called the garden

colony of Great Britain.
tiful

It

is

a well-watered and beau-

region covered wdth vegetation, and produces a great

variety of crops.

Durban,

its

seaport,

is

a popular water-

It is fre(|uented by European tourists during

ing place.
the winter season, wliich lasts from May to August.
Portugal at one time claimed nearly all (jf Africa. It

SOUTHERN AFRICA

159

holds the region named Mozambique, or Portuguese

East Africa, and Angola, or Portuguese AYest Africa.
These have been but little explored and developed, and
still

are considered of slight value.

German Southwest Africa is largely a desert of little

account. The port of ^Yalfisch Bay, on the coast, belongs
to

Great Britain.

West

The

Street,

Durban

large island of Madagascar

of the French.

It has a

Malays, and Arabs.

is

under the control

mixed population

which lumber and rubber are obtained.

coffee and many cattle.
1.

Compare the

of negroes,

It contains valuable forests,

latitude of

Cape Horn with

tliat of

It

from

produces

the Cape of

Good

Hope.
2.

Compare the

3.

Where

4.

Hame

is

all

latitude of Cape Horn with that

Cape Agulhas ?

of Alexandria.

the divisions of the British possessions of South Africa.

Pietermaritzburg was once the capital of Natal.

from Durbair ?
5.

6.

How

Bloemfontein was the capital of the Orange Free State.

direction

is it

fioin

Durban

far is

it

In what

AFRICA

160
7.

tlie

Pretoria, the former capital of the Transvaal Repuhlic, is

executive capital of the Union of South Africa,

llow far

is

it

now
from

Delagoa Bay ?
8. Salisbury and Bulowayo are thriving towns.
In what section of
10.
South Africa are they?
9.
In what direction is Johannesburg from Kimberley?

map

Sketch a

German East

of the part of Africa .south of the

Congo State and

and the

Africa, showing the boundaries of the countries

jn-incipal rivers

and

cities.

Government Building, Pretoria

REVIEW
1.

Describe the physical features of Africa.

2.

Explain the climate of Africa.

Explain the cause of the Desert of Sahara.
In what parts of the continent have Claucasian peoples lived?
Tell about the people of central Africa.
How has the unbroken coa.st line of Africa prevented settlement

.3.

4.

G.

by white people ?

Why

has

8.

How

has the climate along the coast been a hindrance?

9.

Tell about the natural resources of Africa.

7.

it

been

difficult to

reach the interior by

way

of the

rivers?

10.

Tell about the railroads.

11.

Give two reasons for calling Egypt the

12.

State the seasons of the year in which the Nile rises and

Gift of the Nile.

falls.

REVIEW
13.

From what country

is

much

161

of the soil of

Egypt broug'ht by the

Nile?
IJr.

15.
16.

IVhy was the deposit at the mouth of the Nile called a delta?
Give an account of the ancient Egyptians.
Describe the

Great Pyramid.
17.

What

obelisks

were the

18. What
mummies?
19.

the

are

Tell about the

present inhabitants of

the country.
20.

Explain

government
21.

Tell

of

the
Egyjit.

about the

irrigation works

of

Egypt.
22. Describe
Assuan dam.

the

23.

Describe the barrage near Cairo.

21.
25.

What
What

26.

Describe the city of Cairo.

27.

29.

Give a brief history of the city of Alexandria.

Wliy has northwestern Africa a desirable climate?
Who are the Berbers, and how do they live?

30.

Where do

28.

are
are

some
some

of the products of
of the habits of

Egypt?

Egyptian peasants?

32.

the Arabs and the Moors live?

Give an account of the Barbary pirates.
Why has but little been known about Morocco?

33.

Describe lUorocco.

31.

AVhat

31.

36.

ai'e some of its products?

AVhat kind of government did Alorocco have formerly?
How did that country become a French protectorate ?

37.

Tell about the port of Tangier.

38.

Tell about the city of Fez.

39.

Describe the country of Algeria.

AVhat improvements have the French made in Algeria?
AAdiat articles are exported from Algeria?

35.

40.
41.
12.

Tell about Tunis.

43.

AAdiat

44.

How

is

the chief occupation of the people of Tripoli?

large

is

the Desert of Sahara?

AFRICA

1G2
45.

Describe the surface of the

4(i.

Tell about the

47.

What

48.

AVho are the inhabitants

49.

Describe the date palm.

50.

For what different purposes

desei't.

herdsmen ou the

are the oases

desert.

and wliat is their occupation?

of the oases,

is

the date

palm

useful

What

51.

other jieople have

dwelt upon the desert besides the

inhabitants of the oases?

AVhy

52.

are camels adapted

to de.sert regions?

Describe the journey of

58.

a caravan across the desert.

AVliat

54.

the French

What

55.
is

improvements have
in the Sahara?

made

section of

Africa

Sudan ?

called the

Describe the Sudan.

50.

AVhy have tlie inhalntbecome partially civilized?

58. Describe the homes and
57.

ants

occupations of these people.

AVhat are the three

59.

sions of the

AVhat are the chief

00.

dustrial

Sudan

An Arab

Village

divi-

Sudan?

cities

of

the

01.

Tell

Kano and

about the

its

city

inhabitants.

63.

Kuka and its vicinity.

AVhy has Timbuktu a favorable

04.

Tell about the regions along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea.

65.

08.

Give the history of the country of Liberia.

Tell about the people of Liberia.
Tell about palm nuts and palm oil.
State how the colony of Sierra Leone was founded.

69.

Name

70.

Tell about the inhabitants of Nubia.

62.

66.
07.

Describe

location for trade?

several trading stations along the coast.

71.

Describe tbe city of Khartum.

72.

For what

is

Omdurmau

a great market?

Describe tbe country of Abyssinia.

74. Tell about the inhabitants of Abyssinia.

73.

in-

central

of

REVIEW
75.
7t).

77.

78.
79.
80.
81.

82.

What
What

163

some of the products of that country V

some of the wild animals of Abyssinia?
Of wliat two parts does the equatorial belt of Africa consist?
Describe the Congo lliver.
Describe the Congo basin.
Why are not large wild animals abundant in this region?
are

are

What animals are found in these forests?

Give the history of the government of the Congo State.

83.

Zulu

Who

Woman

weaving Mat

are the inhabitants of the

Congo valley?

81.

What improvements

85.

Tell about the hotnes

80.

Tell about the pygmies.

87.

Explain the government of the country.

88.

IIow

89.

Tell about the ivory industry.

90.

Explain the locations of the three principal cities of the country.

IVhat animals are found in the Fi-ench Congo?
Tell about the iuhabitants of the French Congo and Kamerun.
Why is the ea.stern portion of central Africa very different

91.

92.
93.

is

from the Congo

liave the Belgians

made?

and the occupations

of the

rubber obtained in the Congo State

valley

Congo

natives'.

91.

Tell about the animals of British East Africa and the Uganda.

95.

How

96.

What
What

do the natives of East Africa live ?

uses do they

make

of the

98.

some of the habits

Describe the Uganda.

99.

Describe

97.

are

German East

banana plant?

of these natives

Africa.

AFRICA

164

aud lakes

100.

Tell about the niouiitaius

101.

Describe IMoinbasa.

102.

Tell about Zenegambia.

103.

10.5.

Give reasons why white peoi:>le have settled in southern Africa.

Explain the climate of southern Africa.
What European peoples have developed southern Africa V

10(1.

Give a brief history of

104.

107.

tlie

of East Africa.

English and the Dutch in South

Africa.

Explain the present government of South Africa.

Cape Town and Table Mountain, Cape Colony

108.

Tell about the natives.

109.

What

110.

Describe the veldt.

111.

part of the country

is

suitable for agriculture?

Explain ostrich farming.

What
What

some

South Africa?
United States send to that country?
111. Tell about the gold mines of South Africa.
115. Hovv were diamonds discovered there?
11(1. Explain how diamonds are obtained.
117. Tell about the laborers in the diamond mines.
118. What are the best harbors of southern Africa?
112.
113.

are.

of the exports of

articles does the

119.

Describe Victoria Falls.

120.

Tell about the province of Ratal.

121.

What

122.

Describe the island of Madagascar.

territory does Portugal possess in southern Africa?

AUSTRALIA
Australia

i8.

Australia

165

about as large as the United States with-

is

This coutiuent has a comparatively level

out Alaska.

which gradually rises to a rim of hills and

mountains that extend around a large part of the coast.
The highest mountains are near the eastern coast.
interior

The climate
as

tropical in the northern part, l^ut tem-

the southern sec-

perate in
tion,

is

we

should readily

judge from the parallels of

latitude
lies.

between

The

is

southeast

hring;

it

part

greater

the territory
the

which

of

very dry, but

winds

trade

an abundance of rain

to the highlands of the east,

and these are covered with

forests.
There are forests
also in the tropical northern

section

to

soons bring;
of

the

which the mon-

much rain

southern

Parts

and

coast

the island of Tasmania are

so far south that they are supplied with moisture

by

prevailing westerly winds.

West

of the eastern

enough for

forests

and

highland section, which has rain

for agriculture,

erally covered with grass, that springs

season.

Farther west

Bush.

On

this there

is
is

is

a region gen-

up in the rainy

a drier section, called The

a growth of peculiar plants

AUSTRALIA

166

that are alhe to live in a climate too dry for otlier vegThe western part of the continent, with the
etation.

exception of certain narrow regions along the coast, is

a barren desert, parts of which liave never been explored.

There are

Some

many things

of the plants

of peculiar interest in Australia.

from those
Grasses grow and mature

and animals are

in other parts of tlie world.

different

very cpiickly in the short

rainy season, and plants

turn

in the arid regions

the edges of their foliage

toward the sun to prevent the evaporation of

moisture.

Australia
peculiar trees.

age

of

the

has

many

The
grass

foli-

tree

looks like a great tuft of

The botUe

grass.

tree

has a trunk in the form

The most
of a bottle.
common forest tree, however,

of

is

the

eucalyptus,

which there are many

The eucalypThe
with drooping leaves.
varieties.

an evergreen, tree,
outer bark of some varieties cleaves off, like that of the
Some varieties
grapevine, and falls to the ground.
grow rapidly and reach enormous size. They are even
helaro'er than the Big Trees of California, and are
They have
lieved to be the largest trees in the world.

tus

is

AUSTRALIA

1G8

been

known

hundred

to reach a height of over four

feet.

Kucalyptus trees are valuable for lumber and have been

introduced into various parts of the world where the
climate

similar to that in their native region.

is

In Australia there are more than one hundred varieties of

The kan-

a class of animals called marsupials.

garoo

is

these.

the largest of

carries

It

its

young

in

travels

swiftly by long
There are many

leaps.

other

pouch and

peculiar

animals,

and also a great variety

of large and small birds.

The emu
as

is

a bird nearly

large as the

Wild animals

ostrich.

are

so

numerous that many of

them are hunted and
Kangaroo
killed

in

save

order to

the grass for sheep and cattle.

For a long time Australia was supposed to be a barren

country of

little

importance, and sailors passed

without attempting to explore

length, in 1771,

landed on the

it

or even claim

it.

the English navigator Captain

fertile

it

l>y

At
Cook

southeastern coast and took posses-

sion of the country for England.

When

the white ]ieople began to

make

settlements,

they found the continent sparsely inhabited by dark-

skinned

weapons.

who lived l>v hunting with crude

These Australian aborigines are of a very low

savages,

AUSTRALIA
They do not seem capable

order of intelligence.
sirous

numbers

In some

ninch civilization.

of

of these natives

still live

and hunt with spears

of Ijark,

169

sections

in huts or tents

after the

manner

or de-

small

made

of their

savage ancestors.

Gold was discovered in Australia soon after it was

found in California, and the numlmr of settlers then
rapidlj^ increased.

The

first

rush

was to the vicinity of Melbourne,

and from that center the white
population

gradually

extended

over the desiral^le parts of the'

The

continent.

several

settle-

ments were organized into separate colonies under the control

of governors sent from England.
In 1901 the provinces, or states,
were united to form the Commonwealth of Australia, with a
government similar to that of
Canada.

Australia has self-gov-

ernment, but

is

a part of the British Empire.

The neighboring island of Tasmania

Commonwealth of Australia. It

and

zerland,
It

and

beautiful,

with lakes
has

has

among them.

and

many

is

many
It

a province of

is

the

is

well-watered

forest-clad

mountains

somewhat resembles Swit-

a favorite pleasure resort for Australians.

valualfie sheep ranches

and

fruit orchards.

In those portions of the Australian l^order that

ceive a supply of rain, particidarly in the eastern

southern

parts,

agriculture

is

successful,

re-

and

and various

AUSTRALIA

170

crops are raised.

In the

warm

coast oranges, Ixananas, and

climate of the northern

other semi-tropical fruits

produced.

Cotton, corn, and sugar cane grow in

the northeast.

AMieat and grapes are abundant in the

are

The

southeast.

three eastern provinces are rich in farms,

forests, pasture lands,

On

and miues.

account of the arid climate that prevails over a

very large part of the continent, stock raising

is

the most

Australian Sheep

important industry.

Cattle will tlirive in a

moister climate than sheep, and

agricultural districts and

west of them.

in

Queensland

many

the
is

warmer and

are raised in the

sections immediately

especially noted for its

fine cattle.

The

drier plains farther west are almost exclusively

occupied

ranches

by great
there

In

sheep.

all,

sheep ranches.

On many

single

more than one hundred thousand

there are more than one hundred million
are

sheep in Australia.

Sheep thrive

in a climate that

is

not very hot or moist, and are |3rofitahly raised where

land

is

cheap and where they can

live

upon grass

AUSTRALIA

171

throughout the

-year, without the expense of shelter.

Such conditions exist in the western part of the United
States and in Argentina, as well as in Australia.

Since Australia
of sheep,

world.

it is

is

peculiarly adapted to the herding

the leading wool-producing countiw of the

The business there

is

very carefully managed.

The land

is generally fenced into separate ranches, or

runs, in order that each herder ma.y give his own

Wool Teams

sheep proper care.

in Australia

In places distant from rivers,

where the rivers are dry during a part of the year,

often difficult to secure water for so many sheep.

or

it

is

In

such places the herders dig artesian wells that are kept
flowing

Ijy

the pressure of underground springs.

Special varieties of sheep have been introduced,

and

have been improved by careful selection. On

this, and other favorable conditions, Australian wool is regarded as equal to the finest in the markets.
There is so much wool to be handled in the

these

account of

country that

special

steamboat lines

railroads

have been

have

built and
on the rivers

been

estaljlished

AITSTRALIA

172

for the purpose of cari-ying

it

to the coast,

where

it is

shipped away on ocean vessels.

large

amount

of Australian

mutton and

frozen and sent in steamships to England.

an im[)ortant industry
ports

much

hiitter to

l)eef

Dairying

is

is

in Victoria, a })rovince that ex-

Great Britain and other countries.

Gold Mines at Bendigo

Australia
in

the

is

world.

every (me of

have

one of the chief gold-producing countries

More
its

or

states.

less

gold has been found in

Especially valuable

deposits

Iteeu discovered in the barren desert of the west-

Communication between the mines and tlie

western coast is by caravans of camels.
Beds of coal along the coast near tlie city of Sydney

ern part.

are the source of supply for

quent that part of the ocean.

many

steamships

Near these coal

supply of iron ore and limestone.

Tliis will

use in the development of the country.

tliat fre-

fields is

be of great

There are also

AUSTRALIA
mines of copper,
east.

silver,

and

articles,

are shipped

imported in return.
is

tlie

found in Tasmania.

home

use,

but most of the

away and manufactured

articles

Naturally a great part of the trade

with Great Britain, the mother country.

On account

Street in

of tlie rapid

the enterprising spirit of

very rapidly.

They

have.

They

Sydney

development of x\ustralia and

its

people, the cities have

grown

contain broad streets, fine bnildings,

and such improvements

is

is

such as clothing, boots and shoes, and

lumber, are manufactured for

raw products

the mountains of

tin, in

The greatest supply of tin

Some

173

as

European and American

cities

are cliielly on harbors along the coast.

Tliis

because the greater part of the inhabitants live near

the coast, and the industries occasion

Railroads connect the

cities

much commerce.

with the farming and ranch-

ing districts.

Melbourne and vSydney rank among the greatest

sea-

LARGE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC

174
poits iu

Sydney

the British Empire.

is

the Oldest city

ill the country.

It is on a large harbor that
from winds and waves l)y surrounding hills.

Oil

name

border?

it

in the northeast,

and omitting Northern Territory,

in order all the provinces of Australia.

The Great

4.

Barrier Reef

Near what part

world.

Name

what oceans does

Commencing

3.

5.

protected

Itetween what degrees of latitude does Australia lie?

1.
'

is

is

the longest range of coral reefs in the

of Australia

is

it?

Pearl oysters are found in the waters near the Great Barrier Reef.

waters in other parts of the world in whicli they are obtained.

().

"What season

7.

In

tralia for

is it

at the present time in Australia?

what direction do
England?

vessels probably sail

when they

leave Aus-

8. Why do sailing vessels usually go around the Cape of Good Hope,

while steamships go through the Suez Canal?

tin

9. On what waters would a vessel probably sail in carrying a load of

from Hobart to Liverpool?
10. Name the most important city of each of the Australian provinces.

11.

Perth, the chief city of

vans that go to the gold

is Perth ?

Australia, is a starting point for cara-

Near what part

of the coast

Ballarat and Bendigo were formerly mining centers, and have be-

12.

come

West

fields of the desert.

lai'ge

13.

In what province are they

towns.

Make

map

and the principal

of Australia,

showing the boundaries

of the provinces

cities.

19.

Large Islands of the Pacific

About one thousand miles southeast of Australia are

two large islands and one small one, which together are
called New Zealand.
The two large islands are each
about the size of Iowa or Alaliama.
The northern island, called North Island, contains volcanoes, and hot springs and geysers like those of the
Yellowstone National Park.

on

its

South Island has glaciers

mountains and fjords along the coast, like Norway.

LARGE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC

The climate

temperate and

is

is

rendered moist by

The mountains

prevailing westerly winds.

175

are covered

with forests and the lowlands with grass.

There are no dangerous

animals

wild

on

they

but

islands,

these
the

are

home

of a great variety of

birds,

including

rots.

One

many

peculiar

par-

bird

is

the kiwi, a very large wingless creature that

can see in

the night, like the owl.

New

Zealand was settled

little

before the middle of

the

last

colony

century and
of

Great

The favorable

is

a
Tattooed

Britain.

New

Zealander

climate, the natural resources, and the

character and energy of the people have

made

very

it

prosperous.

Nominally the country is subject to a governor appointed by the King of England, but practically this royal
governor has but little powder. New Zealand has become
noted as a special example of the success of government
by the people. It has adopted some improvements that
larger and older nations have not yet reached.

The

natives of these islands are called Maoris.

They

were once savages and cannibals, but are naturally more

intelligent than the natives of Australia and have shown
themselves capable of becoming

civilized.

They

are

now

on government reservations, as the American Indians are.

Many of the Maoris have acquired much property. They

LARGE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC

176

have the right to vote and to send representatives

New Zealand parliament.
Sheep raising
it is

is

the chief industry in

Zealand, as

There are more than twenty million

in Australia.

sheep on

New

to the

Breeds are selected for the pur-

tlie islands.

pose of producing fine mutton rather than for wool, but

Houses of Parliament and Cathedral, Wellington

wool and mutton are shipped to the countries of

Europe.
Large quantities of beef, butter, and cheese

botli

Regular

are also exported.

lines of steamers, specially

equipped with freezing apparatus, carry these goods from

New

Zealand and Australia to the ports of Avestern

Europe.

Tlie products are kept frozen until they reach

their destination.

more moist than that

more varied. Grains and

Since the climate

agriculture

is

everyAvhere

On North

in

is

of Australia,
fruits

groAV

abundance.

Island a tree called the kauri pine }delds

excellent timber.

It also yields a

kind of

gum

that

is

LARGE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC

177

used in making varnish.

Lumps of this kauri gum are

found where trees have died and decayed, and many million dollars worth of it have been obtained on the island.
In addition to these resources, there are valuable mines
of gold

and

of coal.

Manufacturing,

also, is increasing

in importance.
It

a very interesting

is

thought that islands in

such a remote part of the
sea should be so like
England, or parts of the

United States, with their

hue farms, great sheep

ra}iches, gold mines,
woolen mills, and many
wealthy people.

Between Australia and

the Philippines are hnn-

dreds of islands, several

of

Malay Family, Java

which are very valu-

The group,

able.

in general,

is

called the East Indies.

large numljer of these islands Ijelong to the Netherlands, and are called the Dutch East Indies.
They

have

Dutch people for more than

Their combined territory amounts to
more than sixty times that of the Netherlands.
l^een suljject to the

three centuries.

Java

most important island of the Dutch East

has a population of more than twenty-five

is tire

Indies.

It

million people.
Filipinos,

island

is

They

are Malays, somewliat like the

and have become partially civilized. The

fertile, and produces rice, sugar cane.

very

LARGE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC

178

aud indigo. Much ([uinine lias lieeii obtained

from the cinchona tree, whicli has been introduced from
the region of the Andes Mountains.
Batavia is the capital of Java and the residence of
coffee, tea,

the governor of all the

Dutch East Indies. It is not

only the seat of government, but also the center of trade
for all the colonies of the East Indies.

Drying Coffee

Borneo
is

own

Java

the third largest island in the world.

is

larger than the wliole of

British

in

Germany

or France.

It

The

the northern portion, but the greater part

Iielongs to the Netherlands.

The Dutch and the English

cultivate land along the coast, but the island

covered with

forests.

In the jungles are

is

mostly

many

wild

animals like those of Asia, including the elephant, the

iliinoceros, the wild swine, the great orang-outamg,

other varieties of monkeys.

and

There are no roads across

LARGE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC

the

and much

island,

Most

of

it

has

not

179

been explored.

of the natives are savages.

Sumatra, although

it lies

so near to Java,

contrast in point of development.

of

sists

Malays,

whom

tribes

of

most

of

Its

is

in sharp

population con-

are uncivi-

The most

lized.

valuable

products

and
The north-

are tobacco
spices.

western

coast

of

Sumatra has been

the

called

Pepper

Coast.

New

Guinea is
larg-er than
Borneo, and larger

than any other

island in the world

except Greenland.

The western portion belongs to the Dutch, and the eastern portion to the British and the Germans.
In some
parts of this island there are lofty mountains, and in

other sections low plains.

Although the climate is very

low regions, some of the mountains are so
high that their summits are covered with snow. Most
of New Guinea is covered with forests and jungles, in
which there are many poisonous snakes. Some of the

warm

in the

wild animals are like those of Australia.

is

the kangaroo.

Among

the birds are

One

many

of

them

varieties

DISTANT COUNTRIES

180
of

Ijircls

These are small birds with

of paradise.

beaiiti-

feathers that are sold for large prices to the milli-

Jul

ners

of

The

Europe.

natives are mostly uncivilized

of

tril)es

dark-colored

They

are called Papiians.

live

mainly

fishing,

l)y

claim

They

and
some have
fruit and vegehunting

although

learned to raise
tables.

people.

The three nations that

New

Guinea have only

trading stations along the

small
1.
coast.

On most
East Indies

of the islands of the

tliere are forests of

valuable timber, that would

campiior,

yield

gutta-percha,

and other gums.

About how much farther south
the .soutliern part of

New

is

Zealand than

the southern coast of Australia?

Name

United States that

Zealand is south of it.
3. By what two routes might a ship sail from New York City to
New Zealand?
AVhere is it situ4. Auckland is the largest city of New Zealand.
2.

states along the Atlantic coast of the

are al.)out as far north of the equator as

ated

New

On which

island

is

Wellington, the capital city of

New

Zealand?

one of tlie islands of the Dutch East Indies. In what

direction is it from Borneo?
Be7. The IMolucca Islands, or Spice Islands, belong to the Dutch.
tween what larger islands are they?
8. Wbat water separates Sumatra from the mainland of Asia?
6.

Celebes

!).

In wliat part of .lava

10.

New

is

Port Morefsby

Guinea

is

it?

is

is Batavia?
an English trading station.

In

what part

of

SMALL ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC

Which

11.

equator
12.
13.

of the large islands of the East Indies are crossed

by the

Which of
Make an

these large islands

outline

20.

There are
tral

181

map

is

nearest to the Philippines?

of the largest islands of the East Indies.

Small Islands of the Pacific

many

small islands scattered over the cen-

and western parts

of

the Pacific

Ocean.

Their

number is so great that an attempt to learn about many

of them would be confusing.
Thousands are mere reefs
of rock, but

hundreds of larger islands are covered with

vegetation and are inhalnted.

Coral Island

Many
rise

but

of the small islands are of coral formation

little

straight reefs,
ridges,

and others are

inclosing

lakes,

Most

or

Some
in the

lagoons.

and

consist of Ions:,

form of

The

circular

latter

are

and a number
of the smaller ones, have been built up from the bed of
the ocean by volcanic action.
On some are volcanoes
several thousand feet his:h.
O
called atolls.

above the ocean.

of the larger islands,

DISTANT COUNTRIES

182

All these islands, worthless

many

as

them

of

are,

have heeu claimed by civilized nations. Most of them

belong to Great Britain, France, Germany, or the United
As a rule they belong to the nation whose naviStates.
discover
them, Init some have been transferred
gators

war

as a result of

or of peaceful agreement.

As far as the value

are

of

much

use

to

of

trade

their

concerned, but few

is

They

owners.

imjDortant,

coaling
the

may

nations

their

great

the

of

as

where

stations,

ships

for

very

are

however,

obtain fuel

long

voyages

across the Pacific Ocean.

Coaliim:

are

stations

war,

of

ships

of

gaged
not

when

in

enter

time

the

war-

any nation enhostilities

the

other nations
Polynesian Outrigger

es-

in

pecially needful

may

ports
to

of

obtain

supplies.

The inhabitants

of the

New

Guinea are chiefly Papuans, but the

people of the more distant islands are very different.
They have a brown complexion, and are well formed
and attractive in appearance. They are called Poly-

islands near

nesians.

The customs and occupations of all the East Indians

Though the islands are far apart, the
are much alike.
general race characteristics and
have
the
same
natives

SMALL ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC

183

and snrroimclings, so it is natural

that they should have formed similar halhts.
Most of the Pacific islands have a very fertile soil
and an abundance of rain. The greatest disadvantaoe
live in similar climate

of their climate

the frequency of destructive hurri-

is

canes.

The attention
islands

palm

usually

is

trees

those

of

who

a|3proach

one of the

attracted to a line of cocoanut

first

along the coast.

Cocoanuts constitute an important part of the food of

the

people,

and the

dried

cocoanut meat, called copra,

is

the most

common

that they have to

article

sell.

Co-

coanuts grow in clusters

among
of

the

the leaves at the top

tree

trunk.

they are ripe and

When
fall,

tfie

natives l^reak the shell, dry

the
sun,

meat in the
and pack them for ship-

pieces

of

ment.

In exchange for
copra they are able to buy such kinds

Fiji

Islander

of food and manufactured articles as they have become accustomed to use.

The banana plant thrives in all the islands, and adds

greatly to the food supplju

fruit tree

is

In

many

regions the bread-

of consideralde importance.

islanders raise sweet potatoes

Some

of the

and other vegetables that

grow without much cultivation. Here and there patches
of tolxacco are seen, reminding us to what remote parts

DISTANT COUNTRIES

184
of the world this

American plant

lias

been carried.

The

shallow waters near the coasts generally yield a plentiI'ul

supply of

The need

fish.

of but little clothing in sucli a

warm

cli-

mate, and the alinndant supply of food provided by

nature, have tended to render the people indolent.

If

many might
and enjoy the improvements

they had sufficient ambition and energy,

gain Avealth from the
of civilized

The

soil

life.

Fiji Islands,

which belong

to

Great Britain, are

the most important and thriving colony in that part of

the Pacilic.

There are more than two hundred islands

in the group.

Alost of

them are very

three are of considerable

size.

small, liut

two or

All the British islands

Western Pacific are subject to the governor of

is called the Fligh Commissioner
of the Western Pacilic.
Most of the scattered islands have native chiefs, but
of the

Ihe Fiji Islands, Avho

these are subject to the advice of the British governor.

and tobacco are shipped from the

Fiji Islands to Australia and New Zealand.
The largest and most valuable of the Pacilic islands
belonging to the French is Ncav Caledonia, situated about
seven hundred miles east of Australia.
It is used as a
colony for French convicts, who Avork under the charge
Sugar, copra,

rice, tea,

of soldiers.

This island

produces

much

is

very rich in minerals.

nickel and cobalt.

The Loyalty

It

Islands,

not far from Noav Caledonia, also belong to the French.

.A

part of the

Samoa

Islands belong to

the remainder to the United States.

Germany, and

Those belonging

to us are small, but they provide a convenient stopping

SMALL ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC

185

place for our steainsliips on the voyage from the Pacific

coast to Australia

and

New

They

Zealand.

will also be

through the Panama

have a fine haiTor and coalins; station at
Pago Pago, on the island of Tutuila, which is one of

on the

line

Canal.

We

Samoa

the

of steamers passing

group.

Festive

1.

Name

Day

at a Chiefs

House

in

Samoa

the large islanits and groups of islands in the Pacific that

belong to the United States.

2. Name those that belong to Great Britain.
3.

Name
Name

those that belong to France.

those that belong to Germany.

About how far is it from the Fiji Islands to New Zealand?
6. What two islands, belonging to the United States, lie betw'een
the Hawaiian Islands and the Philippines?
7. In what direction are the Samoa Islands from Hawaii ?
8. In what direction are the Fiji Islands from the Samoa Islands?
9. In what direction are the Fiji Islands from New Guinea?
10. Across what islands does the one hundred and eightieth meridian
4.
5.

of longitude extend?
11.

Write

lists of

the large islands and groups of islands in the Pacific

that belong to the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany.

DISTANT COUNTRIES

186

REVIEW
2.

Describe the surface of Australia.

Explain the climate and rainfall.

11.

Tell about the vegetation of successive sectioms of Australia from

1.

the east towaivl the west.

4.

Describe the peculiar plants and trees.

a.

Tell about the eucalyptus trees.

(i.

7.
8.

tlie animals called marsupials.

about some of the birds.
Give au account of the settlement of Australia by the English.

Describe

d'ell

In the Australian Bush

0.

Tell about the natives of the continent.

10.

Tell about the discovery of gold.

11.
T2.

Exidain tlie government of Australia.

Describe the island of Tasmania.

E).

State

what farm crops

11.

Why

is

1.").

'U'here are

10.

Wliy can sheep be

17.

IS.

Describe the Australian sheep ranches.

In wliat parts of the continent is gold found?

19.

Wdiere are the largest coal fields?

are raised in different sections of

tralia.

stock raising the most important industry

many

cattle raised?

profitably raised in Australia?

Aus-

REVIEW

187

22.

Wliat other minerals are found in the country ?

What kind of goods do Australians purchase from other countries V
Why is a good part of their trade with Great Britain?

20.
21.

cities of Australia.

23.

Describe the

2-1.

Tell about Melbourne

25.

Of what does

26.

Describe the physical features of that country.

Tell about the animals.

27.

New

and Sydney.
Zealand consist?

29.

Tell about the settlement of New Zealand.

Explain the goyernment of the country.

30.

Tell about the natives.

31.

Tell about the industry of stock raising.

28.

What are the uses of the kauri pine?

Describe the Dutch East Indies.
31. Tell abmtt the people and productions of Java.
32.
33.

35.

Tell about Batavia.

36.

Describe the island of Borneo.

37.

Describe the island of Sumatra.

New

Guinea.

38.

Describe the island of

39.

What

40.

41.

IIow many
AVhat are atolls

42.

To what

43.

44.

Of what value are they to these nations?

To what classes do most of the inhabitants belong?

45.

Why

46.

Explain

obtained from the forests of the East Indies?

islands are there in the western part of the Tacific ?

articles are

nations do most of the islands of the Pacific belong?

are the habits of the islanders very

how

copra

is

47.

IVhat other

48.

Why

49.

Describe the Fiji

50.

How

51.

Ilescribe

52.

To whom do

53.

AVhy are those that belong

articles

much

alike?

produced.

do the people raise?

are they naturally inclined to be indolent?

I.slands.

are the British islands of the Pacific governed

New

Caledonia.

the

Samoa

Islands belong?
to the

United States of much value

APPENDIX
Akea and Population
The

figures for population are according to

tlie

most recent census or estimate.

Asia
Area

im

Mi,

Afgliauistan

2.')0,t)D0

Arabia
Ceyloii

Chinese Empire

Area

Population

Sii.

in

Mi.

IoPULA-

HON

4,800,000

Mancliuria

107,.-300

1,050,000

Mongolia

2.7,:3:32

3,578,300

Per.sia

(128,000

0,500,000

4,277,170

433,553,000

Siam

105,000

0,080,840

4,78(3,730

(1,893,000

Erench Iiulo-China

2.511,000

18,230,000

Siberia

1,0',)7.!H10

232,072,832

Straits

Jai)an

147,05.5

40,310, 1(10

Korea

71,000

10,000,000

Inilia

Settlements
in Asia

Turkey

3()3,(ilO

10,000,000

1,3()7,000

2,000,000

1,400

572,249

003,010

17,083,.500

Africa
Area

in

So. Mi.

Abyssinia
Algeria
British Central
and South Africa
British East Africa

Congo State
Egypt
French Congo

tion

in

Sy. Mi.

200,000

10,000,000

343,500

5,231,850

Liberia

40,000

Population
2,000,000

Madagascar
Morocco

22(5,015

2,70l',000

219,000

5,000.000

041, .370

0,.524,100

Nigeria

500,000

20,000,000

317,080

7,338.000

Portuguese
East Africa
Portuguese

293,400

3,120,000

484,000

4,119,000

1,544,000

800,000

000,054

15,000,000

400,000

11,190,000

000,280

5.000,000

(lernian East Africa 384,000

7,000,000

German
Southwest Africa

Area

Popula-

322,4.50

225.000

We.st Africa

Sahara
Sierra Leone
Sudan

4,000

77,000

2, .500,000

(30,000,000

Australia and Islands

Area

in

Sy. Ml.

TION

2,974,.581

4,197.037

East Indies

788.000

45,000,000

Fiji Islands

7,435

128,400

Australi.a

Area

POPIIT.A-

Hawaiian Islands

New

in

Popula-

Sy. Mi.

tion

0,449

1.54,001

Zealand

104.751

1,021,000

Philippine Islands

127,853

7,035,420

188

APPENDIX

189

Cities

Popula-

POPFL.V-

tion

TIUN

Adelaide, Australia

Aden, Arabia
Adis Abeba, Abyssinia
Aleppo, Syria
Alexandria, Egypt
Algiers, Algeria

Auckland, New Zealand

Bagdad, Turkey
Ballarat, Australia

Bangkok, Siam
Batavia, Java
Beirut, Syria

158,580

45,000

Johannesburg, So. Africa

Kimberley, So. .Africa

33,000

Kioto, -Tapan

380,568

200,000

Kobe, Japan

285,002

332,24(1

Lucknow, India

178,300

209,331

Egypt

Cairo,

Calcutta. India

264,049

Madras. India
37,730 Mandalay, India
145,000 Mecca, Arabia
48,007 Melbourne, Australia
507,000 Nagasaki, Japan
138,5.50 Osaka, Japan
118,000 Peking, China
138,240

Benares, ludia
Bendigo, Australia
Bombay, India
Brisbane, Australia

34,331

509,346
183,816
(50,000

538,000
153,293
995,945
700,000
50,527

Perth, Australia

770,000

Pietermaritzburg, So. Africa

Rangoon, India

1.35,055

Seoul,

0.54, 470

Shanghai, China
Singapore, Straits Settlements
Smyrna, Asia Alinor
Sydney, Australia

651,000

Tabriz, Persia

200,000

44,458

1,020, i)87

Canton, China

S)00,000

Damascus, Syria
Durban. So. Africa
Fuchau, China
Ilangchau, China
Ilankau, China
Hobart, Tasmania
Hongkong, Cliina

250,000
08,3.59

624,000
350,000
778,000
24,055

418,357

Korea

31,200
2.34,887

197,000

Tashkend, Turkestan
Teheran, Persia
Tientsin, China
Tokio, Japan
Vladivostok, Siberia

Irkutsk, Siberia

70,000

Wellington,

New

Jerusalem, Palestine

70,000'

Yokohama,

Jaiian

Zealand

2.30,000

201,000
577,180

1.55,673

280,000
750,000
1,818,655

38,000

58,563
326,035

Mountains
IlEinilT iX

Heioitt IX

Feet

Feet

Mt. Everest, India

Kilimanjaro, Africa
Kenia, Africa

29.003
19,780
19,000

Ararat, Armenia

17,32.5

Mt. Fujiyama, Japan

IMt. Ko.sciusko, Australia

12,305

INIt.

7,330

Rivers
Length

Length

in

in

Miles

JI I I.F.S

Nile, Africa

3,(i00

Hoang, China

2.700

Ob, Siberia
Yangtse, China

3,200

Niger, Africa

2,000

3,200

Brahmapntra, India

1,800

Yenisei, Siberia

3,000

Indus, India

1,800

Congo, Africa
Amur, Asia
Lena, Siberia

2,900

Murray, Australia

1.700

2,800

Zambezi, Africa
Ganges, India

1,(!00

2,800

1,500

INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY

KEY TO PRONUNCIATION
as in fat

a,

in mete

e,

move;

o,

as in

in

gem ;

c,

a, as in fate

as in her

u, as in tub

as in cat

a, as in

as in pin;

i,

I,

u, as in

far

a, as in fall

as in pine

mute;

u,

as in

e,

pen

e,

as

as in not; o, as in note

o,

as in p^ill

g, as in

get;

g, as

as in cent.

c,

double dot under a or o

(a,

o) indicates that

its

sound

is

shortened to

that of u in but.

The

Italicized letters are silent.

cent

is

The numbers

placed.

sign

'

upon which

tells

syllable the ac-

refer to pages in the book.

Ab-y.s-sin'-i-a, 108, 130, 137.

Assuan

Ad'-e-laule, 107.

A?(ck'-land, 180.

A'-den, 29, .34.

A'-dis Aheba (a-ba'-ba), 138.

A?(s-tra'lia, 20, 105.

(its-swan'), 112.

Af-g/ian-is-tiin', 20, 32, 33.

Babylon (bab'-i-lon),

Af'-g/tans, 33.

Bag-dad', 22.

Af'-ri-ca, Central, 139.

Baikal (bi'-kal), Lake,

Af'-ri-ca, East, 139, 140, 147.

Bal-?a-rat', 174.

Af'-ri-ca, southern, 150.

Bal-u-chis-tan'(o), 44.

A'-gra, 52.

Bang-kok', 81.

Agulhas (a-go'-lyas), Cape, 105.

Ainos (i'-noz), 85.

Bar'-rage, 113, 161.

A-lep'-po, 25.

Bas'-sd-rii, 5.

Ba-ta'-vi-a, 178.

Al-ge'-ri-a, 110, 121, 127.

Bedouins (bed'-o-inz),

Al-giers' (-jerz), 121.

Beirut (ba-rot'), 21.

A-ineer', 33.

Bel'-gi-ans, 141, 142.

Amur

Be-nii'-res (rez), 52.

An-go'-lii, 159.

Ben'-di-gd, 172, 174.

A-ra'-bi-a, 20.

Ben-gal',

Ar'abs, 27, 28, 117, 102.

Ber'-bers, 117.

Ar'-a-rat, Alt.,

Bey

.5.

Bay

(ba), 122.

Bis'-krii, 123.

Ar-ine'-ni-ans, 18, 19.

Bldem'-fon-tdn, 100.
Boers (bdr.s), 151, 152,

A-shiin'-ti (te), 105.

10, 18, 19.

Bd-kha'-rii, 5.

Bo'-ma, 145.
190

27, 126.

of, 5, 37.

Ar-me'-ni-a, 17.

Asia (a'-shia), 1, 3, 4.
Asia (a'-shia) Ali'-nor,

10.

Bar'-ba-ry States, 117.

Al-ex-an'-dri-a, 115.

(ii-mOr') River, 5.

22.

L55.

INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY

Boin-ba//', 51.

Cotton, 47, 70, 113.

J?or'-ne-o, 178.

Cy'-prus

(.si),

191

25.

Brii/i-ma-pu'-tra (p6) River, 30.

Dahomey

Bra/i,'-maii-ism, 9, 39.

Brit'-ish

Buddha

South

(bo'-da),

l)a-mas'-cus, 21.

9.

r>uddhism (bo'-dizm),

Bulawayo

Burma

Date palm,

9, 62, 90.

113, 125, 126

Dec'-can, 30.

(bo-la-wii'-yo), ICO.

(ber'ma), 41, 40, 49.

Bushmen,

(da-ho'-mi), 105.

Da-kar', 135.

Af'-ri-ca, 152.

Del'-hl, 52.

Del-a-go'-a Bay, 157.

153.

Diamonds,

155, 156, 157.

Cfll'-r5, 100, 107, 114.

Dl-an'-a, 18.

Cal-cut'ia, 5, 43, 51.

Dun-dee', 53.

Camels, 28, 31, 126, 127, 172.

Durban

Camphor,

(der'-ban), 158, 159.

95, 180.

Ca-na'-ry Islands, 105.

East In'-dies (diz), 177, 178.

Can-ton', 78.

E'-gyi5t, 107.

Cape Colony, 151.

Cape to Cal'-ro Railroad,

E-gyp'-tians (shans), 109.

100,

136,

148, 158.

Elephants, 41, 129, 138, 144, 146, 178.

El Tash'-er, 138.

Cape Town, 105, 157, 164.

Cape Verde, 135.
Cape Verde Islands, 105.

Eph'-e-sus (ef), 18.

Car'-a-vans, 31, 126, 127.

Eritrea (a-re-tra'-a), 138.

El-burz' (bijrz) IMountains,

4.

E'-mu, 108, 169.

Castes, 39, 40.

E-thi-o'-pi-a, 137.

Qel'-e-bes (bez), 180.

LTi-ca-lyp'-tus trees, 166.

Cey-lon', 50.

Euphrates

Chad, Lake, 128, 131.

Cheops (ke'-ops), 110.

Ev'-er-est, IMt., 10.

Chim-pan'-zee, 145.

Fa-.sh6'-da, 138.

Chl-nese' (nez), 59.

Tel'-Za-heen', 114.

Clu-nese' (nez) Empire, 59.

Fez, 121.

Chi-uese' (nez) Tur-kes-tan' (tor), 59.

Fiji (fe'-je) Islands, 183, 184.

Co-lom'-bo,

For-mo'-sa, 85, 94.

4.

Con-fu'-cian-ism (shan-izm),

9, 62.

(ii-fra'-tez) River, 17, 22.

Free'-town, 135.

Con-fu'-cius (shius), 65.

Fuchau

Con'-go, Trench, 145, 146.

Fu-ji-ya'-ma (fo), 87, 90.

Con'-go River, 139,

Con'-go State, 141.

(fo-chou'), 71.

140.-

Con-go-ese', 140, 142.

Gan'-ges River, 36, 40, 51.

Ger'-man East Af'-ri-ca, 148.

Con-stan-tine' (ten), 123.

Ger'-man Southwest

Co'-pra, 183.

G/ia-da'-mes, 128.

Cork, 123.

Gi-raf/es', 129, 147.

Cos'-sacks, 11.

Gnu,

147.

Af'-ri-ca, 159.

192

INDEX AND PRONOUXCIXG VOCABULARY

Kan-ga-roo', 108.

Go'-bi, Desert of, 80.

Gold, 155, 109, 172.

Ka-no', 128, 131.

G6-ril'-Za, 146.

Kar'-nak, 110.

Guam

(gvvam),

Kau'-ri (kou)

1(57.

Guardafui (gwar-dii-fwe'), Cape, 105.

Guinea (gin'-i). Gulf of, 105.

p)ine, 177.

Kii-war', 128.

Kenia (ka'-ne-a) Mt.,

105.

(tom), 135, 136.

Khatmandu (kat-man-do'), 42.
K7i.ar-tuni'

rial-nan',

5.

Hang-chau' (chou),

74.

Khedive (ka'-dev'),

111.

llan-kau' (kou), 71, 78.

K7ie-lat', 4.

Har'-bin, 83.

Khi'-va (ke),

Ila-wai'-ian (yan) Islands, 185.

Khy'-ber (ki) Pass,

Iler-at', 34.

Kiaucliau (ke-ou'-chou') 64.

IIim-a'4a-ya Mountains,

2, 35, 37.

5.

34.

Kil-i-man-ja'-ro (e), Mt., 105.

llin'-dus (dos), 37, 38, 39, 40, 41.

Kim'-ber-ley

Ilin-du-staid (do), 35.

Ki-o'-to (ke), 97.

Ilip-po-pot'-a-mus, 144, 140.

Kirghiz (kir-gez') Steppes, 14.

Ilo'-ang Iviver, 09, 72.

Kiushiu (kyo-shyo'),

Ho'-bart, 107.

Ko'-be,

Ilodeida (li6-da'-da), 25.

Ko-re'-a,

llon'-do, 105.

Kuka

Ilong'-kong, 83.

Kurds (kords),

5,

156.

(li), 155,

6.

97.
5, 95, 96.

(ko'-kii), 132.
18.

Ilot'-ien-tots, 153.

Lac'-quer (ker), 91.

In'-di-go, 47, 178.

La-drone' Islands, 107.

In'-do Chi'-na, 81.

La'-gos, 135.

In'-dus River, 30.

La'-ma, 80.

Ir-ii-wiid'-i River, 5, 49.

Liis'-sa, 79.

Ir-kutsk' (kiitsk), 15, 10.

Is-pa-han', 34.

Li-be'-ri-a, 133, 134.

Lib'-yan Desert, 128.

Ja-pan', 84.

Lo-an'-dii, 105.

177.

Je-ru'-sa-lem (ro), 24.

Johannesburg

(yo-lian'-nes-borg),

Loango

(lo-aug'-go), 149.

Lo'-ess, 69.

Louren^o Marques (lo-ran'-so mar'-

162, 155.

kes), 157.

Jute, 48.

Loyalty

Ka-buV

6.

Le'-o-pold-viHe, 145.

Ivory, 122, 132, 144.

.lii'-va,

Le'-na River,

(loi'-al-ti) Islands, 184.

Lucknow

(bol), 34.

(luk'-nou),

4.

Kaf'-firs, 153.

Ka-la-ha'-ri (re) Desert, 105.

Mad-a-gas'-car, 159.

Kain-chat'-ka,

Mit-def'-ra Islands, 106.

Ka-me-run'
Ka-me-ruu'

5.

(riin), 146.
(riin)

Mountains, 105.

Ma-dras', 53.
Ma-lac'-ca, Strait of, 5, 82.

INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY

Ma-lay' States, 82.

O'-a-ses, 125.

Man-cliu'-ri-.;i (cho), 13, 59, 80, 81.

Ob'-e-lisks, 110, 111.

Man-chu' (cho) Tar'-tars, 62.

O-k/iotsk',

Man'-cla-la?/, 50, 53.

O'-man,

Sea

of, 5.

29.

Ma'-o-ris (riz), 175, 176.

Oin-dur-inan', 136.

Mar-su'-pi-als (so), 168.

Opium,

JIas-kat',

O-ran', 123.

i.

48, 49, 72, 73.

Ma-ta'-di, 145.

O-rang'-oM-tang', 178.

Mec'-ca, 21.

Orange Kiver Colony,

l\Ie-di'-na (de), 25.

O-sa'-ka, 93, 97.

Mes-o-po-tii'-nii-a, 17, 22,

152.

Ostriches, 122, 132, 154.

2.3.

Mel'-bounie (hern), 169, 174.

Pii'-go Pa'-go, 185.

Mi-kii'-do, 93.

M6'-c/<a, 25,

Pal'-es-tinc, 23, 24.

1-38.

Pap'-u-ans, 180.

]\rog-a-dor', 122.

Mo-ham'-med, 25.
Mo-ham'-med-ans,

Pearl fishing, 20, 32, 174.

21, 39.

Pechili (pe-che-le'). Gulf of, 69.

Mo-luc'-ca Islands, 180.

Pe-king', 65, 66, 74, 76, 77, 78.

Mom-ha'-sa, 149.

Pepper, 82. 83.

Mon-go'-li-a,

.59,

80.

Per'-sia (sha), 26, 20, 30.

Mongols (mong'-golz), 52.

Mon-ro'-vi-a (mun), 133.

Per'-sian (slian) Gulf, 20,

^lon-soon.s', 6, 36, 37.

Ierth, 174.

.30.

Per'-sians (shans), 29.

floors, 117.

Phil'-ip-pine Islands, 167.

Mo-roc'-c6, 116, 118,

Mosque (mosk)

119,

120,

of O'-mar, 25.

127.

Pie-ter niar'-itz-burg (borg), 159.

Pol-y-ne'-sians, 182.

Mo-zam-bique' (bek), 159.

Port Arthur,

]\Ium'-mies, 111.

Port Elizabeth, 105.

Muk-den' (inok),

83.

15, 64, 87, 97.

Port Florence, 105.

Port Said (sa-ed'), 115.

Nii-ga-sa'-ki (ke), 93, 94.

Pre-to'-ri-a, 160.

Nai-ro'-bi (be), 138, 149.

Pjgmies (pig'-miz), 143.

Nan-king', 62.

Pyr'-a-mids, 109, 110.

Na-tal', 152, 1.58.

New Cal-e-do'-ni-a, 184.

New Guinea (gin'-i), 179, 180.
New Heb'-ri-des (dez), 167.
New Zea'-land, 174.

Qui'-nine, 178.

Ni-ge'-ri-a, 131.

Red

Ni'-ger Eiver,

R/ii-nog'-e-ros, 129, 146, 178.

1.31.

Ka'-ja/is, 82.

Ran-goon'.

53.

Sea, 105.

Nile Kiver, 107, 108, 109.

Rhodesia (rod'-zia),

Nin'-e-veft, 22.

Rice, 46, 71, 91, 113.

Nu'-bi-a (no), 134, 135.

Ny-an'-za,

Lake

Albert, 105.

105.

Rio de Oro (re'-o da o'-ro), 105.

Rubber, 144, 145, 159.

193

194

INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY

Kubies, 49.

Taudeni (tou-da'-ne),

Ruwenzori (ro-wen-zo'-re), Mt.,

105.

Tea, 50, 71,

128.

91.

Te-heriin', 30, 32.

Sa-hii'-ra, 123, 124, 125, 12(i, 127.

Thebes, 110.

Sal-gon',

Tib'-et, 59, 79.

5, 84.

Sakhalin (sa-ka-lyen'), 12, 95.

Salisbury (salz'-bu-ri), 160.

Tientsin (te-en'-tsen), 74, 78.

Ti'-gris River, 17, 22.

Sa-ino'-a Islands, 184, 185.

Tim-buk'-tii (to), 128, 132.

Scutari (skii'-ta-re), 23.

Tin, 82, 173.

Sen-e-gal' River, 131.

Tomsk,

Shii/i, 30.

To'-ki-o (ke), 93.

l(i.

Shang-hrtI', 08, 09, 78.

Trans-vaed' Colony,

Shan-tung' (tOng), 72.

Trip'-o-li, 110, 122, 127.

Sheiks, 27.

Tiin'-dra, 10.

Shikoku

Tu'-nis,

(slie-ko'-kii), 5.

Shin'-to-isui, 90.

no,

122, 123.

Tur-ke.s-tiin', 14, 80.

Si-am', 81.

Turkey

in Asia, 16.

Sl-be'-ri-a, 10.

Turks,

18, 19.

Sierra

Leone

1-52.

(se-er'-ra la-6'-ne), 134.

Tutuila (Ui-to-el'-a), 107.

Silk, 70, 91.

U-gan'-da

Sin-ga-pore', 82.

Smyrna

Union

(smer'-na), 20, 21.

of

146, 148.

(ii),

South Africa, 153.

So-ko'-t,o, 128, 131.

Veldt, 154.

So-ma'-li-land (le), 105, 138.

A'i^e'-roy, 43.

Sd-ma'-lis (les), 138.

Vic-to'-ri-a, 83.

South

Vic-to'-ri-a Palls, 158.

Af'-ri-ca, 150, 153.

Straits Settlements, 82.

Vic-to'-ri-a

Stanley Pool, 145.

Su-dan' (so), 129,

Lake,

Ny-an'-za,

115, 149.
1.30,

131, 132.

Vlad-i-vos-tok' (e), 14, 15, 87.

Su-ez' (so), 105.

Wal'-fisch (wol) Bay, 159.

Su-ez' (so) Canal, 115.

Su-ma'-tra (so), 179.

Weihaiwei (wa-hi-wa),

Sydney

Wei '-ling-ton,

(sid'-ni), 172, 173, 174.

Wilde'-beest, 147.

Syr'-i-a (sir), 17.

Yaks,
Ta-briz' (brez), 32.

Taj Mahal (tazh Ma-hal'), 52, 53.

Ta-na-na ri'-v6 (re), 105.
Tan-gier' (jer), 120.
Tiin-giin-yi'-ka (ye),

79, 80.

Tang'-tse River, 58, 69, 71.

Yenisei (yen-e-sa'-e) River,
Yez'-o, 85.

Yo-ko-ha'-ma,

Lake,

80.

105.

Tii'-o-isni, 02.

Zam-be'-zi River, 158.

Tar'tars (tarz), 11, 14, 01. 02.

Zan'-zi-bar, 149.

Tash-kend',

04.

176.

16.

Tas-iiia'-ni-a, 109, 173.

Ze'-bras, 129, 147.

Zulus

(zo'-los), 153, 163.

6.

105,

Date Due
ic

L. B. Cat.

No. 1137

C.C.

W779^

V.5

39135

B779(j v.5

39135