~ ~ ~ l c r u dlm?

ruoeo
~ l m l ~ ,qpm nleo mojrnowl !g.~cwocrilgmi

1974-d

~~nslmj

m ~ n n l m ~ m l o ~ d & wi on w
o ~ & m el
~ ow~cm3@3(FrancoisedeEaubonne) mGCT
.j'odml
mlmo rmaogeld momo' (Le Ferninismedi la mort) ny)m nod ~ ! ~ & w ny)q~mlw
ld
~crimoamI&,dlmT&cwmnr~oo_rmlmmld~&mcujrn3wlcorncee~rn3wmm~rn~omrnj
corncud m l o " l 1 ~ . dicm"lmm1ow rqrnlwjos d m l m l m l mm~~llm~&rnsoo&m3wl
gd
c w 3 w g s ~ m j c u 3 O amnnmmo o d 6 m ~ o & 3 m ~no~~18m13
3~
nleo e n l a w ~ c n l m j
ma?. m j ~ m ? w ~ c sd w
m ~l m~ l m l w j c s w j ~emad@ corn(mamsnno2mjoI~Jrrmlm~m
~

nJ l m d w l d i n o o d m ~ ~a o j d ~ m l wdmlmld did ruI&ruo ruIn3cumo

o d g j ~djrnpimjo
.
mj~m?"lrjom m l d , rnmj&Amp ~nl&~mIwjo
m m l d mnnrudml
czn1mlc$m3w

~ ( 0 6djmlw

d 3 m m ~ o m m o r n m j ommlmj clnw3mm3w djo~&c&

imlm mwsnnes g g o 6 m odcqimornrnjo @ c ~ m l m j m

@cud m l a d a j @ nilm&o3w
~ 6 m m l mdj& o o rnom&e~wc&a1emow3,
n l j o j & m m l m j d & o ~d ~ c m 9 m m l c w c w 3
n l j m s ~ d m l & o l ~ m o r n mdo(~jcnjlgl.
j
m r n ~ n n m l o $ ny)gl:, merm@lerjrn~@4g3
m m o md&~m
m~aocusooe2"lrjomlo3&ml~o&3&, m n n r u d m l m ~ om s g e ~ 3 m j &

ny)mm36m' d 3 ~ l ~ ? m d(~i)~(6)%33~mls)$
l&
L%?OI(B(~~UW~W~)
@?) ~ W O ? W J O S l d C W 3
m 3 & cornrumml~m~rncm'.'
63mj r z l ~ 3 v r u ~ m l m ~ c m &DO&
&0
o s . ru3o(la (Karan. J.
warren) ~ T mle~nl3S
J
& j a o q s l c u j m r n 3 m j m j d . rrjim7wjo ~d&&mlwjo
mmld
ny)oje&3&

mmogsjml ~

g?)b ~ u C N . ) ~ l 0 $

~ odgjmj
d g @mimraem~&lmjm& 3 m d om. rum08

OUJR3OJO a0X?#Ell3mj~3&f 6 l J D ~ ~ 3 ~ m l l ~ 0 3 0 ~ d&U6ld

)6o8d

.oTmcnu S'S?ra~moca,
?wpumswsrao~ w l ipw i m
Laru raelwvcru~,wlpwlwlono~acrupcSwowrocc@~i3pw
wru ~ m s a ~ a w
raecrua
a
Pas o?w1.w7y~ P ~ L W L ~ Lp~SumsTaFcrucnu
~ P
mLocm ~B@wwlw?a
WfPLUP-$%CW sePS
~wwcmnuwTwP7ccucusorupm9 p ~ ? o p ~ w ? w S(9umsWsm
p ~ i a
p a

(;a p l m

f i p W~~ C ~ L ) C O U OPas
~~ w?sme~~o
owwa
~ r u PwLwTmm &e~usctitwocwru?mB

W?W~ELP
LW
C~~C W l Fc;?8

O ? ~ W Y ~ F ~ W W
~ L~W C
?~W
~ I $
W
cw

~WC~EWW~WP~

oPm&alwwecraarul oPm&a~wrucrufiicswwYacw~ca,?~~
'oawru ?wpwroucscsmw
mcsw~Lo~mcuwcnlPwcrup0
.?uu?w?sF;csl3ru
scswcoCUsruru?PCTuTwc0UUPW?SF~~
lrucmw p~~~Tcuscrncru~T~ocmcru?
scsPBunsruucscswPaPru oruwru Pwp~lasruuecs
wm uuPa
luo~wra~u,
o?ruruvcscswPcu?ru
mcwuunonucusPmbpw uo?wpwowecwaruccx ?wpm
'o?mmwwca?cx~)~~
uuPw~mrumcsmw ~mruaPcuEew' ~ ~ ~ L w u I s ?
co
w)~?w~ ~

~ ~ u ~ l m ,

~p~9?uo?w~vwow
mw

p(4.
Puu~wc~ruwsaF;csBcwe
L W S ~ L W LW~N) gm1w

mrurul uuP65~csu ) n~ w r u ?~~w?aPru

a
. a l a r u F ~ s ~ Y~PRI)LW?V
~ w pcwcs~wPwruP~m
~Pruancwba,wcwcslw?wruPaw pPoupcw p p e ~ r uicmcsusa Fisfi~SPru~
weru
ucscsmw d u u ? w ~ a ~ E ~~mcmlcus~ruTamw~,a
a w ~ ~ ? ~ ~ . p c m ~ w s m ~weruucscs
w

w w uu& (~ewe!l)awwcmlaIQ)WPWLSFY(UI

wcsmrurul 1Sc~)crua
~$3
~pc(e)~?ra

lwacw~?.)iia
mw ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ s c r a &csruraw~Bcrncrw
a~wcrw
uu& (ynplew) n~?oupcw

s e P m ~ ~pcmonumcwPwLu19wla
~?p
wmcrwru rae(s!lqndaa aql) ,iw~F&f;;~o,
&elm
ctjafia ,nwPrn?w?w~&c%WOLR)L~WC E ~ P W C ~ L P C P . )

07m4)cuca lm~wPmlwPw~>

P w p ~ a l ~ npro3
u p~mrnwrn~rxucnl
w(4u (amleu pue ireuop$ ,pFcua &@IB gmw?m,
'(~!44!~3
uesns) WLWL,? WW?W pcrnruuoPw~ruc7re,~lPuo@ &uoPw~nurw~ru

p ~ S u n s m o mm c r n r n r u w p c w uuPsf;;emoru p l w w ooPmlaYwru1 o ? m ~ a ? p
.Puo?wlnurmp oPuo(4u t w c w P S w m u m B w t r n c ~SFLeFirncs
~)
SawwPcn c u s a l e e p
o r n w a 8rncei)cm w P w ~ r n w wS e u n s m m ~ai)(u~-lmPwrul
p m 3 uoPwcm~?b

corn PwmcsuuPwcwPSw~mu~~wrul
p c a w c w c c u c w w e w oTra?w p1SuaswPm
. ? u o P a ?pStwCB
~~
oPuocuscscauoPwcrnuo~p?uo~~
p l S w r o a P w w mcrn?mw
~ucwwcscso?me)ruO)p~wm~e?
oPuu8eSw1airnp~cuw ~ u ~ c w p o c ngm~~wsPcn
u
w?w
PsFemom galma ~ P m n n a p l l oo?mmalaYwru) ~pcrnrouo?w~rnw1.mow
wemu

WL,?WP~

~ ? ~ W E P L O C R WlOC(9EP(WoCO
)~~?~U
o?t?h?l~C~Wb(a)~~CU)
pZUC9EPlCrUCO

~pwuJswy
&cs~wvcru~w~onu~arUww0
,
p ~ a

~ P S ~ m ~ w
*cwepw
? s F ~ ~ ? ~

c~o1~sPon
~ t F ~ o P w w c s wp~
cw
mB~a w
~ r n m ~ w ~ o w p.w
( P ) u D ? ~ s ? ~ Pp~c~ m
P
E c s w w ~ w~ru1w~onu~ar~wu~m
~
o ~ ~ ~ r u ~ 0 ) p w ~ w ~ '~FLWWLQP
o n u ~ a c r ~(1(8010q
daaa) .~mcrnvcru~a~c~nu~oruwwo
ycmwrupcu, i-alunoLaru uu?wloplwru7w e r w
a~wlworu~cscs
oaww Pw~wroa~W7waYwPwm
p l w a w GB ~PS~csmcr~7law
owbo
uo@ pwaomPuupnnt3 ocuswlalmcuulw p ~ w Y w 1 ~ 7 o l P )1aYwi
r U -1 Buu1w p1w
Twru7opruTwPwrn Paw p c r r o a P w ~ w
~~oPwmcstaw~empcm
~~
Paw mcm~-mumono
~ a ~ o o u ~ a.PF;~~~mciwogt3
ro
owbow pcruPucw ~acmwruTmwm~ts
?as Rncm
c
n
7
n
m
w p 1 w w c m w l s w &cs~wrwalon~carupo)ru
scs?BonswsmwnccoTwTmmcslmls

.~a?6rncsorocD7
uo@ (s>!qi3 p u r l aq1) , p p l w @ &cra
coop&

UJ, (plodoal oplv) gpcruac~na1ra

~cwcstF~onprn~ru
wcsmcmo~w~onu~aru
(;auoru?uopsPw weru

OP~L

.?uo?wfiLwano~m
Puu@ (A8010~3
MolleqS) ,oocru~a~onu~@rum%~~)rUt3
Wcs~SCruralWcuswcuocco lwlonolaruGBuo?rucw
filwono~mPuurncswlmcmocru7 uu?wpwowtap?mPwpuasTarupcaYwPwrn plw
wracru ~ w p r w l o?w.xuoPwpraruw
~)~
Scswwursru~7.)csTwPwm
OWCWiUW

S ~ ? K D ~ ~ P~
W P ~S

uuPw~rucono

oT!SeWl~l0(9@
W
~ ~W
~UUW
~W
~ ? u~C W ~ U
~W ~ J F

'p~cuscm~ap
uuPwcrnw7cm ow~w7woTwPwroowcru~mPwru7.(~)uuPw& p c r a p w
m p c r w & q w a w t 3 uu@ ~ m o P w ~ r u p ~ w &cs~wraPwT~Pwm
ra~w
Pw~wYvc~o
~?uonncs~amuoPw~w@
~vcrv~w~onu~aru
Paw uoPwcwrac~cruFloPw mcswwPon
m& . ) c s ~ a w w o ~ w ~ )pwPscw
ow
~.~1s?uuPwPsFcsTmc~~9o
cow pw~ocm
lalonu
law oPmlcax~nuru7oPm~wycTmR,cslwmum BBPra~ma0Pm~wSwru7oPwYwPwm

~PuuPw~F~wpcw
oucru~w~mpruwwcn
~~oPwwcsrucow1w~ru
zuswacsusPwpYc6uPu)m 'cw(4u ~ u a s w

p c r n r u ~ w a P s c w c s P ~ ~ ~ c ~mL c& ~s IsJ ~

S ~mcwpoPmraw
wPsw p ~ S w m r u w
racwwcmwpw ~ ~ E P ~ U ) ( I ) W .PuuPwcmw~~w
~
paPs?w paPs?w EPR~)(~L~?ZJ
aolYru

GB
@csTwPwm.Puu?w~E~@ru?o
Pw~wwmlYru
cuswrwow mcmmpYm R)Pmcwp
aBa~w
wcsYwPwm omcrwacYrnol~mwwcsca p c w a L w w p ~ w & p ~.pcm?Smru
=
csruYmwa~u)w
@~LOQIRI o?ruw&pb~~
o?mFpSn,.-w.9cww~wlc~
o?rua~mp
raracsiaB
o?mcrum7G

.owanpv~aLmL@yu
~pcolm
np9cauu?6PcsoPlIDw?wpwoaumcYra?a

ocBwcspunsa~co~
rawmlaYv~7
oPmwPw~m&p~w
~mcmYaYwScswPqaw @
r
a
c
s
~
w
ancwww R)?ra~m~aPwrul
PwYwPwm ;-w.9cw@ ~wnuruccaupuuPwpw oPmYcaul
a c r u ~wp~a~wy
o~nnatlt39ptro
u7
~w~rupcu~wra~w
@csywPwm p u u ~ ~ ~ R
wcsv
p ~ w

cru~a~ono~@yuwwm
(ssaeN a u ~ v )p w a w a p m mcw?m~ocm~aPw~l
oPm~wcumi8
raw pca~mbrupcws
~oPw~~~cwc
wcsrurubm
rul3
~ P ~ n a e c w ? s ~ c sSewan
~o?w

g&q-$ig&s

~ 3 3 am3&jm8
d

@ o m 3 @ d w I dm d nl~mlcruold&m j ~ m 9 a ~ ~ m l o c 1 $

dla rn~&cu3mm&o2 sxxmlm" md&a3$~0 (Janis Birkland) o m m i ~ m 3 & l m ~ 0

(YnestreKing) a d d m i
I.

mjd&&~m od@ml5~&. mmm g m o m w 3 m 7 .

dmlcruolml - m j ~ m ? ~ ~ ) m " l s & m 2 ~ oms l a m l d d l m ~rn"lI@m~o

~
m3mjnnj

d ~ m d m l d m l m l(Social transformation) wmmjrn3m7. g " m3rnjnnjd~rndmldmIm1,

~
m m j n n m l o a 0 3 o ~ d 3 0 3 0 l &o o m m l w j m d , mrnmlo, mmnnlom m ~ s m l w
rn1ajmo2
g d o m 3 ~ g m m 3 w I m l m m o ~. - r u r n ~ n n m m
l d l a m l d m ~ mm m d & 3 m ata~rnlmm~au
o ~ m s m " l m m u m o 2d ~ m m j d m ~ m @
(Mutuality)
~o
meIrn~su"lmmm@~o
(reciprocals)

wal m 3 g I o w s ~ m m 0g. m j d o w ~ a m r 3 9 ~m0w l m l a m m m d o m m I m 3 w ~w~a r n 3

2 r n ~ a m g m n l dm r n e ~ m ~ & p n m , J o ,

m m m l a g @ mmw"lmc2w~o @ m l d m p n

mdrn3w mornjnnj d ~ m d m l d m l d w e3) ~a q n I m ~ m d i .

adD&jm

@rnmas&mn@josm ~ ~ ~ 0 & o g o w g
@3
p om~d~nmm"lmmn
rriiim7~3oo

@ d o ~ s j m j mmrn~nnmloa
j.
rulrulw rnamglaj@ m d l m mwl&3mmo~ad3ojo
odqjm, do((n7a~36ni
r u ~ o mjcm3sru6mjmcoi.
d
c d 3 o ~ orrlqjdhwjo
0
~ddam3wl
mj&wjo odcgrjam3vjo d~oddajrmm7o$jm~rujmcaa@wjo
qrucmjamagcrujo m-I
mgwjmjrnlgd. n~mmm3comrn3alrriioo~mmornq&&l~mlm,drn, cudmad, d m 1
mlmlwj~
nurnjnnrujo mlamldm3m3~cnn01mjmm l a j m d @mow n ~ 3 0 l m l O ? &
mj1m9ru3~0
momlmjm~mjd.
dcamm nu3mml&cbcm~crj~m
arnsuwoz'l08 i d w d m l m d m cru3rnjnnjm3mjlmsmn
m3w mmlw ornau'mj (Maria Maies), m m 7 w m a S d m~ddmjrnj!gge~)ml&momi~m
E!&KOcol3W ~cOr0cbcmlQI ny)dr~rd
~ L C O , ~ W&
~ OS
S @ ~ C C ~ S ~~ dW
O c r n~
J &E
C r n~
& dS O ~ ~ ~ ~ S

mom, ~ m l m l m l o w m j ~oii~m7
l ~ , d j o j & o m m ~ d mq,&je16)dsjru3& a ~ d o l d l
mjmj ny)mj m l o 7 a l m j m ~ d ru3wj,
.
m@,

B ~ Omml
,
~ m l r u o wmommu1

oyg30 djmj&amm3d m j i d @dm6m'oogsjmd.om3vIe1d

l

m l m j m @&dm

md, ld&&ml, mnns?rul&& @on% m m l d m l r q m o m mum0 m m j r u d m m l m ~

mm36ni rn~mer3@lm
m@dcm6rn3ouorriim3mmd ny)mjmolw amqo rummml
cuwjo d~mlm3gmj.
rndmao@Imm d a h ~ a u ' m
ouodm3rnmlocrjl
~
mw"lrnam3
eorumlomdom rriiinn'l&d a)~s3au'maw3os
~drudrmm1ammmlocrjl
mmlru3mjm rum
mmlru o y ) s j m j d o w j m j ~oonOmruodmma@loa
.
mlru-mml o u ~ r r l ~ onrmm
m
mlru (znmn9&mIm~m~61~".'~
q m l , WUO,mmo q m 9 w s h a d m d a m a j e m j ~ m 9 ~ 3

u
cwmow m30mm~cal&rn3a~0
mmdcarn~wjocru3&wjodsdmj&wjo nnlmlmodsjmj
&wdo o d q j m crujddhm0m5 mm1. mlrumml a m idm"l0

ern2 e a w m 3 d e3cm3

c z ? \ m l w l a j r nmslm3m~.~mrn3w
~~
m m l culaoa&mmgjo rnoje~wm3m8
[d&&ml
d o a g~deeaom
w6rn3mrujo ~dmlmIcu7&olmj&wjoo d q j m j .

dma&

d3mlrmolml&rni~m~?a3~0
(Liberal Ecofeminisrn), o o w l m & d3mlrmolml&

crjlnn9ru3oo (Radical Ecofeminism), mU3ocrjm3m?& d~mlrmolml&crj&uYlm3~0(Cultural

Ecofeminism) o m 3 & & d $ j

domlrmolml& dim9a3oo (Socialist Ecofeminisrn), mjmoo

maom n l ~ a l m l m l &d ~ m 7 a 3 o (Third

o
waveof Ecoferninism) ny)ml~wosm'n l ~ m l m l

mn&

d~dh3~WlQ
inlwon)
ei
a l @ 3 m m d .mjsdmi =wow

ni1mn"lmlm~mj.

d3mlrmolml& mc1m9a3oo n~rnlmnldd l m 9 ny)cm"l~&mdmd~ocmnnai(ml

al&mlmrn3&jmm~dler m l d c y d m m d m o m m ~ ~ ~ o ~ s ~ m n n ~ m ~ d .
" n l ( b 7 m 7 d ~3~6Bl3(lrdWjo
(d~d~m6BBd&jo
fiCD9,

m d q , mdg

W S & ~ G ~ ~ S J .~ ~ R
@ I

[d&jN

~ mg@7&~av3m3&7gj""
U O ~

~PuuPmo~~
oPw(4u

,,

Puuf6~~

owrawm1m w s m m ~ P m ~ m n w
o ? m m c w ~ w ~ moPmrw
~o~
U V L W ~ W Q F W ~U
O~
@ W@ C I W ~ ~ W L ~ L ~ D~
@~
U RDL((U~P
0W
f ~W
8 ~TDTV~

cwaPmT~Pmcnuofanmm TmTmPm Pow oucw w<nu w~w1m1ocru,

I.

Nancy R. Howell, Ecofeminism: What one needs t o know, Journalof Religion and
Science, Vol: 32, No: 2, June, 1997.

2.

Karen J. Warren. Feminism and Ecology: Making connections, Environmental Ethics,

9, No: 1, (Spring 1987), P. No: 3-20.

3.

Karen J. Warren. Feminism and Ecology: Making connections, EnvironmentalEthics,

9, No: 1, (Spring 1987), P. No. 4,s.

4.

Simon De Beauver. The Secondsex, Parshley, H . MTr, Vintage, London, 1997, P.

No. 110,111.

5.

Rosemary Radford Reuth, Ecofeminism Spirituality and justice: First and Third World
Women, Penultimate drafi, 1997 @goddessmystic.com.

6.

Sherry B. Ortner, 'IS Female t o Male as Nature t o Culture: Woman Culture and
Society Ed. M.Z. Rosaldo and L. Lamphere, Stanford University Press, (Stanford),

1974, P. No: 67-87.

7.

Shallow Ecology ny)m d n m l o i gm~ml&clld m l r m o l m l ~ ~ o

aom mdeemwomn'

~dsrrrmornl&@ d G a u 3 m l ~ l l m ~ m m i .
&593S: sal.mcu~m~om@3,
dmavjo nlm7m7m7w~0,h o g , m~clgld,2000.
8.

Deep Ecology ny)m d o m l m ~

mnnmdmlouolml N ~ R Ony)mmdeemw36ni p~
~ d b T H r n O O l &@

d0~3~nl~ldm~~6.

6 s 9 3 S : kbl.rncu~ml~m@3,
~ I D W J O nlm7m1mlwj0, b o g , m~clg~d,
2000.
9. Arne Naess. The Shallow and the Deep, Long Range Ecology Movement: A Sum

mary, Inquiry 66, No: 1,1973, P. No: 95-100.

to. Arielkay Shallah. Deeper than deep Ecology: The Ecofeminist connection, Environ

mental Ethics 6, No: 4, (Winter 1984), P. No: 339- 345.

11.

KarenJ. Warren. Feminism and Ecology: Making connections, Environmental Ethics,

9, No: 1, Spring 1987, P. No: 8.

12.

Vandana Shiva. StayingAlive, Kali for Women, New Delhi, 1989, P. No: 219.

13.

Donald A M c Andrew @goddessmystic.com.

14.

Ynestra King. 'Healing the wound',

Reweaving the world: The Emergence of Ecofeminism, (Ed) lrene Diamond and

Gloria Feman Orentain, San Francisco, 1990, P. No: 117.

15.

Carol J. Adam, (1993,1), Ecofeminism: What one needs t o know, Nancy R. Howell,
Journalof Religion and Science, Vol. 32, No: 2, June, 1,1997,

16. lrene Diamond & Gloria Fenian Orentain (Eds.), Reweavingthe world: The Emer

genre of Ecofeminism, San Francisco, 1990, P. No: XI.

17.

Karen J. Warren, 'Taking Emperial Data Seriously: An Ecofeminist Philosophical Per

spective', Ecofeminism: Woman, Culture, Nature. Ed. Karen J,. Warren, Bloomington,
lndicana University Press, 1997. P. No: 3-20.

18.

Rosemary Radford Reuth. Gaia to God, C.A.Harper Press, Sanfrancisco, 1992, P. No: 2.

19.

Janis Birkland, 1993, 17-18, Ecofeminism: What one needs t o know, Nancy R.
Howell, Journalof Religion and Sciences, Vol: 32, No: 2, June, 1997.

20.

Janis Birkland, 1993,18, Ecofeminism: What one needs to know, Nancy R. Howell,
Jornalof Religion and Science, Vol: 32, No: 2, June, 1997.

21.

Theoder Roszak. The voice of Earth: An Exploration of Ecopsychology, Phanes

Press, 2002, P. No: 238.

22.

Rose Mary Radford Reuth, Ecofeminism Spirituality and justice: First and Third
World Women. @goddessmystic.com.

23.

Ariel Kay Salleh. 'Living with Nature: Reciprocity or control, Ethics ofEnvironmen
tal Developments, (Eds.) R+J Engel, TUCSON, University of Arizona Press, 1990.