ETR109 Part3

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc
2016
7.0 COMMON LANDS (GOMALA): STATUS AND SIGNIFICANCE

Common lands are the resources accessible to the whole community of a village with no
exclusive property rights to any individuals. These include village pastures (Gomala),
community forests, wastelands (Karab lands), common threshing grounds, streams and
watershed drainages, village ponds, tanks, rivers/rivulets, riverbeds, etc. (Jodha, 1986; 2009).
These lands have to be managed judiciously in a sustainable manner to ensure sustenace of
resources for common good of the people. These community lands are valuable assets and
protecting these lands is vital to maintain the natural drainage patterns, forest cover,
environment and for other public purposes and hence constitutes a critical livelihood resource
for landless, small and marginal farmers. According to Section 67 of the Karnataka Land
Revenue Act, 1964, all common lands are the property of the State Government and not the
property of any individual or aggregate of persons. Section 71 empowers the Survey Officers
and the Deputy Commissioner to set apart lands that are the property of the State Government
for free pasturage for village cattle, for forest reserves or for any other public purposes.
However, with the growing demand of burgeoning population and lack of knowledge among
the post-independence Indian administrators (about common lands significance), these lands
are being converted for other uses without seeking the approval of local stakeholders. Thus,
degradation and deprivation of common lands have been affecting the livelihood of dependent
population.
Common lands such as gomala, minor forests, etc. have played vital role in sustaining rural
livelihoods, evident from 60% of Indias rural population dependent on animal husbandry in
dry lands. Livestock is complimentary to agriculture, which involves an efficient use of
agriculture residues (water, straw, leftovers from other crops), agriculture waste (weeds and
grass, oil cakes) and convertion to manure, which helps in improving soil fertility, while
productively employing surplus labour. Non-quantifiable benefits of livestock include social,
religious and cultural aspects. In addition, about 15 million bullock carts fulfil two-thirds of
Indias transportation needs and provide employment to 20 million people (Ramanajum, 1993).
The presence of common grazing lands (gomala) in villages has helped landless and marginal
farmers livelhood through livestock rearing. Hence, to sustain rural livelihood necessitates the
protection and sutainable management of common lands.
Role of commonlands in the protection of National Parks: Protected areas (PAs) and
national parks (NPs) have helped in the conservation of biodiversity worldwide (Gaston et al.,
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V,
Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57,
ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
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2016
2008). Most NPs and PAs are embedded in heterogeneous landscapes which are affected by
forest fragmentation due to senseless anthropogenic activities involving road construction,
hunting, grazing, agriculture, commercial plantations, fire, invasive species, over harvest of
non-timber forest products and mining (Hansen & DeFries, 2007). Common lands such as
gomala, kharab forest lands, etc. in the vicinity of PAs and NPs play crucial role in preventing
deforestation, provide fodder and food, etc. These buffer regions help in conserving
biodiversity of a variety of species, communities and ecosystems. The conservation of PA or
NP ecosystems depend on the status of buffer region (Chazdon et al., 2009). Understanding the
status of tropical diversity and anthropogenic pressure on PAs and other forested regions
requires studying patterns of biodiversity in adjoining landscapes which are actively managed
and modified by humans for a wide variety of traditional and commercial purposes, including
hunting, agriculture and plantations of native or exotic species. The diverse landscapes with
tree cover (as forest fragments, fallow land, riparian areas, live fences, dispersed trees, or shade
canopies) provide complementary habitats, resources, and landscape connectivity (e.g., Harvey
et al. 2006; Sekercioglu et al. 2007). The natural vegetation regions or grass lands with
dispersed trees surrounding protected areas also support significant levels of biodiversity
(Mayfield et al. 2005; Barlow et al. 2007) and also provide valuable ecosystem services, such
as carbon sequestration, hydrological protection (Tschakert et al. 2007). Grassland ecosystems
with high levels of productivity and energy utilization support large populations of grazing
animals. Grasslands and community reserve lands are ecologically and economically treasured
biomes used for livestock and small herbivore grazing. Livestock constitutes the backbone of
agrarian economy and its sustenance depends on the grasslands.
The encroachmentof cmmon lands with the substantial changes in vegetation structure are
induced by humans for cultivation, mining, etc. (Hirota et al. 2011). The restoration of these
habitats (Daryanto and Eldridge, 2011), provide opportunities for biodiversity conservation.
Buffer regions (with common lands) helps in mitigating the anthropogenic disturbances
including instances of fire, etc. in NP, PAs and forests. These lands also act as a natural corridor
for animal migration in fragmented area provide critical habitats and refugia for biodiversity.
Encroachment of forest land and other government lands such as gomala, kharab lands has
been threatening species in PAs and in forest patches. The land degradation due to illegal
mining, uncontrolled grazing, etc. will suppress natural regeneration and increses the extent of
invasive species such as lantana, eupatorium, parthenium, etc. Incorporation of biodiversity
friendly land uses into actively managed buffer zones or biological corridors contributes
134
2016
towards the long term conservation value of protected areas (DeFries et al. 2007; Harvey et al.
2008). Buffer regions with intact forests, agroforestry, remnant vegetation, plantations, and
managed forest patches provide critical habitats and refugium for biodiversity (Harvey and
DeFries, 2006; Harvey and Gonzalez 2007; Bhagwat et al. 2008). This emphasises the need
for diversely managed habitats surrounding PAs (DeFries and Rosenzweig, 2010), especially
in areas with high population pressure. Therefore, maintaing the gomala and kharab forest
regions in and arround PAs, NPs is vital for adding value to mainstream conservation
endeavours. The Bannerghatta national park and its environ (1 km) has arround 8938.56 ha of
governemt lands in the form of gomala, kharab-forest, kharab land etc. These lands aid as a
corridor for various faunal species, which also maintaing rich biodiversity. The gomala and
kharab forest lands under the ownership of state helps to meet the livestock fodder demand,
but unfortunatly these ecologically important lands are being encroached. National
Commission on Agriculture (1976) had declared encroachment as unauthorized occupation
leading to the significanct degradation and emphasizes the need for legal protection.
State Government and the Central Government can acquire land for the various purposes
mentioned under the List I and II of the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. The
British Government first outlined the Regulation 1 of the Act in 1824 which was then applied
throughout the Bengal provinces. This Act enabled the government to acquire immovable
property or land at a fair and reasonable price for any public purpose like construction of
roads, canals, etc. The term appropriate government in the LA Act, 1894 would refer to both
the Central and State governments, depending on which of them issues a notification under
Section 4 for the acquisition of land. Under Article 31(2) of the Constitution, State can acquire
land only for the Public Purpose. The term appropriate government in the LA Act, 1894
would refer to both the Central and State governments, depending on which of them issues a
notification under Section 4 for the acquisition of land. Under Article 31(2) of the Constitution,
State can acquire land only for the Public Purpose. Acts such as Acquisition of land for
Grant of House Sites Act, 1972 (Karnataka Act 18 of 1973); Acquisition of Land for Grant of
House Sites Rules, 1973 help in acquisition. In BNP environ the revenue lands, gomala lands
(regions were earlier used as a grazing lands by villagers) were acquired by BDA (Bangalore
development authority) for creating settlements and layouts which woul deprive the livelihood
option (livestock rearing) of local people. Plan to construct housing layouts by BDA only
highlights the agencies insensitiveness and continued irresponsible unplanned action, which
would only lead to higher instances of human-animal conflicts.
135
2016
This section provides the spatial extent of gomala and the extent of encroachments in 1km
buffer region of BNP, apread across three taluks. The spatial analysis involved (i) base map
preparation, (ii) temporal remote sensing data analysis, and (iii) identification of different types
of encroachment, data analyses, etc. Figures 1.1 and 1.2 depict gomala of Ragihalli. Spatail
data of forest boundaries, gomala lands, forest plantation, etc. provided by the Krnataka Forest
department were overlaid on temporal remote sensing data. Encroachment of gomala lands
were identified and delineated with the help of Google Earth (http://google.earth.com) data.
The maps highlighting different categories of encroachment, separately for three taluks of BNP
has been created and analysed. Figure1.1 highlights gomala land status in Ragihalli region of
Anekal taluk (survey number 69) with good native flora and grasses. On other hand, Figure
1.2 shows highly degraded gomala, kharab forest land in Guttal hunase village, Kanakapura
taluk. Gomala lands in and arround BNP with diverse grasses and other vegetation supports
BNP biodiversity (Figure 1.3). The rampent sand mining and land conversions (Figure 1.4 and
figure 2) for agriculture, human settlements and commercial plantations have degraded and
affected grasslands ecology. Immature decisions
of regularising encroachments has
encouraged the local land mafia to further encroach gomala and kharab forest lands in and
arround BNP. Rampant sand mining or filter sand is common in entire BNP region and its
environs. Uncontrolled expansion of agricultural land is leading to the erosion of soils, decline
in soil fertility, reduced quality and quntity of water. Rampant livestock grazing in BNP has
affected the forest regeneration. Cattle grazing is one of the major problems in the management
of forest and wildlife. The human-elephant conflict is one of the serious threats to the survival
of Asian elephants in BNP. Table 1 and Figure 3 lists the extent of encroachment of common
lands in he respecive taluks.
Figure 1.1: View of gomala land (survey number 69) in Ragihalli region
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2016
Figure 1.2: View of gomala land in Guttala Hunase, Kanakapura taluk, rampent
fuelwood collection is noticed.
Figure 1.3: Pugmarks of wild boar, spotted deer in gomala land of Shivanhalli region and
elephant dung noticed in Mantapa village gomla survey number 156
137
2016
Figure 1.4: Filter sand peparation in Therubeedhi village, Kanakapura Taluk survey
numbers 66 & 106
Figure 2: Illegal mining of soil for sand making in survey number 96 gomala land of
J.I.Begganadoddi village, Anekal taluk, Bangalore (Urban) District.
138
2016
Table 1: taluk wise common lands encroachment in BNP region with 1km
buffer
S.No.
Taluk
Anekal
Bangalore
south
Kanakapura
Govt.
Land
form
Gomala
land
KharabForest
land
Kharab
land
Gomala
land
KharabForest
land
Kharab
land
Gomala
land
KharabForest
land
Kharab
land
Total area (Ha)
Area
(Ha)
Total
area
(Ha)
1474.15
359.2
Area of
Total area of
encroachment encraochment
(Ha)
(Ha)
876.38
2300.02
169.98
466.67
376.52
665.37
427.95
753.68
88.31
88.31
3491.19
2152.69
1602.44
5884.86
791.23
1049.46
1422.88
516.26
3716.03
513.88
8938.56
Encroachment
in total (Ha)
5655.17
139
BNP BOUNDARY
2016
GOMALA LAND
Figure 3: Gomla lands of Anekal Taluk region
140
2016
Figure 4: Anekal gomala land and grid numbers.
141
S.no
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Co-ordinates
(Latitude,
Longitude)
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of encroachment
(Ha)
Bilvaradhahalli,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
District.
7;
KHARAB
12.828
77.572
Stone crusher Settlements
39.59
4.61
Ramachandra T V, Setturu Bharath, Subash Chandran M D, Vishnumayananda, Harish R Bhat, Rao, G R, Akhil C A., Vishnu D. Mukri, Vrijulal M V, Chaturved Shet, Gouri Kulkarni, Bharath H. Aithal, 2016. Ecologically Sensitive Zones of
Bannerghatta National Park (BNP), Sahyadri Conservation Series 57, ENVIS Technical Report 109, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
142
S.no
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
& type
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
Gollahalli .N,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
22;
KHARAB
12.821
77.587
Settlements
5.16
5.16
143
S.no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Bhoothanahalli,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore
(Urban) District.
64;
KHARABforest land
Coordinates
12.811
77.562
2016
Encroachment type
Stone crusher
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
190.15
30.89
144
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
0, 5
Bhoothanahalli,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
67;
KHARAB FOREST
Coordinates
12.819
77.547
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
30.20
30.20
145
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
6, 11
Mantapa,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
District.
156;
GOMALA
12.790
77.589
2016
Encroachment type
Agriculture
Settlements
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
112.95
29.05
146
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
12
K.G.Bigihalli,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
District.
86;
GOMALA
12.781
77.598
2016
Encroachment type
Sand mining
Residential
layout
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
24.29
21.45
147
S.
no
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
12
Bukkasagara,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
98;
KHARAB
12.773
77.597
Residential layout
28.01
15.44
148
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
& type
12, 17
Bukkasagara,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
District.
97;
GOMAL
A
Coordinates
12.767
77.602
2016
Encroachment type
Agriculture
Residential layout
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
65.53
24.76
149
S.
no
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
12
Bukkasagara,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
183;
KHARAB
12.778
77.601
Residential layout
9.04
9.04
150
S.no
10
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
12
Bukkasagara,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
184;
KHARAB
12.775
77.599
Residential layout
11
3.04
151
S.no
11
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
12
Bukkasagara,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
185;
KHARAB
12.775
77.603
Residential layout
9.19
2.02
152
S.no
12
Grid
no.
Survey
number &
type
Co-ordinates
Village details
12
Bukkasagara,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
187;
KHARAB
12.768
77.599
2016
Encroachment type
Sand mining
Residential
layout
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
6.25
4.61
153
S.no
13
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
21
Ragihalli,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
10;
KHARAB
12.724
77.583
2016
Encroachment type
Stone quarries
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
10.24
10.24
154
S.no
14
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Co-ordinates
21, 17
Ragihalli,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
17;
GOMALA
12.741
77.587
2016
Encroachment type
Stone quarries
Agriculture
Settlements
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
48.31
42.31
155
S.no
15
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
21
Ragihalli,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
45;
GOMALA
12.732
77.574
2016
Encroachment type
Stone
quarries
Sand
mining
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
57.06
57.06
156
S.no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
16
21,
25, 26
Shivanahalli,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
69;
GOMALA
12.713
77.575
Stone
quarries
2016
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
Sand
mining
413.64
238.46
Agriculture
157
S.no
17
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
21
Ragihalli,
Jigani (Hobli), Anekal
(taluk), Bangalore
(Urban) District.
71;
FOREST
12.728
77.586
2016
Encroachment type
Stone quarries
Sand mining
Area (Ha)
Agriculture
138.85
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
108.89
158
S.no
18
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
22
K.G.Mahantha
Lingapura,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
47;
KHARAB
12.744
77.597
2016
Encroachment type
Stone quarries
Sand mining
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachm
ent (Ha)
293.46
271.81
159
S.no
19
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
21
Ragihalli,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore
(Urban) District.
172;
KHARAB
12.728
77.573
2016
Encroachment type
Stone quarries
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
12.16
12.16
160
S.no
20
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
27
Kaduchikkanahalli,
Jigani (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
District.
53;
KHARAB
12.721
77.596
2016
Encroachment type
Stone quarries
Sand mining
agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
42.57
38.39
161
S.no
21
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
27
J.I.Begganadoddi,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
96;
GOMALA
12.713
77.603
2016
Encroachment type
Stone
quarries
Sand mining
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
244.53
171.81
162
S.
no
22
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
28
Indlavadi,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
143 A;
GOMALA
12.712
77.622
Agriculture
73.25
73.25
163
S.
no
23
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
28
Indlavadi,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
143 B;
GOMALA
12.712
77.622
Agriculture
8.23
8.23
164
S.
no
24
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
28
Indlavadapura,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
54;
GOMALA
12.703
77.626
Agriculture
74.58
74.58
165
S.
no
25
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
27, 28
Indlavadapura,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
93;
GOMALA
12.702
77.617
Agriculture
179.24
73.02
166
S.
no
26
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
27, 28
Indlavadapura,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
96;
GOMALA
12.707
77.613
Agriculture
5.67
3.02
167
S.
no
27
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number &
type
Coordinates
34
Thammanayakanah
alli,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Anekal (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
23;
GOMALA
12.684
77.642
2016
Encroachment type
Agriculture
Stone quarries
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
166.87
59.38
168
2016
Figure 5: Bangalore South taluk gomala lands as seen in Google earth

BNP BOUNDARY
GOMALA LAND
169
2016
Figure 6: Banglore South region Gomala and Grid numbers
170
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Pillaganahalli,
Uttarahalli (Hobli),
Bangalore south (taluk),
Bangalore (Urban)
2016
Survey number
Coordinates
(Latitude,
Longitude)
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
1;
GOMALA
12.8430
77.5798
BDA allotmentWeavers
colony
80.56
80.56
171
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
Pillaganahalli,
Bangalore (Urban)
2;
GOMALA
Coordinates
12.8501
77.5832
2016
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
BDA allotmentWeavers colony
13.02
13.02
172
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
Gottigere,
Bangalore (Urban)
112;
GOMALA
Coordinates
12.8460
77.5850
2016
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
4.92
4.92
173
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
Gottigere,
Bangalore (Urban)
106;
GOMALA
Coordinates
12.8455
77.5863
2016
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
7.35
7.35
174
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
Gottigere,
Bangalore (Urban)
107;
GOMALA
Coordinates
12.8440
77.5859
2016
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
3.79
3.79
175
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
Gottigere,
Bangalore (Urban)
111;
GOMALA
Coordinates
12.8432
77.5836
2016
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
2.52
1.79
176
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
J.I.Kembatthahalli,
Bangalore (Urban)
55;
GOMALA
Coordinates
12.8473
77.5746
2016
Encroachment type
Sand
mining
Stone
quarries
Settlem
ents
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
50.70
41.29
177
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
6, 7, 9,
10
K.G.Tharalu,
Bangalore (Urban)
55;
GOMALA
Coordinates
12.8413
77.5727
2016
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
Agriculture
251.31
60.35
178
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
9, 10
K.G.Thattiguppe,
Bangalore (Urban)
25;
GOMALA
Coordinates
12.7718
77.5446
2016
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
Agriculture
89.54
89.54
179
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
12
Sunkadakatte,
Bangalore (Urban)
37;
KHARABFOREST
Coordinates
12.7490
77.5226
2016
Encroachment type
Stone
quarries
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
88.31
88.31
180
Sno.
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
12
Nettigere,
Bangalore (Urban)
42;
GOMALA
Coordinates
12.7462
77.5212
2016
Encroachment type
Stone
quarries
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
70.95
57.82
181
Sno.
10
Grid
no
Village details
Survey
number
Coordinates
12, 15
Vaddarahalli,
Bangalore (Urban)
175;
GOMALA
12.7427
77.5254
2016
Encroachment type
Stone
quarries
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment
90.71
67.82
182
2016
Figure 7: Kanakapura taluk gomala lands as seen in Google earth

BNP BOUNDARY
GOMALA LAND
183
2016
Figure 8: Kanakapura region Gomala and Grid numbers

184
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
(Latitude,
Longitude)
Bettahallikaval,
Harohalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
1;
GOMALA
12.7378
77.5169
2016
Encroachment type
Agriculture
Settlement
s
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
79.63
32.57
185
S.n
o
Gri
d
Village details
Survey
number
Coordinates
2, 10
Gottigehalli,
Harohalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural) District.
77;
GOMALA
12.7239
77.5198
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
169.99
156.35
186
S.n
o
Grid
no.
10,
11,
18
Village details
Survey
number
Kadjakkasandra,
Harohalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
49;
KHARAB
2016
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
12.7024
77.5212
Sand mining
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
40.05
40.05
187
S.n
o
Grid
Village details
Survey
number
20
Bilaganakuppe,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
44;
KHARAB
2016
Co-ordinates
12.6927
77.5584
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
Agriculture
188.51
71.21
188
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
20
Bilaganakuppe,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
163; KHARABFOREST
Co-ordinates
12.6913
77.5511
2016
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
Agriculture
182.72
25.89
189
S.n
o
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
19, 20
Godhuru,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
169;
GOMALA
Coordinates
12.6818
77.5477
2016
Encroachment type
Sand mining
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
97.25
97.25
190
S.
no
Grid
no.
29, 30
2016
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment
type
Area
(Ha)
(Ha)
Koolalagundhi,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
12;
FOREST
12.6622
77.5889
Agriculture
166.01
29.56
191
S.n
o
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
37
Kallanakuppe,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
177;
KHARABFOREST
12.6420
77.5693
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
79.49
79.49
192
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
37, 45
Kallanakuppe,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
150; FOREST
Co-ordinates
12.6313
77.5804
2016
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
Agriculture
122.23
78.46
193
S.n
o
10
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
52
Kallanakuppe,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
30; GOMALA
Coordinates
12.6084
77.5535
2016
Encroachment type
Sand
mining
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
48.30
40.30
194
S.n
o
11
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
52
Kallanakuppe,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
30;
GOMAL
A
Coordinates
12.5908
77.4535
2016
Encroachment type
Sand mining
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
86.28
80.28
195
S.n
o
12
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Coordinate
s
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
S.no
52
Bheemasandra,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
2;
GOMALA
12.5928
77.5497
Sand mining
Agriculture
175.00
23.28
196
S.n
o
13
Grid
no.
52, 60,
61
Village details
Survey
number
Linganapura,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
48;
Kanakapura (taluk), KHARA
Bangalore (Rural)
B
District.
Coordinates
12.5855
77.5630
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
62.46
44.24
197
S.n
o
14
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Coordinates
58, 59
Linganapura,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
104;
GOMALA
12.5803
77.5253
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
167.17
41.46
198
S.n
o
15
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
69
Therubeedhi,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
106;
GOMALA
12.5522
77.5777
2016
Encroachment type
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
Sand
mining
60.05
52.17
Agriculture
199
S.n
o
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
16
68,
69
Therubeedhi,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
66;
KHARAB
12.5604
77.5703
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
88.63
88.63
200
S.n
o
17
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Coordinates
69
Therubeedhi,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
66; KHARAB
12.5575
77.5753
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
17.96
17.96
201
2016
S.n
o
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Coordinates
Encroachme
nt type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
18
74,
82
Sudagatta,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
25;
GOMALA
12.5221
77.5025
Settlements
Agriculture
114.62
114.62
202
S.
no
19
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
72
Keralalusandra,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
27; FOREST
12.5230
77.4724
Agriculture
32.51
26.69
203
S.
no
20
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
80
Keralalusandra,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
36; GOMALA
12.5173
77.4645
Agriculture
47.40
19.63
204
S.
no
22
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Coordinates
Encroachment
type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
80
Narayanpura,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
108; KHARAB
12.5173
77.4645
Agriculture
43.83
26.59
205
S.n
o
23
Grid
no.
Village details
80
Cheekuppe & Narayanpura,

Kasaba (Hobli), Kanakapura
(taluk), Bangalore (Rural)
District.
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
24, 61;
GOMALA
12.5053
77.4550
12.5018
77.4590
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agricultu
re
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
164.85
12.26
206
S.n
o
24
Grid
no.
82,
83,
90,
91
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Hanchaguli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
8;
GOMALA
12.4980
77.5258
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
(Ha)
108.54
103.22
207
S.
no
25
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
88
Narayanpura,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
61;
GOMAL
A
12.4862
77.4668
Agriculture
69.85
30.35
208
S.n
o
26
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
89
Chikkabettahalli,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
9;
GOMALA
12.4911
77.4781
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
60.72
47.82
209
S.n
o
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Coordinates
27
89,
90, 97
Chikkabettahalli,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
50;
GOMALA
12.4740
77.4779
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
142.87
142.87
210
S.
no
28
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
88, 97
Kebbehalli,
Kasaba (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
68;
GOMALA
12.4737
77.4728
Agriculture
173.31
53.65
211
S.
no
29
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
93
Gattegunda,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
181; GOMALA
12.4816
77.5824
Agriculture
83.18
83.18
212
S.n
o
30
Grid
no.
89,
90,
97,
98
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Doddaguli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
55;
KHARAB
12.4785
77.5049
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
97.68
97.68
213
2016
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
31
95,
102,
103
Kolagondanahalli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
42;
KHARABFOREST
12.4759
77.6136
Agriculture
96.89
48.18
214
S.
no
32
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
97
Arakere,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
8;
GOMAL
A
12.4617
77.4891
Agriculture
68.68
68.68
215
S.
no
33
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
97
Garalapura,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
148;
KHARAB
12.4571
77.4845
Agriculture
106.06
23.80
216
S.
no
34
Grid
no.
Village details
97, 98
Doddakabballi,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
Survey
number
95;
GOMALA
2016
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
12.4559
77.4957
Agriculture
7.76
7.76
217
S.
no
35
Grid
no.
Village details
100,
101
Thippuru,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
2016
Survey
number
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
36; GOMALA
12.4624
77.5569
Agriculture
77.01
66.69
218
S.
no
36
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
101,
102
Gattegunda,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
146; GOMALA
12.4556
77.5929
Agriculture
122.36
122.36
219
S.
no
37
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
100,
101
Bijjalli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
27; GOMALA
12.4567
77.5651
Agriculture
145.03
32.51
220
2016
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
38
100,
101,
108
Bijjalli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
28;
GOMAL
A
12.4508
77.5620
Agriculture
160.76
160.76
221
S.n
o
39
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
110
Kolagondanahalli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
210;
FOREST
12.4433
77.5929
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
136.93
136.93
222
S.n
o
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
40
110,
118
Kolagondanahalli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
193, 32;
FOREST
12.4359
77.5938
12.4280
77.5951
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
210.59
210.59
223
S.no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Coordinates
41
108,
109
Bommasandra,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
30; FOREST
12.4336
77.5693
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
204.26
125.48
224
S.
no
42
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
117
Hosadurga,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
47; KHARAB
12.4154
77.5683
Agriculture
24.76
19.83
225
S.
no
43
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
124
Hosadurga,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
120; GOMALA
12.3983
77.5629
Agriculture
39.40
26.96
226
S.
no
44
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
124
Hanakadaburu,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
19;
KHARAB
12.3957
77.5597
Agriculture
21.04
21.04
227
S.
no
45
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
125
Hosadurga,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
District.
51; GOMALA
12.3962
77.5718
Agriculture
40.52
27.37
228
2016
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of encroachment (Ha)
46
125,
133
Thattekere,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
125;
GOMALA
12.3866
77.5795
Agriculture
99.68
44.34
229
S.
no
47
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
133
Thattekere,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
126;
GOMALA
12.3773
77.5746
Agriculture
52.74
41.81
230
S.
no
48
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
133
Kempalanattha,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
3;
GOMALA
12.3839
77.5365
Agriculture
176.57
45.41
231
S.
no
49
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of encroachment (Ha)
133
Alanattha,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
5;
KHARABFOREST
12.3778
77.5316
Agriculture
149.38
66.76
232
S.no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
50
131,
132
Kodihalli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
26; GOMALA
12.3797
77.5450
2016
Encroachment type
Settlements
Agriculture
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
88.26
88.26
233
S.no
51
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment
132
Salbanni,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
18;
GOMALA
12.3764
77.5574
Agriculture
187.14
83.8
234
S.no
52
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment
type
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
132
Thattekere,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
128; GOMALA
12.3719
77.5636
Agriculture
93.46
37.82
235
S.
no
53
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
133
Hunasanahalli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
93;
KHARAB
12.3756
77.5797
Agriculture
23.09
23.09
236
2016
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
54
131,
132
Guddeveeranahosahalli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
46; KHARAB
12.3712
77.5452
Agriculture
77.16
39.76
237
S.
no
55
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
(Ha)
126
Hunasanahalli,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
180; GOMALA
12.3868
77.5979
Agriculture
38.16
38.16
238
2016
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey
number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area
(Ha)
Area of
encroachment
(Ha)
56
139,
140
Bannimukudlu,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
235;
GOMALA
12.3626
77.5557
Agriculture
158.72
42.81
239
2016
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
57
131,
139
Irlapodu,
Uyyamballi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
32; GOMALA
12.3625
77.5395
Agriculture
68.95
68.95
240
2016
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Co-ordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
58
143,
148
Bannimukudlu,
Kodihalli (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk),
Bangalore (Rural)
153; KHARABFOREST
12.3400
77.5473
Agriculture
213.82
213.82
241
S.
no
59
2016
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
45
Kattharinatha,
Maralawadi (Hobli),
Kanakapura (taluk), Bangalore
(Rural) District.
12; GOMALA
12.6165
77.5782
Agriculture
16.98
16.98
242
2016
S.
no
Grid
no.
Village details
Survey number
Coordinates
Encroachment type
Area (Ha)
Area of
encroachment (Ha)
60
19
Gottigehalli,
Harohalli (Hobli), Kanakapura
(taluk), Bangalore (Rural)
1;
FOREST
12.3359
77.5402
Agriculture
7.61
7.61
243
2016
Recommendations:
Suggestions to protect the integrity of common lands (gomala, kharab, kharb forest land) to
sustain livelihood of dependent biota are:
All common lands in the buffer zone of BNP to be handed over to Karnataka Forest
Department.
The state governments should ensure the common lands is neither encroached nor diverted
for any other uses other than by local communitys livelihood.
Policy for the protection and regeneration of common lands apart from developing greater
public awareness and an information base.
Development of online spatial database (accessible to the public) to minmise unauthorized

encroachments or conversion of land uses
Sand mining to be banned in common lands and violation to be treated as non-bailable

offence.
Concurrence of the BMC (Biodiversity Management Committee) of the respective gram

panchayat be made mandatory for any changes in the land use.
Recognizing community management of common lands with rewards, as is being done for
other national programmes (such as, sanitation and cleanliness), will go a long way in
recognising the ecological, social and economic value of common lands.
to take advantage of MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act-delivering the Right to Work) scheme for (i) rejuvenation of common lands
to sustain fodder stock, and (ii) creation and management of interconnected ponds / tanks
taking advantage of undulations in topography.
Immediate launching of Local Fodder Mission under each gram panchayaths from
national sources [such as NABARD - National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development], which will improve the status of common lands for fodder. Also ensuring
adequate policy focus with technical and funding resources that will facilitate development
and protection of common lands in a phased, time-bound manner.
Common lands support the grazing of buffaloes and cows, livestock-agriculture, it is

important to secure public funding and milk marketing in remote dry land areas.
Joint Forest Management (JFM) committees or VFC Village Forest management

Committee should be assigned for responsibility for securing and vegetating with fodder
244
2016
species apart from tackling management issues (such as closure and selling of produce,
access to outsiders for harvesting grass and encroachment).
The health of gomala lands should be ensured by VFCs/JFM for the regeneration, guarding,
protection, increase in their productivity, conservation of biological diversity and record
keeping for administration purposes.
The demarcation of boundaries and protection of common lands prevents boundary

infringements. The authorities should involve local stakeholders in monitoring and
management of common lands which will help in minimizing contraventions.
Grassland enrichment is to be thought of for selected grasslands. Very degraded grasslands

may be closed to grazing facilitating revival of the grasses.
Legumes are nitrogen rich and good as fodder, hence leguminous fodder herbs be planted
in abandoned agricultural fields to promote wildlife.
Herbaceous forage legumes may be considered experimentally for planting along the sides
of some of the forest roads.
Priority to be given for resettlement of villages with large number of cattle. Some of the
good pastures of importance to wild herbivores need to be spared from grazing by domestic
cattle. In the peripheral villages the concept of village fodder farms, to meet the fodder
requirements of domestic cattle, needs to be promoted, so as to prevent those cattle from
entering the BNP.
Wild woody plants that provide food for wildlife and recommended for selective planting in
grasslands
Sl.
Species
Local/common
Name
Parts eaten and wild Remarks

animals feeding on them
Acacia concinna
Seege
Pods-Deer*, Sambar, Gaur
2
3
Acacia ferruginea
Artocarpus integrifolia
Banni
Halasu, Jack
Pods-Deer*, Sambar,
Fruits-Monkeys, Bear
Leaves- fodder
Bauhinia sp.
Basavanapada
Pods- Gaur, Sambar, Deer*
Bombax ceiba
Buraga, Silk cotton
Careya arborea
Kumbia, Kaul
Flowers-Monkeys,
Sambar, Deer*, Wild pig.
Nectar for many birds
Bark-Sambar,
FruitsElephant,
Monkey,
Porcupine, Sambar
Fallen
fruits
of
A.integrifolia
and
A.hirsutus are relished
by many ungulates
245

7
8
9
Cassia fistula
Cordia macleodii
Cordia myxa
Kakke
Hadang
Challe
Pods-Bear, Monkeys
Fruits- Deer*, Gaur, birds
Friuits-Deer*,
Sambar,
Bear, birds
Fruits-Deer*,
Sambar,
Gaur, birds
Fruit- Birds, including
Hornbills, bats etc., and
ungulates such as Deer*,
Sambar, etc.
Leavesfodder
for
herbivores
10
Dillenia pentagyna
Kanagalu
11
Ficus spp.
Atti
12
Grewia tiliaefolia
Dhaman; Dadaslu
13
14
Hydnocarpus laurifolia
Spondias acuminate
Suranti; Toratte
Kaadmate
15
Kydia calycina
Bende
Leaves-Sambar,
Deer*,Fruits-Monkey,
birds
Fruit-Porcupine
Fruits: Sambar, Porcupine,
Deer*
Leaves Ungulates
16
Moullava spicata
Hulibarka
Fruits-Deer*, Sambar
17
18
19
Mucuna pruriens
Phyllanthus emblica
Strychnos nux-vomica
Nasagunni kai
Nelli; Gooseberry
Kasarka
20
Syzygium cumini
Nerale
21
Tectona grandis
Saaguvani; Teak
Leaves-Deer*
Fruits-Sambar, Deer*
Fruits- pulp eaten by
monkeys, Hornbills
Fruits- wild Pig, Deer*,
Bear and several birds
Bark- Elephants.
22
23
Terminalia belerica
Tetrameles nudiflora
Tare
Kadu bende
Fruits-Deer, Sambar
Bark-Elephants
24
Xylia Xylocarpa
Jamba
25
Zizhiphus oenoplia
Seeds-Gaint
Squirrel,
Monkeys
Fruits-Jackels, Procupine,
Deer*, Pangolin, birds
26
Ziziphus rugosa
Kaare
Fruits-Bear, birds
2016
Keystone species with

one or the other tree
flowering throughout
the year and eaten by
large number of wild
animals, both big and
small
Seems to be eaten by
ungulates as they are
eaten by cattle.
Flowering spike is also
eaten
Elephants debark the

tree in long strips and
consume it.
Favourite tree for bees
to make hives
*Deer includes Mouse deer, Barking deer, Spotted deer
246
2016
References:
Barlow, J., Mestre L.A M., Gardner T.A., Peres C.A., 2007. The value of primary, secondary
and plantation forests for Amazonian birds. Biol. Conserv. 136: 212231.
Bhagwat, S.A., Willis, K.J., Birks, H.J.B., Whittaker, R.J., 2008. Agroforestry: A refuge for
tropical biodiversity? Trends Ecol. Evol. 23: 261267.
Chazdon, R.L., Harvey, C.A., Komar, O., Griffith, D.M., Ferguson, B.G., Martnez-Ramos,
M., Morales, H., Nigh, R., Soto-Pinto, L., Van Breugel M. 2009. Beyond reserves: a research
agenda for conserving biodiversity in human-modified tropical landscapes Biotropica, 41:
142153
Daryanto, S. & Eldridge, D.J. 2011. Is shrub removal an appropriate management strategy in
shrub-encroached woodlands? WIT Transactions on Ecology and Environment 148: 3746.
Defries, R., Hansen, R., Urner, B.L.T., Eid, R.R., Iu, J.G.L., 2007. Landusechange around
protected areas: Management to balance human needsand ecological function. Ecol. Appl. 17:
10311038.
Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, Report
of the Committee on State Agrarian Relations and Unfinished Task of Land Reforms, p. 18.
Gaston, K.J., Jackson, S.F., Cant-Salazar, L., Cruz-Pin G., 2008. The ecological
performance of protected areas Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 39: 93113.
Hansen, A.J., DeFries R., 2007. Ecological mechanisms linking protected areas to
surrounding lands Ecol. Appl., 974-988.
Harvey, C.A., Medina, A., Sanchez Merlo, D., Vlchez, S., Hernandez, B., Saenz, J., Maes,
J., Casanovas, F., Sinclair, F.L., 2006. Patterns of animal diversity associated with different
forms of tree cover retained in agricultural landscapes. Ecological Applications 16:19861999.
Harvey, C.A., Gonzalez, J., 2007. Agroforestry systems conserve species rich but modified
assemblages of tropical birds and bats. Biodiv. Conserv. 16: 22572292.
Harvey, C.A., Omar, O.K, Hazdon, R.C, Erguson, B.G.F, Inegan, B.F., Riffith, D.M.G.,
Martinez R Amos M., Orales, H.M., Igh R.N., Soto Pinto, L.,Van B Reugel, M., Ishnie, M.W.,
2008.
Integrating agri-cultural
landscapes
with
biodiversity conservation in
the
Mesoamericanhotspot: Opportunities and an action agenda. Conserv. Biol. 22: 815.

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Hirota, M., Holmgren, M., Van Nes, E.H. & Scheffer, M. 2011. Global resilience of tropical
forest and savanna to critical transitions. Science 334: 232235.
Jodha, N.S., 1986. Common Property Resources and Rural Poor in Dry Regions of India,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 21 No. 27 (July 5, 1986), pp. 116981.
Jodha N.S., 2009. Depletion of Common Property Resources in IndiaMicro-level Evidence.
Quoted from the Committee on Land Reforms 2009 Report.
Mayfield, M.M. Boni M.F., Daily, G.C., Ackerly, D., 2005. Species and functional diversity
of native and human-dominated plant communities. Ecology 86: 23652372.
Ramanujam, K.N., 1993, Rural Tranport of India, ISBN: 81-7099-389-X.
Sekercioglu, C.H., Loarie, S.R., Oviedo Brenes, F., Ehrlich, P.R., Daily, G.C., 2007.
Persistence of forest birds in the Costa Rican agricultural countryside. Conservation Biology
21: 482494.
Tschakert, P., Coomes O.T., Potvin C., 2007. Indigenous livelihoods,slash-and-burn
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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

7.0 COMMON LANDS (GOMALA): STATUS AND SIGNIFICANCE

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

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of regularising encroachments has

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

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Total area (Ha)

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Figure 3: Gomla lands of Anekal Taluk region

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Figure 4: Anekal gomala land and grid numbers.

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Stone crusher Settlements

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

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ETR 109, Energy & Wetlands Research Group, CES, IISc

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Figure 5: Bangalore South taluk gomala lands as seen in Google earth

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Figure 6: Banglore South region Gomala and Grid numbers

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BDA allotmentWeavers colony

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BDA allotmentWeavers colony

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BDA allotmentWeavers colony

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BDA allotmentWeavers colony

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