Theory Voltage Regulators PDF

Theory, Construction and Application
Voltage Regulator Training Schools
2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.
Regulator Theory Purpose

What is Voltage Regulation?
Voltage Regulation Providing a consistent
sine way with a nearly constant magnitude to
the load.

Why is voltage regulation needed?
Power quality criteria requires a constant voltage
despite variations in load current
Load current variations are due to:
New loads
Load profiles Daily and Seasonal
LOAD CURRENT VS TIME OF DAY
CURRENT
12am
6am
12pm
6pm
TIME OF DAY

Properly designed distribution feeder
OLTC
L1
L3
L2
Maximum Acceptable Voltage Level
+5%
Light Load
Heavy Load
Minimum Acceptable Voltage Level
Nominal
Voltage
5%
OLTC = On-Load tap changing power transformer


Over Time An increase of load density and feeder
length results in an unacceptable voltage drop.
Also, voltage can drop off due to line losses.
OLTC
L1
L4
L2
L5
L3
L6
L7
Maximum Acceptable Voltage Level
+5%
Light Load
Heavy Load
Nominal
Voltage
5%
Minimum Acceptable Voltage Level

Voltage Regulators: Solve voltage drop problem
R1
OLTC
L1
L4
L2
L5
L3
L6
L7
+5%
Nominal
Voltage
--5%
Applied at Substation and midpoint of Feeder.

Supplying unregulated voltage effects equipment
Heating Element
Low Voltage
Reduced Heat
output
Over-voltage
burnouts
Lighting
Motors
Brownouts
Low and high voltage
A 10% voltage
reduction --- light
output reduced
by 30%
Over-voltage
A 10% overvoltage reduces

bulb by life 70%
Increased current
demand
Overheating
Shortened motor life
In addition low voltage
can cause
Electronics
High voltage
Run hot
Fail prematurely
Low voltage
Electronics become
inoperative
Reduced starting and

running torques

To reiterate
Primary purpose of a voltage regulator
Provide regulated voltage to meet power quality criteria
Electronic controls also enable

Peak shaving
Metering
Integrated volt/var control (IVVC)
CL-7
Voltage Regulator
Control
CBC-8000
Cap Bank Control
Regulator Theory
Voltage Regulator
Construction
Regulator Theory Construction

Three basic part of a voltage regulator
Autotransformer - A transformer in which part of
one winding is common to both the primary and
secondary windings
Load Tap Changer - A switch designed to work
under load to change the configuration of a
transformer coil
Voltage Regulator Control - A Control which senses
the system and automatically commands the tap
changer
10

Conventional Two-winding Transformer
+
Vsecondary = 100V
Vprimary = 1000V
-
Windings Ratio
10:1
Output Ratio
10:1
11

Step-up Autotransformer
(+ to ) = Additive Property
Vsecondary = 1100V
Vprimary = 1000V
Windings Ratio
Output Ratio
10:1
10:11
12

Step-down Autotransformer
(+ to +) = Subtractive Property
Vprimary = 1000V
Vsecondary = 900V
Windings Ratio
10:1
Output Ratio
10:9
13
Stationary Contacts
Movable
Contacts
1 N
Step Voltage Regulator
14
Shown in Step
Down or Bucking
Position
1 N
Step Voltage Regulator with Reversing Switch
15

Step Voltage Regulator with Reversing Switch
8 stationary contacts
+ 8 intermediate
positions = 16 steps.
1 N
Answer:
If there are 8 stationary

contacts, why do we call
it a 32 step regulator?
Question:
Add the reversing switch

and you get 32!
16

Bridging Reactor
Required to maintain
continuity during a tap change
Provide impedance for limiting
the amount of current to be
interrupted by the tap changer
Stationary
Contacts
Moveable
Contacts
Bridging
Reactor
17

Non-Bridging Position
Two movable tap changer
contacts on a symmetrical
(even) position
The center tap of the
reactor is at the same
potential.
18

Asymmetrical Position
Occurs when one tap
connection is open before
transferring the load to the
adjacent tap
All load current flows through

one-half of the reactor,
magnetizing the reactor, and
introducing a reactance voltage
drop in the circuit
This transfer takes around 2530 milliseconds for completion.
Three current zero
opportunities are required for
arc extinction at a minimum
19

Bridging Position
Movable contacts are in a
bridging (odd) position
Voltage change is onehalf the 1% (5/8%) tap
voltage of the series
winding because of its
center tap and movable
contacts located on
adjacent stationary
contacts.
20

Two Predominate Types:
ANSI TYPE A
ANSI TYPE B
(Series After Shunt)
(Series Before Shunt)
STRAIGHT
INVERTED
Series
Series
Winding
Winding
Shunt
Shunt
Winding
Winding
21

Factors to Consider between types:
Cost, Losses, Control Accuracy, Short Circuit Withstand
CPS Type A
CPS Type B
1. Series windings are located on the Load side of

the Shunt windings
1. Series windings are located on the Source side of

the Shunt windings
2. Has separate control PT to measure the voltage

between the Load and Source-Load bushings and
supply power to the control and motor
2. Does not have a separate PT - Instead has control

windings (tertiary) in main coil to measure the
voltage between the Load and Source-Load
bushings and supply power to the control and motor
3. Typically used for large KVA regulators (500 KVA

and above) since control winding can not
adequately couple with shunt winding and still
achieve ANSI Class 1 control accuracy
3. Typically used for small KVA regulators (416 KVA

and below) since control winding can adequately
couple with shunt winding and still allow for ANSI
Class 1 control accuracy
4. Regulation Range is +10% and -10%
4. Regulation Range is +10% and -8.3%
5. Less economical, taller and heavier
5. More economical, shorter and less weight
6. Low-High-Low Coil Construction allows for

improved short circuit strength (up to 40 times or
20 kA) and lower stray losses
6. High-Low Coil Construction meets ANSI C57.15

short circuit requirement of 25X nominal current
rating
22
Type A

REVERSING
SWITCH
1.25%
SERIES WINDING
L
S
N
CURRENT
X-FORMER
CONTROL
SHUNT
WINDING
POTENTIAL
SL
TRANSFORMER
23
Type B

REVERSING SWITCH
1.25%
SERIES WINDING
L
S
N
CURRENT
X-FORMER
CONTROL
SHUNT
WINDING
CONTROL
WINDING
SL
24

Two additional Cooper regulator Types
Used for applications rated 875 A and above
Type TX (Type C on the Cooper nameplate)

Series Transformer Design
Used on 2.5 kV designs
Type AX (Type D on the Cooper nameplate)

Series Autotransformer Design
Used on 5.0 and 7.62 kV designs
25
Regulator Construction Features
26

Series arrester
27

Position Indicators
Current Position Indicator
Corrosion Resistant
20% Larger Viewing Area
Pad-Lockable
Lighter Weight
Slim Profile
Legacy Position Indicator
28

Control cable
Disconnect plug at both
ends
Easy maintenance
Easy replacement
No conduit
No wiring diagrams
CT Protection Circuit
CT automatically shorted
when control cable is
removed
Quicker and safer removal

of the control box and
cable for field retrofits
Maintenance free
29

Junction Box & Block
Current Design
Legacy Design
Inside Tank
(Under cover)
Plug-in junction block wiring harness
New block is completely retrofittable with existing regulators

Prevents possibility of mis-wiring
30

Current Transformer
Current Design
New CT mounting design
Eliminates possibility of cracked CT mounting ear in all-in-one
mold design
Legacy Design
Prevents hardware from being over-tightened.

Eliminates stress on CT ears
31

Inspection Hand Hole
Six-inch Diameter cover hole
Vacuum Processing
User access
Inspection
Changing CT connections
Vacuum Oil Filling

Moisture and air removed
Oil filled and soaked 8-24 hours
Legacy Design
2mm Mercury (750 torr)
32

Core and Coil
Current carrying leads tied off

with cotton wrap NOT plastic
tie-wraps
Materials similar to those used in Transformers

Epoxy coated paper
Coil sides clamped and hot pressed

Wasted space removed to create lean design using
materials efficiently and keeping losses to a minimum
Coil margins increased for arcing environment
33

Quik Drive Tap Changers
Longer Life
20% fewer parts than traditional spring loaded devices less maintenance, longer life, and lower life
cycle costs
The Geneva Gear drive ensures accurate steps without the need for special calibrated springs
resulting in greater tap changing accuracy, extended contact life and less maintenance
Improved Power Quality

Taps all 33 positions in less than 10 seconds 5 to 10 times faster than traditional spring drives
The speed result in better power quality and quicker recovery from large voltage excursions, which
protects customer equipment
Lower Operational Costs

Installation and maintenance time is reduced, which can save time and money
34
Regulator Construction Product Scope

Voltage regulator product offering:
Regulation of +/- 10% in 32 - 5/8% steps
55/65 C Average Winding Rise (12% more capacity)
25 to > 2000 Amperes

50 Hz - 6600 V to 33000 V (95-200 BIL)
60 Hz - 2400 V to 34500 V (60-200 BIL)

Mineral Oil or FR3 Immersed
Fan Cooling option (33% more capacity)
35

Padmount Voltage Regulators
Aesthetically pleasing
Reduced costs
Underground solution
Deadfront connector system
No Overhead lines or Substation Fences

Less overall land required
Easier to obtain right of way
Innovative
Safety
Reliability
Great green solution with FR3
36

Padmount Voltage Regulators
37

Three-in-one Padmount Voltage Regulators
38
Regulator Application
39
Regulator Application ADD-AMP

Limit range of regulation to
increase current capacity
Soft ADD-AMP
Limits set on control
Can be overridden manually
or through SCADA
Hard ADD-AMP
Set using position indicator
limit switches (yellow tabs)
% Range of
Regulation
% or Rated
Current (A)
at 55 C
+/- 10.0
100
+/- 8.75
110
+/- 7.5
120
+/- 6.25
135
+/- 5.0
160
40
Regulator Application ADD-AMP

Limited to 668 Amps MAX per ANSI
Useful in an emergency situation when a larger
regulator is not available
Nameplate table lists multiplier to use times the base
(55 C) current
Is limited by the capacity of the tap changer contacts
Uses limit switches in motor circuit to reduce the
number of series winding turns, therefore reducing
heat generated at a given current
41
Regulator Application Multiple Voltages

Voltage chart
example from a
14400 V nominal
nameplate
Nominal
Voltage
TAP
IN
USE
LOAD
VOLTS
CONTROL
WDG. TAP
(TANK)
INTERNAL
P.T.
RATIO
R.C.T.
TAP
(CONTROL)
TEST
TERMINAL
VOLTAGE
OVERALL
POT.
RATIO
14400
E1
120:1
120
120
120:1
13800
E1
120:1
115
120
115:1
13200
E1
120:1
110
120
110:1
12000
E1
120:1
104
115.5
104:1
7970
E2
60:1
133
120
66.5:1
7620
E2
60:1
127
120
63.5:1
7200
E2
60:1
120
120
60:1
6930
E2
60:1
115
120.5
57.5:1
Standard Available voltages (60 Hz)
2500
2500
2400
5000
5000
4800
4160
2400
7620
8000
7970
7620
7200
6930
4800
4160
2400
13800
13800
13200
12470
12000
7970
7620
7200
6930
14400
14400
13800
13200
12000
7970
7620
7200
6930
19920
19920
17200
16000
15242
14400
7970
7620
7200
34500
34500
19920
Standard Voltages
42
Regulator Application - Connections

Three single-phase regulators on a 3-phase, 4-wire circuit
Bypass Switch
Source
A
B
C
N
Shunt
Lightning
Arrester
Disconnect
Series
Lightning
Arrester
L
S
SL
SL
SL
VAN
VBN
VAN
VBN
4-wire
Grounded Wye
120
VCN
VCN
43

Two single-phase regulators on a 3-phase, 3-wire circuit
Bypass Switch
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Disconnect
Switch
L
S
SL
SL
System
60
Voltage
VCB (1.0 pu)
VCA
VAB (1.0 pu)

VAB (1.1 pu)
VCB (1.1 pu)
3-wire
Open Delta
VCA (1.10 pu)
44

3 single-phase regulators on a 3-phase, 3-wire circuit.
Bypass Switch
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Disconnect
Switches
L
S
SL
SL
SL
A
A
VBA (1.15 pu)
VBA
VAC (1.15 pu)
C
(1.00 pu)
3-wire
Closed Delta
B
VCB (1.15 pu)
45
Regulator Application LTC Comparison

Why voltage regulators over LTCs?
Regulate individual phases
Separate regulation from voltage transformation
Fast change out
Maintenance will not disrupt service
Versatile & economical
Standardized product
Readily available vs. 1 year lead times
46

Why voltage regulators over LTCs?
Regulate individual phases
Separate regulation from voltage transformation
Fast change out
Maintenance will not disrupt service
Versatile & economical
Standardized product
Readily available vs. 1 year lead times
47

Why LTCs over voltage regulators?
LTC ratings go beyond VR ratings
Some prefer 3Ph Ganged Operation for 3PH loads
Reduced contact wear and maintenance
Space
Other reasons?
48
Regulator Application Cascading Rules
Rule 1: Each succeeding regulator in series down line from the source requires
a longer time delay
Rule 2: The minimum time delay from one regulator to the next in cascade is 15
seconds
SVR
SVR
TD = 45 SEC
TD = 75 SEC
3-phase
LTC
transformer
SVR
SVR
SVR
SVR
TD = 45
TD = 60 SEC
TD = 75 SEC
SEC
TD = 45 SEC
TD = 30 SEC
49

Coordination on a loop system Forward operation
TD 60 SEC
TD 45 SEC
N.C.
N.C.
3-phase
LTC
N.O.
TD = 30 SEC
N.C.
N.C.
TD 45 SEC
TD 60 SEC
50

Coordination on a loop system Reverse operation
FTD 45 SEC
FTD 60 SEC
RTD 90 SEC
RTD 75 SEC
N.C.
N.C.
3-phase
LTC
N.O.
TD = 30 SEC
N.C.
N.C.
FTD 45 SEC
FTD 60 SEC
RTD 90 SEC
RTD 75 SEC
51
Regulator Application Leader/Follower
Scheme to keep all regulators on

same tap position replicate 3Ph
Ganged LTC
Communication Loop between

Leader and Followers to insure
locked step
Feedback loop insures

synchronization
Regulates voltage based on Master

device
Requires communication loop
Install dedicated communications

module for each device
CL-7 offers Voltage Averaging and

Max Deviation options
52
Regulator Application - Paralleling

Two Banks of Voltage Regulators Paralleled with a Set of Identical
Power Transformers
T1
VR1
VR2
Load
T2
Why Paralleling?
Handle a larger capacity load or provide continuity and reliability of service for a high priority load.
Concern
In a paralleling application, circulating current flows within the loop when there is a difference of
potential due to the voltage regulators being on different steps. The amount of circulating current is
also dependent on the amount of impedance within the loop.
Voltage regulators have as much as 0.5 % impedance at their maximum tap position and essentially
zero on the neutral position; power transformers typically have impedance around 6%.
Solution Regulators must have a Leader/Follower control setup

53
Regulator Application Safe Bypassing

Definition: Bypassing is installing or removing a
regulator from service.
Warning!
Installing or removing an energized voltage
regulator with the tap changer off of neutral will
short circuit part of the series winding!
Before bypassing, the regulator must be in neutral.

54

Prior to Bypassing: Place the regulator in the neutral
position - A minimum of four indicators are recommended to
confirm neutral!
Neutral lamp is ON continuously
Tap Position
At Limit
P.I. ADD-AMP -16, 16
Verify the tap position of the control indicates

Neutral by displaying 0
Position indicator is in neutral position
Verify that there is no voltage difference

between the S and L bushings
55

Prior to Bypassing Take Action to prevent tapchanger motor operation
Control Function switch is OFF
Important to do this first!
Power switch is OFF

Remove motor fuse
V1 & V6 knife switches are OPEN
56

Regulator Connected Line-to-Ground (GY)
Installation
Source
Load
Phase A
B
L-DIS
S-DIS
L
Start
S-Dis
L-Dis
SL
Neutral
57

Regulator Connected Line-to-Ground (GY)
Removal
Source
Load
Phase A
B
L-DIS
S-DIS
Start
S-Dis
L-Dis
SL
Neutral
58
Regulator Application Bypass Fault Current
Source current is a function of shunt and load current and is the current to
which the over-current protection responds.
During a bypass fault, the source current only reaches a value of 2 to 3 times
the nominal value not high enough to activate over-current protection.
The circulating current through the series windings when bypassed off neutral
can be 60-100 times nominal.
The magnitude of the circulating current depends upon the regulator type, tap
position and the voltage and current ratings.
59
Regulator Application Bypassing
60
61

Theory Voltage Regulators PDF

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Theory, Construction and Application

Voltage Regulator Training Schools

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Purpose

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Purpose

Regulator Theory Purpose

Maximum Acceptable Voltage Level

Minimum Acceptable Voltage Level

OLTC = On-Load tap changing power transformer

Regulator Theory Purpose

Maximum Acceptable Voltage Level

Minimum Acceptable Voltage Level

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Purpose

Applied at Substation and midpoint of Feeder.

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Purpose

Low and high voltage

A 10% overvoltage reduces

Reduced starting and

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Purpose

Electronic controls also enable

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Construction

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Construction

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Construction

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Construction

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Construction

Step Voltage Regulator

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Construction

Step Voltage Regulator with Reversing Switch

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Construction

If there are 8 stationary

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Add the reversing switch

Regulator Theory Construction

Regulator Theory Construction

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Construction

All load current flows through

Regulator Theory Construction

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Construction

(Series Before Shunt)

2013 Eaton. All rights reserved.

Regulator Theory Construction

1. Series windings are located on the Load side of

1. Series windings are located on the Source side of

2. Has separate control PT to measure the voltage

2. Does not have a separate PT - Instead has control

3. Typically used for large KVA regulators (500 KVA

3. Typically used for small KVA regulators (416 KVA

4. Regulation Range is +10% and -10%

4. Regulation Range is +10% and -8.3%