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SoftwareDefined
RadioDirectionFinding
BalintSeeber,ApplicationsEngineer
balint@ettus.com
@spenchdotnet
NotesandlinksinPDFcommentsoneachslide
DFUsage
Radionavigation
PredecessortoRADAR
SIGINT
Emergencyaid
Avalancherescue
Wildlifetracking
Reconnaissance
Trajectorytracking
Sport?!
Rotatable
loopantenna
History
WWI&II
Ystationsalongthe
Britishcoastline
Findbearingto
UboatsinAtlantic
UAdcocksystem
Four10mhighvertical
aerialsaroundhut
DFgoniometer
(anglemeasurement)&
radio
DFforHF
HF:330MHz
longwavelengths largedistances
HF/DF=HUFFDUFF!
UsedforSIGINT
Largeinstallations:
AN/FLR9arraynear
Augsburg,Germany
AmateurRDF
Foxhunts
Competitoron
2meterband
ARDFcourse
HighlydirectionalYagiantenna
CrazyseriousGermanHAM
(Pseudo)DopplerDF
ExploitDopplershiftingofradiowavescaused
bymotionofanantenna
Measuretheshiftindetectedsignal
Determinedirectionoftransmission
Recap:DopplerEffect
Aside:SirenMisconception
theobserved frequencyincreases asthe
objectapproachesanobserverandthen
decreases onlyastheobjectpassesthe
observer.
Highersoundpressurelevelsmakefora
smalldecreaseinperceivedpitchinlow
frequencysounds,andforasmallincreasein
perceivedpitchforhighfrequencysounds.
ASwan
Doppler
Effect
CosmologicalRedshift
Expansionofspace,notmotionofradiatingobject!
FrequencyModulation101
Main
transmission
frequency
(e.g.105.7MHz)
Analogordigital
Informationto
betransmitted
Frequencymodulationchangesthecarriersfrequency
Movesthecarrierslightlyleft/rightofits
originalpositiononfrequencyplot
PhysicallyRotatedAntenna
JosephMoell,
TransmitterHunting:
RadioDirection
FindingSimplified,
1987(McGrawHill)
DopplerShift
Dopplershiftofreceivedsignalusedto
calculateangleoftransmitter
EasywithanFMradio!
FrequencyModulation:
Shiftsthecentre(carrier)frequencyaboutbased
ontheoriginalmodulatingsignal
Dopplershiftjustmovesitaroundsomemore
FMreceiverdetectsDopplerasanextratone!
Extratone:sinewave
http://silcom.com/~pelican2/PicoDopp/ABOUT_DOPP.html
MechanicalRotationRate
Dopplerequationrelates:
Dopplershift
Radiusofantenna
Angularvelocity(rotationrate)
Frequencyofsignal
Forasmallantennasetuptunedto2m
wavelength(~150MHz),requires:
38600
RPM
~643rot/sec
PseudoDoppler
Arrayoffixed antennas
Switchelectronically betweenthem
Simulatephysicalrotation
ElectronicallyRotatedAntenna
HomemadeRDF
RoanokeDoppler
Fourantennas
Controlbox
Pluginanystandard
FMradio
LEDsindicatedirection
JosephMoell,
TransmitterHunting:
RadioDirectionFindingSimplified,
1987(McGrawHill)
BlockDiagram
CircuitDiagram
MobileRoanoke
Timetogocolour
SoftwareDefinedRDF
Doitinsoftware!
SoftwareDefinedRDF
Antenna
Array
AntennaSwitch
FPGAModification
UseUSRPclock
controlantenna
array
Mapsamplecounters
bitstounusedGPIO
ModificationBonuses
UsingFPGAclockensuresantennaswitchingis
inlockstepwithsamplesarrivingathost
Sameclockdomain hostsidejustworks
Usehostgeneratedsinewaveasreference
FPGAssamplecounterbeginsatzeroforeach
streamstart
Calibratearrayorientationjustonce
Powersupply
B00M!
USRPSurgery
Power
supply
Receiver
Processing&Display
Switchingaffectingspectrum
SignalProcessing
Tricks
Onlyneedtoknow:
1. Samplerate(FPGAclock/decimation)
2. WhichbitofsamplecounterisMSBofswitch
(64MHz/256)=250ksps
31st and32nd bitsused
250k/32=7.8125kHztone
ForXlatedecim5 &1024FFTbins,tonesitsin:
((250ksps/5)/1024)*7812.5=160exactly
MagicofSDR
FM(quadrature)demodulation:
Multiplycurrentsignalsamplebycomplexconjugateof
previousoneandfindtheargument(angle)
for (int i = 0; i < noutput_items; i++) {
gr_complex product = in[i] * conj(in[i-1]);
out[i] = d_gain * arg (product);
}
Dopplersinewave
Frequencyplot(FFT)ofFMdemodulatedsignal
Dopplersinewave
PureDopplersinewaveafterfiltering
Reference
Measured
Findatarget
TelstraToweronCouncilSt
KnownTransmitter
Start
Drive
DirectionMeasurement
Complications
LineOfSight
Bewareofreflections
Descendingintovalley
Reflectionsinurbanareas
MultiplewavefrontswillconfuseFMdetector
Doppler
Complications:Coogee
Lineofsight
Listen:Multipath
Multiplereflections
confusingFMdetector
DC
Phase(range)
Strength
Inchforwarduntilaudioclearsup
Done
Closerto(mynew)home
HonDF
PoliceChecklist
Carsregopaper
AmateurRadiolicence
Antennastructuralredundancy
Dresscode
Cleanshaven
HideMotorolaXTSradios
Avoidturningaroundandtryingtodesperately
disconnectantennas
Videos:
SDRDFtalkgiven atRuxmonSydney
DFphasecalculationinGNURadioflowgraph
balint@ettus.com
spench.net
@spenchdotnet