ANALOG COMMUNICATION PROJECT

A SYNOPSIS REPORT ON BIPOLAR PAM

The National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru

Submitted By:
Mayank Pratap Singh Gaur(4NI14EC050)
Shoukath ali(4NI14EC092)
Santhosh Kumar(4NI14EC086)
Ramachandra Hegde(4NI14EC073)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
The National Institute of Engineering
(Autonomous Institution)
Mysuru-570008

INTRODUCTION
Pulse Amplitude Modulation is a form of signal modulation where the message
information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. These signal pulses
can be impulses (Ideal sampling) or square wave (either flat-top or Natural sampling).
Our projects aim is to implement a circuit that can faithfully perform Double-Polarity or
Bipolar pulse amplitude modulation in Natural sampling mode. The circuit performs
Bipolar PAM i.e. the input signal can be unipolar (either positive or negative) or bipolar
(both positive and negative), and the circuit will faithfully modulate both kinds of
message signal. The PAM signal generated is in the naturally-sampled mode i.e. the
output follows the modulating input signal for the whole ON time of the sampling pulse
& zero is transmitted during the OFF time of the pulse.
The present mobile system uses GSM technology whose basic working depends
upon Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). In TDM we basically multiplex various pulse
modulated signals which are further shared on time slots basis. These multiplexed
signals are generally PAM signals. Thus generating TDM was the main motive of the
project but since it is a very tedious job (as well as costly) which requires multiple
similar circuits so we decided to work on the basic level and decided on
implementing PAM.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

WORKING
1. The 555 timer is designed to work in astable mode to generate a sampling
pulse i.e. square wave in this case.
2. Op-amp I.C. LF351 inverts the sampling pulse generated and feeds it to
the base of the pnp transistor BC557, thus making the switch network
bilateral.
3. The positive and negative pulses produced by the 555 and the op-amp
respectively are used to operate the bilateral switch network designed using
a combination of npn and pnp transistors BC547 and BC557 respectively.
4. The collector of the transistors are given the message signal or the
modulating signal as input and their bases are given the sampling pulse or
carrier signal as input. The transistors are designed to operate only in the
cut-off (OFF mode) and saturation (ON mode) regions.
5.The outputs of both transistors are added using a summing network
consisting of another op-amp I.C. LF351. The output from this op-amp gives
the ultimate desired bipolar PAM signal.
For positive half of signal the main role is played by the
npn-transistor. The input coming to the collector is rectified using diode so
that only positive half of the message signal is received. When the positive
level of sampling pulse (ON period) is encountered the Q1 transistor goes
into saturation, since input at base is quite large compared to 0.7 V required
to switch ON the transistor.

Thus the collector and emitter of Q1 get shorted and at the collector terminal zero
output is received. When the zero level of sampling pulse (OFF period) is
encountered, Q1 goes into cutoff, and the collector of Q1 becomes open circuit. The
voltage at Q1 for this period follows the input.
For negative half of signal the main
role is played by the pnp-transistor. The input coming to the collector is rectified using
diode so that only negative half of the message signal is received. To switch on the
transistor (saturation region), a negative voltage of magnitude greater than 0.7 Volts
is required and thus negative sampling pulse using the op-amp in inverting mode are
given as input to the base of the transistor. Rest of the operation is similar to the
positive half, just the polarities are reversed.

CONCLUSIONS
Pulse-amplitude modulation is a form of signal modulation where the message
information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. It is an analog pulse
modulation scheme in which the amplitude of train of carrier pulse is varied according to
the sample value of the message signal. In this project we successfully implemented the
bipolar as well as unipolar PAM on PCB using IC 555, op-amps and various combinations
of resistors, capacitors and transistors which were found based on several calculations
and some speculation. The circuit was tested successfully to produce PAM outputs in
Natural sampling mode for variety of bipolar analog inputs like sine, triangular and
square at different frequencies and amplitudes.

APPLICATIONS
1. In TDM-PAM, several messages are sampled, and their samples are interlaced
to form a composite, or time division multiplexed (TDM), signal (PAM/TDM).
2.Some versions of the Ethernet communication standard are an example of
PAM usage.
3. The concept is also used for the study of photosynthesis using a PAM
fluorometer.

FUTURE SCOPE
Pulse-amplitude modulation is widely used in baseband transmission
of digital data, with non-baseband applications having been largely replaced by pulsecode modulation, and, more recently, by pulse-position modulation.