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DOI 10.1007/s12273-015-0219-6
Air and air contaminant flows in office cubicles with and without
personal ventilation: A CFD modeling and simulation study
Research Article
Abstract
Keywords
The paper is aimed at building an appropriate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for
simulating the flow field in the office cubicle with and without personalized ventilation (PV) and
using it to investigate the flow field in the cubicle. A computational model was first constructed
by using a commercial CFD code (STAR-CCM). In this process, different approaches to represent
manikins, boundary conditions, geometries, and gridding were tested, and a proper approach was
selected for simulating the air and contaminant movement in the cubicles and their interactions
with the remaining room space. A comparison between the simulation and the experimental results
are made to show how accurate the CFD model can be. A brief evaluation of the environmental
quality was conducted for both cases with PV and underfloor air diffuser (UFAD). This comparison
showed a significant advantage in the PV system, indicating how the PV system performed under
different airflow rates. This verified CFD model will be utilized in the future to investigate the
performance of the partitioned cubicle collaborating with personalized ventilation systems.
personalized ventilation,
Introduction
1.1 Background
E-mail: mkong01@syr.edu
thermal plume,
cubicle
Article History
Received: 28 October 2014
Revised: 23 February 2015
Accepted: 26 February 2015
Tsinghua University Press and
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
2015
Indoor/Outdoor Airflow
and Air Quality
CFD,
382
List of symbols
cp
C
Ce
Cs
dk
Gk
hteq
Hi
k
l , l
p
Pk
q'' t
S
Sj
t
t eq
ts
Tclo
1.2
Purpose
Overview
383
wings. Each opening was 11.4 cm long and had a grill divided
into 6 equal parts (Table 1). The supply air direction was
adjusted by rotating each wing about the central axle of the
diffuser. During the test, a manikin in normal winter clothing
(around 0.6 clo) was set a comfort mode, which resulted to
the manikin could maintain the skin temperature at the
temperature as in comfortable condition by controlling the
heat flux. Both the temperature and heat flux of the manikin
were monitored and recorded during the experiment.
During the experiment, the flow field around the manikin
was monitored in terms of both velocity and temperature
at different heights (0.1 m, 0.6 m, 0.8 m, 1.1 m, 1.4 m, and
1.6 m) and locations (left front, left, right front and right)
using the spherical anemometer with an accuracy of 0.02 m/s
and 0.2. The velocity in front of the PV was also measured
to validate the CFD model.
2.3
( ui ) = 0
xi
(1)
u
p
( ) + ( ui ) = ( - u' i' )+ S
t
xi
xi xi
(3)
384
Fig. 3 Cubicles configuration (1. wall; 2. exhaust opening; 3. side desk; 4. storage box; 5. floor; 6. floor diffuser; 7. computer processor;
8. chair; 9. manikin; 10. front desk; 11. monitor; 12. PV diffuser; 13. cubicle partition; 14. ceiling)
Table 1 Configuration parameters of the cubicle
Dimension (m)
Cubicle
Location (m)
Front desk
74.0 cm 177.0 cm
Manikin
Side desk
152.0 cm 58.0 cm
Monitor
PV
Diameter: 6.9 cm, 36.8 cm long with two 11.4 cm long grill openings
1.33 m above the floor and 0.34 m away from the front partition
UFAD
Storage box
ij = -u' i u' j = t
ui
x j
xi
(4)
(5)
385
k
k
+ ui
= dk + Pk + Gk -
t
xi
=
(6)
(7)
u' u' k
l
(8)
Post processing
Air quality index (AQI) (Russo 2010) was used in this paper
to indicate the level of air quality. It is defined as
AQI =
1 - C - (1 - Ce )
C -C
= e
1 - Cs - (1 - Ce ) Ce - Cs
(9)
C e - Cs
1
=
1 - AQI
C - Cs
(11)
t = u' u' l
Tp - Tclo
Ts - Tclo
(10)
3.1
386
Number of cells
Prism layer
Average wall y+
0.1(0.1)
107 846
2 128
1.21
0.07(0.07)
181 925
3 966
1.18
0.05(0.05)
336 326
4 290
1.58
0.05(0.02)
929 342
4 617
15
1.51
0.05(0.015)
1 857 385
7 556
15
1.42
Fig. 4 (a) Grid resolution and (b) velocity in front of the face
Temp
()
30.0
31.8
31.4
31.4
34.0
33.7
32.5
32.5
31.4
34.4
34.6
33.0
32.0
32.0
32.9
33.6
29.3
29.5
29.0
29.2
24.0
26.1
25.9
22.6
25.7
18.4
Q/A
(W/m2)
126.6
95.5
51.8
55.8
50.6
67.0
81.2
84.6
72.5
47.7
44.1
50.4
34.5
34.9
40.3
39.5
49.8
48.0
47.2
51.4
N/A
UFAD
Temp
Q/A
()
(W/m2)
32.5
81.2
32.5
82.8
32.6
64.0
32.6
54.9
33.6
53.8
34.5
67.9
32.4
84.0
32.4
84.3
32.3
60.1
34.2
51.4
34.2
50.5
31.1
64.9
30.2
41.3
30.2
37.1
30.6
45.6
31.6
43.9
30.0
49.1
30.2
47.3
34.5
45.4
31.2
49.6
23.9
25.5
25.6
N/A
23.2
25.0
18.6
387
55.8
58.8
46.5
48.8
18.2
42.2
SA* Temp ()
25.1
25.0
29.0
24.3
23.7
24.4
RA Temp ()
24.2
G (manikin)
55.1
46.4
42.5
43.7
44.2
55.8
SA Temp ()
15.3
24.4
24.6
15.9
24.5
24.7
RA Temp ()
24.2
7.4
7.4
38.8
9.4
2.6
7.6
SA Temp ()
22.4
22.8
28.9
21.7
23.3
22.4
RA Temp ()
24.5
G (manikin)
9.4
8.7
6.5
8.5
35.2
10.3
SA Temp ()
15.7
16.8
17.0
15.8
15.9
16.2
RA Temp ()
*
24.5
388
q'' t
hteq
(12)
3.3
389
and 2.4 L/s, the jet was stopped by the manikin and descended
to the lower level. The thermal plume at the head level of
the manikin was destroyed by the jet of 4.7, 7.1 and 9.4 L/s,
but only the one in the 2.4 L/s case still existed.
In the view from the back of the manikin (Fig. 12), our
observation was confirmed: a cooler region existed around
the manikin head in the cases 7.1 L/s and 9.4 L/s, with a
thermal plume going up above the head in the case 2.4 L/s.
And the thermal plumes of the cases 7.1 L/s and 9.4 L/s were
stopped from the shoulder level but the one of 4.7 L/s was
destroyed at lower level.
From the velocity field (Fig. 13), a more obvious flow
field was indicated. For the cases of 7.1 L/s and 9.4 L/s, the
air supplied by the PV went through the head and spread
over the back partition, and most of it dropped to the lower
level beneath the chair and was driven back up by the
thermal plume. For the cases 4.7 L/s and 2.4 L/s, jet was
390
Fig. 14 Tracer gas mass fraction field at the manikin symmetry plane
391
4 Conclusions
References
Future work
Acknowledgements
392
44: 15591567.
Copenhagen, Denmark.