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BINOMIAL THEOREM
8.1 Overview:
8.1.1 An expression consisting of two terms, connected by + or sign is called a
binomial expression. For example, x + a, 2x 3y,
1 1
4
, etc., are all binomial
3 , 7x
5y
x x
expressions.
8.1.2 Binomial theorem
If a and b are real numbers and n is a positive integer, then
(a + b)n =n C0 an + nC1 a n 1 b1 + nC 2 an 2 b2 + ...
n
for 0 r n
r nr
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130
Index of Binomial
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
3
6
10
1
4
10
1
5
Each coefficient of any row is obtained by adding two coefficients in the preceding
row, one on the immediate left and the other on the immediate right and each row is
bounded by 1 on both sides.
The (r + 1)th term or general term is given by
Tr + 1 =
C r an r br
C n a0 bn
In particular
... (1)
i.e.
(1 + x) =
n
n C r xr
r =0
xn 1 + nC n xn
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BINOMIAL THEOREM
131
i.e.,
(1 x)n =
( 1) r
r =0
Cr x r
(odd). Hence, there is only one middle term, i.e., n + 1 term is the middle
2
term.
(b) If n is odd: then the total number of terms in the expansion of (a + b)n is n + 1
th
n + 3
and
2
th
are two
2n
= 2 n1 .
2
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n + 1
(even). So there are two middle terms i.e.,
2
middle terms.
132
x
Solution We have
Tr = Cr 1 (x)
2r
2r r + 1
1
x
r 1
2r
xr + 1 r + 1
r 1 r +1
2r
x2
1
+
1
r
r
x3 2
Example 3 Find the 4 term from the end in the expansion of 2
2 x
th
Solution Since rth term from the end in the expansion of (a + b) n is (n r + 2)th term
from the beginning. Therefore 4th term from the end is 9 4 + 2, i.e., 7th term from the
beginning, which is given by
3
x3 2 6
x9 64 9 8 7 64 672
9
= 3
T7 = C6 2 = C3
8 x12 3 2 1 x3
x
2 x
9
Example 4 Evaluate: x2 1 x2
) + (x
4
+ 1 x2
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BINOMIAL THEOREM
133
1 x 2 = y , we get
Solution Putting
x (1 x2 ) + (1 x2 ) 2
= 2 x +
2
x2
12
We have
2
Example 6 Determine whether the expansion of x2
x
containing x10?
Solution Let Tr + 1 contain x10. Then
Tr + 1 =
18
2
C r ( x 2 ) 18 r
x
= 18C r x36
2r
(1)r . 2r x r
= (1)r 2r 18 Cr x36 3r
Thus,
36 3r = 10, i.e., r =
26
3
18
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C 5 (1)5 2 5 =
12
134
Since r is a fraction, the given expansion cannot have a term containing x10 .
10
x
3
Example 7 Find the term independent of x in the expansion of
+ 2 .
3 2x
Solution Let (r + 1)th term be independent of x which is given by
Tr+1 =
10
10
10
x
Cr
3
x
Cr
3
Cr
10 r
10 r
2
r 10 r
2
2
3
3
2
2x
1
32 r 2r
2 x
2
10 r
2r
x 2
r= 2
2
Hence 3rd term is independent of x and its value is given by
T3 =
10
C2
33 10 9
1
5
=
=
4
2 1 9 12 12
2
th
T7 =
12
b
C6 (2 ax)6 2
x
12
C6
2 6 a 6 x6 ( b) 6
x12
12
C6
2 6 a 6 b 6 59136a 6 b 6
=
x6
x6
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12
x
Solution Since the power of binomial is even, it has one middle term which is the
BINOMIAL THEOREM
135
p x
Example 9 Find the middle term (terms) in the expansion of + .
x p
Solution Since the power of binomial is odd. Therefore, we have two middle terms
which are 5th and 6th terms. These are given by
5
p 126 p
p x
T5 = 9C4 = 9C 4 =
x
x
x p
4
p x 9 x 126 x
T6 = C5 = C5 =
x p
p
p
9
and
C3 153
n+1
= 152 [n + 1C2 +
Thus, 24n + 4 15n 16 is divisible by 225.
n+1
C3 15 + ... so on]
3
.
2
9
3x
9
Solution We have (2 + 3x) 9 = 2 1 +
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136
Tr + 1
Now,
Tr
9 3 x r
2 Cr
2
=
r 1
3x
9 9
2 Cr 1
2
r 1 10 r 3x
C r 3x
9
=
9
2
r 9r
Cr 1 2
=
Tr + 1
Therefore,
Tr
10 r 3 x
10 r 9
=
r 4
r
2
Since
3
2
x=
90 9r
1
4r
90 9r 4r
(Why?)
90
13
12
13
Thus the maximum value of r is 6. Therefore, the greatest term is Tr + 1 = T7.
6
3x
9 9
T7 = 2 C6 ,
2
Hence,
where x =
6
12
9
9 9 8 7 3
9 9
2
C
=
12
6 = 2
4
3 2 1 2
3
2
7 313
=
1
(1 + x)n 1 + .
x
Solution We have
n
n
(1 + x) 2n
1
x + 1
(1 + x) 1 + = (1 + x) n
=
x
x
xn
n
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r6
BINOMIAL THEOREM
137
x
1
coefficient of x1 in
(1 + x )2 n
which in turn is equal to the coefficient of xn 1 in the
xn
expansion of (1 + x) 2n.
Since (1 + x) 2n = 2nC0 x0 + 2n C1 x1 + 2nC2 x2 + ... + 2nCn 1 xn 1 + ... + 2nC2 n x2 n
Thus the coefficient of xn 1 is 2nC n 1
=
2n
2n
=
n 1 n +1
n 1 2n n + 1
50.49
50.49.48
(100) 47 + ... (1)
(100) 48 +
2.1
3.2.1
50.49
50.49.48
(100) 47 + ... (2)
(100)48
2.1
3.2.1
49
10150 9950 = 2 50 (100) +
50 49 48
10047 + ...
3 21
50 49 48
10047 + ...
3 2 1
x
1+ x ,
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138
x 1001
(1 + x)
1
1 + x
x
1 1 + x
1000
1 00 1
x
(1 + x )
1+ x
=
= (1 + x) 1001 x1001
1+ x x
1+ x
10 00
C50 =
1001
50 951
a1
a3
2a2
+
=
a1 + a2 a3 + a4 a2 + a3
and
Thus
a 4 = coefficient of Tr + 4 = nCr + 3
a1
=
a1 + a2
Cr
Cr + nC r + 1
n
n +1
Cr
Cr + 1
Cr + nC r + 1 = n + 1C r + 1 )
, Tr +
+1
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BINOMIAL THEOREM
Similarly,
a3
=
a3 + a4
r + 1 n r r + 1
n
=
n+1
r nr
n + 1
n
n
Cr + 2
Cr + 2 + C r + 3
n
139
Cr + 2
n +1
Cr + 3
r+3
n+1
a1
a3
r + 1 r + 3 2r + 4
+
=
+
=
a1 + a2 a3 + a4 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1
Hence,
L.H.S. =
and
2 n Cr + 1
2 n C r +1
2a2
R.H.S. =
=
= n +1
a2 + a3 n C r + 1 + n Cr + 2
Cr + 2
= 2
r + 2 n r 1 2 (r + 2)
n
=
r + 1 n r 1
n +1
n+1
(a) 102
(b) 25
(c) 26
(d) None of these
Solution C is the correct choice since the total number of terms are 52 of which 26
terms get cancelled.
n
3
7
(a) 56
(b) 55
(c) 45
n
(d) 15
nr
T8 = C7 (2)
x in expansion of (a + x) n,
x
2 n 7 7
n
=
C7 7 x
3
3
n 7
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140
n 8
x n 2
=
x8
C
8
8
3
3
8
and
T9 =
Therefore,
C7
C 8 (2)n8
2 n 7
2n 8
n
C
=
(since it is given that coefficient of x7 = coefficient x8)
8
37
38
8 n8
n
2n 8 37
=
7 n7
n
38 2 n 7
8
1
=
n = 55
n7
6
3n + 1
(A)
2
3n 1
(B)
2
1 3n
(C)
2
n
(D) 3 +
1
2
... (1)
...
(2)
3n + 1
Therefore a0 + a 2 + a 4 + ... + a 2n =
2
Example 19 The coefficient of xp and xq (p and q are positive integers) in the
expansion of (1 + x) p + q are
(A) equal
(B) equal with opposite signs
(C) reciprocal of each other
(D) none of these
Solution A is the correct choice. Coefficient of xp and xq in the expansion of (1 + x) p
+ q are p + q C and p + qC
p
q
and
p +q
Cp = p + qCq =
p+q
p q
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BINOMIAL THEOREM
141
(n + 1) (n + 2)
2
(B) n + 1
(C) n + 2
(D) (n + 1) n
Solution A is the correct choice. We have
(a + b + c)n = [a + (b + c)]n
= a n + nC 1 an 1 (b + c) 1 + n C2 an 2 (b + c) 2
+ ... + nC n (b + c) n
Further, expanding each term of R.H.S., we note that
First term consist of 1 term.
Second term on simplification gives 2 terms.
Third term on expansion gives 3 terms.
Similarly, fourth term on expansion gives 4 terms and so on.
The total number of terms = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n + 1)
=
(n + 1) (n + 2)
2
is
(A) 12:32
(B) 1:32
(C) 32:12
(D) 32:1
Tr + 1 = Cr (x )
15
2 15 r
2
x
= 15 Cr (2) r x30 3r
Now, for the coefficient of term containing x15 ,
30 3r = 15, i.e., r = 5
Therefore, C5 (2) is the coefficient of x15 (from (1))
To find the term independent of x, put 30 3r = 0
15
15
2
, so,
x
... (1)
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2 2
x +
x
142
C5 25
1
1
= 5 =
15
10
32
C10 2
2
5
3 i
3 i
Example 22 If z =
+ +
, then
2
2
2
2
(A) Re (z) = 0
(B) Im (z) = 0
(C) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) > 0
(D) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) < 0
Solution B is the correct choice. On simplification, we get
2
3
3
3 i 2 5 3 i 4
5
5
+ C2 + C4
z = 2 C0
2
2 2
2 2
8.3 EXERCISE
Short Answer Type
15
3x 2
1
.
1. Find the term independent of x, x 0, in the expansion of
3x
2
10
of k.
3. Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of (1 3x + 7x2 ) (1 x)16 .
x a
(i)
a x
10
x3
(ii) 3x
15
2
.
x2
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BINOMIAL THEOREM
143
1
7. Find the coefficient of 17 in the expansion of
x
8. Find the sixth term of the expansion
1
y2
1
x3
4 1
x 3 .
x
n
1120, find p.
2n
is
1 3 5 ... (2n 1)
( 2)n .
n
n
1
3
14. Find n in the binomial 2 + 3 if the ratio of 7th term from the beginning to
3
the 7th term from the end is
1
.
6
15. In the expansion of (x + a)n if the sum of odd terms is denoted by O and the sum of
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144
even term by E.
Then prove that
(i) O2 E2 = (x2 a2 )n
2 1
16. If x occurs in the expansion of x +
x
p
2n
2n
.
4 n p 2n + p
3
3
1
3
17. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (1 + x + 2x ) x 2 .
2
3 x
3
Cr
1
r +1 1
=
= 4r + 4 = 24 4 r = 4 ]
24 r 4
Cr + 1 4
24
21. The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2 n and (1 + x)2 n 1 are in the ratio.
(A) 1 : 2
(B) 1 : 3
(C) 3 : 1
(D) 2 : 1
[Hint : 2n Cn : 2 n 1C n
22. If the coefficients of 2nd, 3rd and the 4th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n are in
A.P., then value of n is
(A) 2
(B) 7
(c) 11
(D) 14
n
n
n
2
[Hint: 2 C2 = C 1 + C3 n 9n + 14 = 0 n = 2 or 7
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24
[Hint:
BINOMIAL THEOREM
145
(A) 1
A
equals
B
(B) 2
2n
A
=
[Hint:
B
(C)
(D)
1
n
Cn
= 2]
Cn
2n 1
(A) 2n +
1
2
10
(B) n +
6
6
is equal to 7
7
, then value of x is
8
(C) n + (1)n
(D) n + (1)n
3
6
1 5
63 sin5 x = 1 sin = 1
5
x
sin
x
=
2
25
8
x5
x = n + (1)n
]
6
[Hint: T6 =
10
C5
1
, the value of constant term is
x2
_________________ .
28. If the seventh terms from the beginning and the end in the expansion of
1
3
2 + 3
3
[Hint : T7 = T n 7 + 2
C ( )
6
1
23
n 6
1
1
3
3
( ) 1
1
3
= C n6 2
3
3
n 6
146
( )
1
23
n 12
1
= 1
33
n 12
1 2b
29. The coefficient of a 6 b 4 in the expansion of
10
is _________.
1120 6 4
1 2b
10
=
a b ]
[Hint : T5 = C4
a 3
27
30. Middle term in the expansion of (a 3 + ba)28 is _________ .
31. The ratio of the coefficients of xp and xq in the expansion of (1 + x)p + q is
_________
[Hint: p + q Cp = p + qCq]
x
3
3 + 2
2x
32. The position of the term independent of x in the expansion of
10
is
_________ .
33. If 2515 is divided by 13, the reminder is _________ .
State which of the statement in Exercises 34 to 40 is True or False.
10
20 Cr
r =0
19
is 2 +
20
C10
2
x2
2n
multiple of 2.
40. Number of terms in the expansion of (a + b)n where n N is one less than the
power n.
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