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4 authors, including:
Necar Merah
Z.afarullah Khan
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Abdelaziz Bazoune
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
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Introduction
Polyethylene comes in three different general grades: low
density polyethylene (LDPE), medium density polyethylene (MDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE).
The increase in density results in the variation of
material properties. In general, the yield strength sys,
the modulus of elasticity E and the melting temperature
Tm increase with density while the elongation %El and
toughness decrease. Medium density polyethylene and
more and more higher density polyethylene are being
extensively used for gas, water, sewage and wastewater
distribution systems.
The mechanical properties of high density polyethylene like all polymers are very sensitive to service
temperature. In general, all polymers at temperatures
significantly below their glass transition temperatures Tg
undergo brittle fracture. In the region above the brittle
fracture regime, but below Tg, polymers usually yield
and undergo plastic deformation as the modulus of
elasticity decreases.
Hitt and Gilbert1 have studied the tensile properties of
PVC at temperatures ranging from 23 to 180uC. They
found that stress at break decreased steadily with
increasing temperature, whereas elongation at break
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Experimental procedure
The specimens for tensile testing were prepared from
commercially available 4 inch (100 mm) Class V PE-100
pressure pipes manufactured by extrusion by a local
company in Saudi Arabia (typical compound density
960 kg m23, typical tensile stress at yield 23 MPa).
Additives such as carbon (.2%) were also added to
improve the physical and mechanical properties of the
pipes. Rings were cut from the pipe section and slit into
two halves. After heating for y60 min at 130uC in an
electric oven, the rings were straightened in a specially
designed mould, following the procedure described by
Irfan.8 Temperature setting and exposure time were
carefully monitored to obtain the same heating history
for all the specimens. During flattening, the pressure was
carefully applied to the material to avoid compressing
the plate after flattening and to conserve the original
thickness. The specimens for tensile tests were machined
from the straightened plates according to the ASTM
D638 Standard method of test for tensile properties of
plastics.9 Tensile loading was performed in the direction
perpendicular to the extrusion direction to obtain the
material resistance to hoop stress created by internal
pressure.
An Instron 8501 material testing frame was used for
testing (load capacity 100 kN). The machine is
equipped with a hydraulically actuated self-aligning
gripping system. To ensure the vertical alignment of
the specimen, specially machined inserts were used
during the tests. The deformation was measured by an
Instron clip-on extensometer with a gauge length of
200 mm. Environmental chambers with an accuracy of
1uC were used for tests in non-ambient conditions.
Two to three tests were performed at each of the
temperatures 210, 0, 23, 40, 50 and 70uC and at a strain
rate of 661024 s21. The results obtained from these
tests are presented and discussed in the following
sections.
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Yield strength,
MPa
Modulus of
elasticity, MPa
32.61
31.79
32.20
1032
1038.5
1035.25
29.49
30.00
30.45
30.00
923.25
925.35
23.85
23.27
23.56
670.30
665.10
667.70
16.40
15.69
16.05
407.50
392.45
399.00
14.21
14.55
14.38
291.95
287.35
289.65
9.09
7.45
10.44
8.99
223.10
201.06
237.15
220.65
924.30
Merah et al.
263 KT343 K
(1)
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as
E(T)~3912:8{11T
(3)
E(T)
21zn
(5)
sys (T)
(6)
31=2
where n is the Poissons ratio.
Kitagawa in agreement with Argon showed that a
relationship of the form of equation (4) held over a wide
range of temperatures for most polymers. He also found
that the exponent n had a unique value of 1.63 for all
amorphous polymers and a value between 0.80 and 0.90
t(T)~
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Yield strain
Figure 6 shows the variation of yield strain with
temperature. The yield strain (denoted by ey) is defined
as the ratio of yield stress to modulus of elasticity, i.e.
ey5sys/E. The yield strain remains fairly constant for the
temperature range studied; the regression line shown in
the graph has a slope of 261024. Similar results were
obtained by Povolo et al.7 and Merah et al.3 for PVC
and CPVC respectively.
Conclusions
The effect of temperature on the mechanical properties
of high density polyethylene PE-100 pipe material was
studied by performing a number of tensile tests at six
different temperatures (210, 0, 23, 40, 50 and 70uC).
The following conclusions are obtained from the
analysis of tensile test results.
1. The yield stress and elastic modulus decrease
linearly with temperature.
2. Ductile fracture occurred at all the temperatures.
3. The temperature dependence of HDPE strength is
lower than that of PVC and CPVC; the yield strength
for HDPE decreases at a slower rate than that for PVC
and CPVC.
4. The variation of temperature has a similar effect on
the stiffness of HDPE and CPVC.
5. Shear stress and shear modulus are related by a
Kitagawa power law with an exponent of 0.66.
6. Variation of temperature has a limited effect on the
yield strain of HDPE.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the support of the King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals.
Merah et al.
References
<
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Authors Queries
Journal: Plastics, Rubber and Composites
Paper: 2326
Title: Effect of temperature on tensile properties of HDPE pipe material
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