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Zielirtski
Report 5-85-1
Rapp
CT
Beton
85-04
^ ^ p ^ ^ J I ~\ ^ ^ I T ^
I
I I I J \^ I I L
Technische Hogeschool Delft
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pfV
Report
5-85-1
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Technische Hogeschool
fl^^- Bibliotheek
Afdeling: Civiele Techniek
I Stevinweg 1
S 7~Z ^^(9r^/
f postbus 5048
2600 GA
Delft
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research program has been carried out at the Stevin Laboratory with
financial support recieved from the Foundation for the Technical Sciences
(STW Project DCT 11.0166), which is gratefully acknowledged and with the
stimulus of valuable discussions with the project director prof.dr.-ing.
H.W. Reinhardt.
- 3
CONTENTS
Summary
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
LITERATURE SURVEY
3.
4.
TESTING EQUIPMENT
5.
4.1
Hopkinson apparatus
4.2
Measurement set-up
SPECIMENS
5.1
Manufacture
5.2
Properties of concrete
6. TESTING PROCEDURES
7.
Failure envelopes
7.2
Stress-strain curves
8.
DISCUSSION
9.
CONCLUSIONS
NOTATION
REFERENCES
- 4 SUMMARY
This investigation is focused on the behaviour of concrete under combined
compression and tension.
The biaxial tests on concrete prisms (50x80x100mm) were carried out in the
modified Hopkinson apparatus.
- 5 INTRODUCTION
The behaviour of structures under impact loading calls for special attention.
Accidental impact on nuclear reactor containments, offshore structures and
highway structures among others may lead to environmental disasters and
lost of human 1ives.
Reliable assessment methods for the response of such structures to impact
are needed in order to provide the required safety and to allow rational,
economical design.
The finite element method can be applied to advanced dynamic analysis of
concrete structures. It can account for the rate-sensitiveness of materials
which has been investigated mainly by means of uniaxial tests.
In actual structures, however, concrete members are usually in a multiaxial
state of stresses.
It is therefore necessary to know whether the results of uniaxial impact
tests on concrete can be directly extended to comprise a multiaxial state
of stress.
The present investigation is focused upon the behaviour of concrete in
biaxial compression-tension.
- 6LITERATURE SURVEY
Experimental investigations show that concrete is a r a t e - s e n s i t i v e m a t e r i a l .
Results obtained by various researchers in tests at high loading rates are
reviewed in [ 1 ] .
It appears that the effect of the loading rate is more pronounced in tension
than in compression.
Furthermore, the behaviour of low quality concretes is more affected by
high rates of loading than that of high quality concretes.
The ultimate stress a
^ /jf_, 1+6
U,0 '
(2.1)
where the subscript "o" refers to the static loading conditions and B is a
material parameter. The approximate value of the exponent -r- is 0.042 for
I +p
uniaxial tension.
Results of multiaxial tests on concrete are scarce. To the author's knowledge there is only one reported investigation [3] concerning the behaviour
of concrete at the multiaxial state of stress and high rates of loading.
The tests were carried out on concrete cylinders. First, confining pressure
was applied; then the specimens were subjected either to axial tension or
to axial compression. Three rates of straining were applied under axial
loading:
- static
= 10"^/s,(S);
C(N/mm2)
E(10--*)
edO-l
a. compression
stress (N/mm^)
b. tension
Fig. 2.1
- 8 -
OjikOalN/mm^)
Fig. 2.2 Rate effect on failure envelope of concrete in the triaxial state
of stress [3].
"CocL'Cb
-Q25
Nilsson [4] proposed a constitutive model for concrete which accounts for
rate effects by means of a single rate hardening parameter. The failure
conditions can be expressed as:
(2.2)
ef
where i
is the effective strain rate and the parameters C., C and C,
can be obtained by fitting to the experimental data.
impact tension.
Besides the impact tests the static biaxial compression-tension tests have
to be performed in order to obtain reference data for defining rate effects.
The behaviour under biaxial loading will be characterized by means of
failure envelopes and stress-strain curves.
Various levels of compression should be investigated in biaxial tests.
The companion uniaxial tests have to be carried out.
The tests involve plain concretes of low quality of high quality, the mean
cube compressive strength being ~ 20 N/mm^ and ~ 50 N/mm^ respectively.
The test parameters are listed in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
levels of
low (0-1/4)
compressive stress
intermediate (1/4-1/2)
(y^cyi)
high (>1/2)
rate of tensile
static
(10' )
loading (N/mm^s)
impact
(10^)
compressive strength
low ('\.20)
of concrete (N/mm^)
high ('\>50)
- 10 -
Fig. 4.1
Principle of the Split Hopkinson Bar test method and the overall
view of the apparatus constructed.
- 11 -
4.
TESTING EQUIPMENT
4.1
Hopkinson apparatus
A Split-Hopkinson-Bar technique has been extensively used in the Stevin
Laboratory for the testing of plain concrete and fibre-reinforced concrete
under impact tensile loading [5,6].
The equipment has also been applied to testing the bond between steel and
concrete at high'loading rates [7]. Here a brief description of the Hopkinson equipment will be given.
The apparatus has been constructed for stress rates in the range from 10
5
to 10 N/mm^/s and maximum load duration of about 2 mill second.
due to smoothing
Almost the whole initial pulse can be transmitted through the concrete
specimen into the upper bar in which the strains were measured by strain
gauges. These measurements were used for calculating the loading force
and the tensile stress in the specimen. The static tensile tests can also
be carried out in the Hopkinson apparatus. The lower bar can be pulled by
a steel cable fixed in a hydraulic jack.
The longitudinal and lateral strains were measured on concrete prisms instrumented with 30mm long strain gauges (Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo Co.Ltd.PL-30)
on the front and back faces.
Additional prestressing equipment (see Fig. 4.2) enables biaxial tests to
be performed in the Hopkinson apparatus.
- 12 -
Fig. 4.2
Measurement set-up
The measurements in biaxial tests comprise the strain in the upper bar
e., , the longitudinal strain e- and lateral strain e^ on the free faces of
the concrete specimen, and the prestressing force P.
The tensile stress o and the compressive stress <^p in the specimen can be
determined as follows:
"l =
^AT^Al-'^Al
bT^
(4.1)
^2= A
where: E Al
^Al
b,d,h
(4.2)
modulus of elasticity of aluminium bar
cross-section of aluminium bar
width, depth and hight of concrete prism
The measuring signals are amplified by four Tektronix TM 503 amplifiers and
fed into two Nicolet Explorer II 2-channel transient recorders
maximum measuring frequency of 2 MH
with a
and 4k core.
The results can be stored on floppy disks for further processoring by the
laboratory computer HP 21 MX or for plotting by x-y recorders.
Fig. 4.3 shows a schematic view of the measuring system.
- 14 -
R|-^
'^
Fig. 4.3
Measurement set-up
1. Tektronix TM-503 a m p l i f i e r
2. Nicolet Explorer I I transient recorder
- 15 -
SPECIMENS
1
Manufacture
A high q u a l i t y and a low q u a l i t y concrete were tested in t h i s research.
Table 5.1 shows two mix compositions. Portland cement type I I I (B) and r i v e r
gravel were used.
Table 5.1
Mix composition
Mix A
Mix B
cement content
(kg/m^)
water/cement ratio
(kg/kg)
375
190
0.50
0.85
aggregate content
sand+gravel (kg/m^)
aggregate grading (%)
1820
1950
30
32
2-4
20
22
1-2
15
16
15
11
13
11
4-8
mm
0.5-1
0.25-0.5
0.1-0.25
The specimens used in the biaxial tests were sawed from five 50mmx290mmx
320mm concrete slabs which had been cast in a single mould. Companion
specimens were cast for the standard control tests:
-
6 cubes (150mm)
6 cubes (150mm)
During casting, the mix was compacted for 120 s. Demoulding took place after two days, after which the slabs, cubes and cylinders were stored in a
room with 100% relative humidity. Two weeks after casting, the slabs were
cut with a slow-feed diamond saw and polished. Finally, 50mmx80mmx100mm
prisms were obtained. They contained two parallel 5mm deep saw-cuts situated
35mm from the bottom of specimens.
- 16 -
Four weeks after casting, control tests were performed on six cubes and
three cylinders. Another six cubes were kept together with prisms in the
laboratory hall (ambient temperature about 20C and R.H. ~ 50%) and tested
at the age of 8 weeks, when biaxial tests had been already completed.
The upper and lower faces of the prisms were covered with a thin layer of
polyester resin in order to improve bond between the specimen and the filled
polyester resin F88 (Tridox Products, USA) which was used for gluing in the
Hopkinson apparatus. About one day before testing the prisms were each instrumented with four strain gauges.
The tests on prisms were carried out in the 5th and 6-th week after casting.
Properties of concrete
The quality of concrete was determined by means of standard laboratory tests
on 150mm cubes and 01OOmmx4OOmm cylinders at the age of 28 days.
Additional tests on cubes were carried out at the age of 56 days. Three
specimens were used for eacht type of tests. The rate of loading was
0.5 N/mm^/s in compression tests and 0.1 N/mm^/s in tensile splitting tests.
Table 5.1 shows results of these tests.
Table 5.1
Mix A
28d
56d
Cube compressive strength
f' (N/mm^)
c.v. (%)
Cylinder compressive strength
f' , (N/mm^)
c":V. {%)
Cube tensile splitting strength
f,nl (N/mmM
c!^! (%)
49.5
1.6
58.8
3.6
34.3
3.0
3.05
6.1
Mix B
28d
56d
20.7
5.8
14.0
10.7
3.49
3.5
1.57
7.0
62430
7.3
25.8
2.6
34145
5.9
2.03
5.2
- 17 TESTING PROCEDURES
The 50mmx80mmx100mm prisms for biaxial tests were first subjected to compression. A prism was placed between the brushes, and the pressure in the
flat jack was increased to the chosen level. Next, the prism was glued between
the lower and the upper bar of the Hopkinson apparatus - the applied pressure was about 0.1 N/mm^. The filled polyester resin F88 requires about
J hour to harden. The longitudinal and lateral strains of the free faces of
the specimens as well as the prestressing force were measured during
prestressing and gluing. When the vertical pressure was relieved, the
specimen ceased to be loaded in this direction, since the lower bar was
balanced by compensation weights.
In the static tests the axial tensile force was gradually increased up to
failure of the concrete occurred. The rate of loading was approximately
0.1 N/mm^s. In the impact tests the drop-weight was used and the rate of
4
loading was about 10 N/mm/s.
The strains in the specimen, the strain in the upper aluminium bar and the
prestress were measured during tensile loading and then registered on
floppy disks for further analysis of the measurements.
The specimens were visually examined first after prestressing and then after tensile loading in order to detect cracking outside the zone weakened
by the saw-cut.
- 18 -
o
Ol
ai
02
Qp [tliit f
0.3
O.A
STATIC
l^y
343
140
IMPACT
1/8
O
VB
0/fcyl
Oz/tyl
(a)
F i g . 7.1
(b)
stress plane.
Fig. 7.1 shows results of either static compression - static tension tests
or static compression - impact tension tests. The companion results of
uniaxial tensile tests are also plotted.
The lines which are plotted in Fig. 7.1a correspond with the Mohr-Coulomb
failure envelope:
- 20 Table 7.1
5.7
7.7
8.1
14.0
14.9
16.0
16.1
18.4
22.5
31.0
-
4.0
5.0
6.7
7.5
8.5
9.8
11.0
14.8
15.6
18.9
19.7
21.9
22.0
26.7
26.8
27.2
1.98
2.07
2.16
2.22
2.33
2.80
2.07
2.13
1.97
1.58
2.52
2.81
1.65
2.61
1.77
1.49
4.02
4.98
5.03
5.82
6.02
4.30
5.39
5.13
5.04
4.67
4.01
5.26
4.12
4.23
4.82
5.12
3.81
5.32
3.32
4.39
2.40
- 21 -
Table 7.2
^2
^0
4.1
4.1
4.4
7.5
9.7
4.0
4.2
5.4
6.9
7.3
9.7
9.9
0.98
1.04
1.06
0.75
0.77
0.51
0.40
0.57
1.72
2.33
2.88
1.49
1.08
2.08
1.12
1.52
1.65
1.98
Considering failure modes (see Fig. 7.2), it was observed that most of the
specimens fractured at the section reduced by saw-cuts.
Some specimens subjected to high '^,. compressive stress (a \ f' -i) exhibited
multiple fracture as shown in Fig. 7.3.
- 22 -
(a)
(b)
F i g . 7,2
F a i l u r e modes:
a . simple f r a c t u r e
b. m u l t i p l e
fracture
- 23 2
Stress-strain curves
The representative stress-strain curves are shown in Figs. 7.3 and 7.4 for
mix A and mix B respectively. Tensile stress (o.) is plotted on the vertical
axis whereas strains {t.
The curves refer either to impact (I) or to static (S) tensile loading tests
carried out on previously compressed concrete prisms.
the tensile stress-strain curves are hardly affected by compressive preloading at low Op stress levels (up to about 1/3 f' , ) . They are almost
linear. At higher o
and bend more markedly towards the horizontal. The strain e. at failure is
significantly larger than in the case of low o
From figure 7.4 emerges that the ,-e, curves for low-strength concrete are
in general more strongly curved than those for high-strength concrete.
The tensile strain e- at failure is smaller for biaxially loaded concrete
than in the case of uniaxial loading. The latter is true for both static
and impact tensile loading. The stress-strain curves obtained in this investigation do not possess a descending branch, this being due to the test
technique.
24
o,(N/mm^)
200
50,^ .
Fig. 7.3
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
Static/
Impact
s
s
s
s
-100
e^lO W m )
e, (10 m/m)
ap(N/mm2)
0.0
8.1
14.0
22.5
0.0
5.0
8.5
11.0
18.9
19.7
e* (10"^m/m)
46
111
201
337
130
156
182
152
351
337
:* (10"^m/m)
19
304
637
813
28
294
321
533
1000
813
25
o,(N/mm2)
200
50 ^
100
3(10 m/m)
^
150
e,(10^m/m)
Fig. 7.4
No,
1
2
3
4
5
Static/
Impact
S
S
I
I
I
a2(N/mm2)
0.0
7.5
0.0
4.0
6.9
e* (10"m/m)
62
108
94
102
91
E* (lO'^'m/m)
8
518
6
230
359
- 26 -
5(V
Pp = -190l<p*llli (JTOOpi)
Pp=-315kpfcm' (4450pi)
Pp-590kp/cm2 (e350pi)
6i=-0103 Fi-. I
'
I
ei-02046t-'I
;'
SHXIHE-,
(a)
(b)
-02
:I
r-
O ^ -4827pi (-339i3kgf/cm2)
(c)
1.0
Fig. 8.1
0.8
06
0.4
02
-0.1
- 27 -
DISCUSSION
In general, the results of static compression-tension tests are in agreement
with the results of previous biaxial experiments on concrete carried out by
Kupfer et al. [9], Nelissen [8] and Tusuji et al. [10] (see Fig. 8.1).
With respect to failure envelopes it can be observed that the tensile
strength of concrete in biaxial compression-tension gradually decreases
with the compressive stress a^ up to about 0.7 of the cylinder compressive
strength f' ,. The tensile strength can be approximated by the uniaxial
tensile strength in that range of o,^. At higher stresses a^ the decrease
in the tensile strength is pronounced.
The results of this investigation indicate that the strength increase due
to high rates of loading is similar for concrete subjected to uniaxial tension and for concrete subjected to biaxial compression-tension. It appears
that the rate effects determined in uniaxial tests on concrete apply also
to the strength of concrete under various multiaxial loading regimes as
suggested by Takeda et al. [3].
The rate-dependent failure envelopes for concrete in biaxial compressiontension can be constructed by combining equation 2.1 with the Mohr-Coulomb
failure criterion with tension cut off. The above is illustrated in Fig.
8.2.
cctg
Fig. 8.2
- 28 It should be pointed out that also other failure criteria may be adopted
for high rates of loading with the aid of either equation 2.1 or equation
2.2.
The stress-strain curves determined in this investigation are not directly
comparable with curves obtained in earlier biaxial tests [8,9,10] owing
to the different loading paths and testing conditions. In the abovementioned tests compressive and tensile stresses were applied simultaneously,
whereas in this investigation the specimens were first compressed
and then
Fig. 8.3
cvl is found
effect of compression is pronounced at higher a stress levels. A significant increase of the strains E . can be observed for the static as well as
impact a,-E. curves of the high-strength concrete as compared with curves
at low compressive stresses. The strains E. at failure are much larger for
high than for low op stress levels in the case of high-strength concrete,
whereas the opposite is true for low-strength concrete.
The modes of failure observed - simple fracture at low ap and multiple
fracture at high op " illustrate that combined mechanisms of compressive
and tensile failure are involved in tests on concrete under biaxial loading.
The following can be helpful in studying the behaviour of concrete under
biaxial compression-tension. The analysis of Mushelishvili[11] and of
Perlman et al. [12] can be used for determining the state of stress around
a single rigid inclusion in the elastic matrix subjected to either compressive or tensile loading. Fig. 8.3 shows several cases of concentrations
of radial stresses o /a along interfaces of inclusions. Fig. 8.4 illustrates
transfer of compressive forces in a system consisting of a few rigid inclusions embedded in the elastic matrix.
Fig. 8.4
STATIC
Fig. 8.5
crocrocks
IMPACT
- 33 -
CONCLUSIONS
1. The increase in strength due to high rates of tensile loading was similar
for concrete under uniaxial loading and for concrete subjected to biaxial
compress ion-ten si on.
2. Failure envelopes of concrete under combined compression and tension
have similar shape under static and impact loading conditions.
3. The strength-loading rate relationships determined in uniaxial tests can
be used for extending failure envelopes of concrete under static compression-tension to higher rates of loading. It seems that the same
procedures can be applied to constructing rate-dependent failure envelopes
of concrete under other combinations of multiaxial loading.
4. Both the static and the impact stress-strain curves of concrete in tension o. were little affected by low compressive stresses (c^pS ^ f' ,).
At higher stresses CT the stress-strain curves showed greater curvature.
The ultimate stress o
- 34 NOTATION
8
a
o. ,0p
0
a
AHJ,O,
Mo
cu
aoct.
Toct4.
E
E.,Ep
EpEp
E|,2
ef
f
f
f 1
f'
f' 1
A
C
E
P
b,d,h
c.v.
- material parameter
- stress
- principal stresses
- ultimate stress
- stress rate
" static values of a,
u and 6
- octahedral normal stress
- octahedral shear stress
- strain
- principal strains
- initial values of E- and p under compressive loading
- total values of E. and Ep due to biaxial loading
- strain rate
- effective strain rate
- uniaxial tensile strength
- static value of f
- tensile splitting strength
- cube compressive strength
- cylinder compressive strength
- cross-section
- constant
- modulus of elasticity
- prestressing force
- dimensions of test prism
- coefficient of variation
- 35 -
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8.
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t .(tt.'Si'-^;-
t V
TU Delft Library