LOAD TEST ON FOUR CYLINDER FOUR

STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

AIM:
To study about the four cylinder four stroke diesel engine and determine,
1. performance characteristics of the engine.
2.Draw performance curves of the engine and compare with standards.

THEORY:
Diesel engines are internal combustion engine which uses diesel as fuel and operates on
two or four stroke. In a four stroke diesel engine, the working cycle takes place in two
revolutions of the crank shaft or four strokes of the piston. Firing order of four cylinder engine is
1-4-3-2 and 1-5-3-6-2-4 in six cylinder. Four strokes of diesel engine are described below.
SUCTION: piston moves from TDC (Top Dead Center) to BDC (Bottom Dead Center).
At this time the inlet valve opens and air from atmosphere is sucked in to cylinder at the end of
this stroke inlet valve will be closed.
COMPRESSION: Piston moves from BDC to TDC and compresses the air in the
cylinder. Because of this compression the volume of air will decreased and pressure, temperature
of air will increased.
EXPANSION (POWER STROKE): After compression stroke fuel is injected in to the
compression chamber. Fuel will burn because of the temperature of compressed air. It will be
expanded and pushes the piston in to BDC and piston is moved from TDC to BDC.
EXHAUST: after the power stroke piston moves from BDC to TDC and the exhaust
valve opens. In this stroke the burned gases will be gone out.
Load test is conducting to find out the performance characteristics of an engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Diesel engine, dynamometer, burette connected in the fuel line, u-tube manometer, volt
meter, rpm indicator, load, fuel control valve.

SPECIFICATION:
Make

: Hindustan Motors.

Type

: Four cylinder four stroke diesel.

Cooling
Capacity

: Water cooled.
: 15 HP.

Bore diameter

: 82 mm.

Stroke length

: 84 mm.

Orifice meter dia :40 mm.

Loading

: Electrical heaters with cooling fan.

PRINCIPLE:
A.TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION (TFC),

TFC=
Where,

x SG
1000 t

Kg/sec.

SG

= Specific gravity of fuel= 0.827.

= Volume of fuel consumed in CC.

= Time for x unit fuel consumption in sec.

B.OUTPUT OR BREAK POWER, (BP).

VI
0.8 1000 KW.

BP =
Where,
0.8

Transmission efficiency.

Volt meter reading.

Ammeter reading.

C. SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (SFC).

SFC =

TFC 3600
Kg/KW-hr.
BP

D. BREAK THERMAL EFFICIENCY (bth %)

bth=

BP
TFC Cv

100

E. MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY (mech %)

mech=

BP
IP 100.

Determine the indicated power (IP) using Williams line method.

Draw the graph fuel consumption Vs break power and extend the line
till it into the x axis. The point that the line met in x axis will give the power
losses (Frictional power). IP can be found using the relation
IP= BP+ FP.

F. HEAD OF AIR, Ha

Ha

water
air

= hw

water
air

m of Air.

= 1000 Kg/m3.
= 1.2 Kg/m3.

hw is the head in water column in 'm' of water.

G. ACTUAL VOLUME OF AIR TAKEN, QA
Q A = Cd a
where,

2 g H a .

Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62.

2
a = Area of orifice, = d / 4 .

Ha = Head in air column, m of air.

H. THEORETICAL VOLUME OF AIR TAKEN, Qth
Qth =

2
( ) D L N
4
60 2

Where, D = Bore dia of engine.

L = Stroke length.
N = Speed of the engine.
I. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY, vol%
Qa
vol% = Qth

100

PROCEDURE
1 Check the experimental setup and give the necessary electrical
connections to the panel.
1. Check the fuel in tank and lubrication oil level in the engine.
2. Release the clutch, and load if any on the dynamometer.
3. Open the valve, so that fuel flows to the line.
4. Start the engine by cranking and allow to attain steady speed.
5. Open the cooling water supply and engage the clutch.
6. Load the engine by switching on the load switches.

7. Note down the volt meter reading, ammeter reading, manometer

readings, speed of engine, load applied on engine and time taken for
`X cc fuel consumption.
8. Repeat the above procedure for different loads by switching the load
switches and note down the readings.
9. After completing the experiment release the loads, clutch and off the
engine.
10.

Close the cooling water supply.

11. Allow the fan to work for few minutes and then turn it off.

12.

Tabulate the observations.

RESULT:
Studied about single cylinder four stroke diesel engine, conducted the
performance test and following characteristics curves were plotted.
a. BP Vs TFC.
b. BP Vs

mech.

c. BP Vs

BTH.

d. BP Vs SFC.
e. BP Vs

vol.